CHAPTER a Number System If the prime factorization of a natural number Nis N= pp.” pi? Then, the number of factors of = (1+ q,)(1+4,)(144y) = If the prime factorization of a natural number Nis given by N= pip? py? Then, the sum of all the factors of V =(l+ pl + pi ++ a" )(I+ py + p++ 2”) (I+ ps + py tot ps”) ‘The factorial of a natural number is equal to the product of the first n natural numbers and it is denoted by NM! N1=1K2x3x..xN Let p be a prime number. Then, the maximum value of m for which p” divides M! completely = [2] fe [4] [3] ton Pl Lp’ lp where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than equal to x. HCE x LCM = Product of two numbers Note: This formula is applicable only for two numbers If P= n(n + 1(n + 2)(n + 3) + L, and P is a perfect square number then P=(?+3nt 1? Anumber y to be added to x(x + a)(x + 2a)(x + 3a) to make it a perfect square then y = a4b and Y= Then, X— ¥=h and XY=a 18. Wa sare => 4) 8 SSC QuaNTITATIVE APTITUDE FORMULA BookCHAPTER 2 Sequences and Series 1. The sum of the first 7 natural numbers =1+243+..+=" 2. The sum ofthe first n even natural numbers =2 +4 +6 +... +2n=n(n +1) 3. The sum of the first n odd natural numbers = 1 +3+5+....+2n—1 =n? 4. The sum of squares of the first 7 natural numbers = 1? + 2? + 3+... +n? n(n-+1)(2n+1) ns 6 5. The sum of squares of the first » even natural numbers _2n(n+1)(2n+1) - 3 7446+ + (2m) 6. The sum of squares of the first odd natural numbers )(2n+1) =P 43245? 4... +(2n-1) eal 7 Y 7. The sum of cubes of the first 1 natural numbers 2 +1 =P+2?4+3' +... on |) 8. The sum of cubes of the first even natural numbers =B+P +6 +... + Qn) =2 [nant DP 9. The sum of cubes of the first odd natural numbers =B4+3453+..+ Qn 1) =n'(Qn = 1) 10. Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of an Arithmetic Progression (AP). Then, the n" term of this AP is given by T,=a+(n— Id G LS SEQUENCES AND SERIES XS @nl. Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of an Arithmetic Progression (AP). Then, the sum of the first » terms of this AP is given by § = 5 [2a+(n-1)a] Or [a +1] where / is the last term of the given AP. 12. Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio of a Geometric Progression (GP). Then, the n'® term of this GP is given by T= ar"! 13. Leta be the first term and r be the common ratio of a Geometric Progression (GP). Then, the sum of the first » terms of this GP is given by a(r’-1) -1 14, Leta be the first term and r be the common ratio of a Geometric Progression (GP). If {7 < 1, then the sum of infinite terms of this GP is given by a+b 15, Arithmetic mean (AM) of two numbers a and b = 16. Arithmetic mean (AM) of numbers a,+a,+a,+..+4, Giga on n 17. Geometric mean (GM) of two numbers a and b = Vab 18. Geometric mean (GM) of n numbers a,, 45, dy, .. 19. For n positive numbers, AM > GM 0. For n negative numbers, AM < GM yp @ = 6) SSC QuaNTITATIVE APTITUDE FORMULA BookCHAPTER i) Algebra 1. Formulae and Identities iL @=B? =(a+b)(a-b) ii, (a+b) =a? +? +2ab iii, (a—b)' =a" +b*-2ab iy, (a+b) +(a-by =2(a’ +b") v. (a+b) = (a~b)' =4ab vi. ( P+ B+ 7+ 2ab + 2be + 2ca vii, (a+b) =a'+6' + 3ab(a +6) Vili, (a—b)’ =a’ ~ b’ - 3ab(a—b) ix, a? +b? =(a+b)(a?-ab +5*) x, a+b? =(a+b) —3ab(a +) xi, @ 6) =(a—b)(a° + ab +6) xii, Bb? =(a—b)' +3ab(a—b) xiii, (a+b) + (a ~ by’ = 2a? + 6ab* xiv, (a+b) = (a— b)'= 2b' + 6ba’ xy, (a+b+c) =a'+b'+c' +3(a+b)(b + c)(c +a) xvi, @ 4b +3 Babe = (a+b +c)(a* + b? +c -ab - be - ca) G LS ALGEBRA XS @xvii, a +b? +0? -3abe= a+b+0)| (a-by +(b-c) +(c-a)'| xviii, Ifa +b +c=0, then a? +h) +0? =3abc xix, (ath+e) =a°+h' +c'+3[ah(a+h)+be(h+e)+ea(c+a)+2abe] XX, (atb+cP=a +b} +c3+3a° (b+c)+3b" (c+a)+3c (b+a)+6abe 2. Factors of some Algebraic expression: i ltatb+ab=(1+a)(1+6) ii, x+xa+xb+ab=(x+a)(x+b) iii, I+atb+c+abtbe+catabe =(1+a)(1+h)(1+e) iv. att+a?+1=(a2?+a+1)(a2+1-a) v. a +b* +a°b* =(a* +b" +ab)(a° +b? —ab) Vi. a? +b*=(a° +b? +2 ab) (a? +b° -V2ab) vii. a" +b —3a°b? =(a* -b” +ab)(a* —b? -ab) 3. Formulae and Identities: (« +4) form ce L (eej-ete iii. =yk-2 : iv. v. vi. vii. kK, then laden Fa viii. +3(+4) x @ = 8) SSC QuaNTITATIVE APTITUDE FORMULA Book4. Some Other Important formulae i, Ifx?-+x+1=0, thene=1 ii, Ifx?—x+1=0, thenx?=—1 ii, Tf x2+V3x4+1=0 or x?-V3x+1=0, then x6=- 1 5. Remainder Theorem: Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree greater than equal to 1. If p(x) is divided by (x ~ a), then the remainder = p(a). 6. Factor Theorem: Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree greater than equal to 1. Then, (x—a) isa factor of p(x) if and only if p(a) = 0. 7. Relation between zeros and coefficient of a polynomial: i, Ifaand B are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial ax? +bx+¢ then, b &+B=-— [Sum of the roots] a ap = [Product of the roots] a ii, Ifa, and y are the zeros of the cubic polynomial, then ax? + bx? + ex +d then, b a+B+y=-2 [Sum of the roots] a c aB+By+ya=— [Sum of the roots taken two at a time] a d whys [Product of roots] a 8. Quadratic Formula: The roots of the quadratic equation ax?+ bx +¢=0 are: ~b+ Vb? = 4ac 2a 9. Discriminant of a Quadratic equation: The discriminant of the quadratic equation ax? + bx +¢=0 is: D=b?—4ac 10. Nature of Roots: The roots of the quadratic equation ax? + by + ¢=0 are’ i, Real and Unequal: If D > 0 ii, Real and Equal: If D=0 iii, Imaginary: IfD <0leas ri eee hel Mac) t-d Ux) 1. Triangle: i Let the length of the sides of a triangle be a, b, and c. Then, @ a, Perimetre of the triangle=a +b +e atbtc 2 ¢. Area of the triangle, A = ./s(s—a)(s—b)(s—c) ii. Let the base of a triangle be > and let the length of the altitude from the opposite vertex to the base be A. Then, b. Semi-perimetre, 5 = Base (6) ‘Area of the triangle, A= 5x basex height a1 xbxh 8 ~~ w SSC QuaNTITATIVE APTITUDE FORMULA Bookiii, Let a and b be the length of the two sides of a triangle and let 0 be the angle between the two lines. Then, LS Area of the triangle, A= Sx axbx sinOd iv. Right Angle Triangle: Let ABC be a right triangle, right angled at B. Then, A B c Area of A ABC 1 l 5 * base xpetpendicular => x AB BC v. Equilateral Triangle: Let the length of each side of an equilateral triangle be a. Then, a a. Perimeter of Equilateral Triangle = 3a B: b. Area of Equilateral Triangle = 4 a /= MENSURATION PERIMETRE @2. Circle: Let the radius of the circle be r. Then, i. Diametre of the circle, d= 2r ii, Circumference of the circle = 2nr iii. Arca of the circle = nr? iy. Length of the are which subtends an angle 0 at the centre of the circle /=r. if 0 is in radian 1=2nrx—, if 0 is in degree 360° 7 ¥. Area of the sector of central angle @ = nr* x vi. Perimetre of semi-circle = #r+2r=r(2+z) ir 3. Square: Let the length of the side of a square be a. Then, a @ = Ww SSC QuaNTITATIVE APTITUDE FORMULA Booki. Perimeter of the square = 4a ii, Area of the square =a” iii. Diagonal of the square = /2a 4. Rectangle: . Perimetre of the rectangle = 2(/ + b) ii, Area of the rectangle =/ = b Diagonal of the rectangle = P+ iv. Area of the path of uniform = xon the outer side along the boundary of the rectangle = 2x(J++x) y. Area of the path of uniform width x on the inner side along the boundary of the rectangle = 2x(/ + b ~x) ro i vi, Area of the path of uniform width x in the middle of the rectangle along its length and breadth =x(U+6—x) as /— MENSURATION PERIMETRE @5. Parallelogram: SS i, Area of the parallelogram of base b and height h = base x height =x h ii, Area of the parallelogram of the length of the sides a and b and one interior angle 0 = absin@ 6. Rhombus: i, Area of the rhombus of diagonals d, and d, 7] yo N ii, Area of the rhombus of the length of the side a and one interior angle oe * sind 7. Trapezium: Let ABCD be a trapezium with AB || CD and let AE | DC and BF1 DC. Then, @ =a SSC QuaNTITATIVE APTITUDE FORMULA BookD E F Cc 1 Area of the trapezium =—x(AB + CD)x AE 8. Quadrilateral: Let the diagonals of the quadrilateral are d, and d, and intersect each other at 90°. Then, IK 1 Area of the quadrilateral = >xd, xd, 9. Regular Hexagon: Let the length of the side of a regular hexagon be a Then, i, Perimetre of the Regular Hexagon = 6a Ba? 2 ii, Area of the Regular — > iii, Length of the longest Diagonal = 2a iv. Length of the smaller Diagonal = ¥3a as /— MENSURATION PERIMETRE @enN ans :3 5 Richtee) Artem eM ace Laces (oT a=tef) 1. Cube: Let the edge of the cube be a. Then, a a i, Volume of the cube = a? ii, Lateral surface area of the cube = 4a” iii, Total surface area of the cube = 6a? iv. Length of the longest diagonal of the cube = V3a 2. Cuboid: Let the length, breadth and height of a cuboid be /, b and h respectively. Then, I h i, Volume of the cuboid =/* b xh 8 ~ 6 SSC QuaNTITATIVE APTITUDE FORMULA Bookii, Lateral surface area of the cuboid = 2(/+)x/ iii, Total surface area of the cuboid = 2(Jb+bh-+ hl) iv, Length of the longest diagonal of the cuboid =P +4? +1" 3. Cylinder: Let the radius of base and height of the cylinder be r and h respectively. Then, i. Volume of the cylinder = 27h ii, Curved Surface Area of the cylinder = 2arh iii, Total Surface Area of the cylinder = 2nrh+2nr* = 2nr(h+r) 4. Cone: Let the radius of base and height of the cone be r and / respectively. Then, 1, i. Volume of the cone ae ii, Slant Height of the cone, iii, Curved Surface Area of the cone = TT iv. Total Surface Area of the cone = ml + xr? = nr (J+r) Q AF MENsuRATION AF @Sphere: Let the radius of the sphere be r. Then, 4 i, Volume of the sphere = a ii, Total Surface Area of the sphere = 41? 6. Hemisphere: Let the radius of the hemisphere be r. Then, v nr i. Volume of the hemisphere = 3 ii, Curved Surface Area of the hemisphere = zr iii, Total Surface Area of the hemisphere = 3zr? 7. Frustum of Cone: Let the radii of the frustum are r and R and the height of the frustum be . Then, 1 oe) i. Volume of the frustum of the cone = Fae (R +r. +Rr) ii, Slant Height of the frustum of cone, / = fh +(R r) @ = wm SSC QuaNTITATIVE APTITUDE FORMULA Bookili. Curved Surface Area of the frustum of cone = 7/(R+r) iv. Total Surface Area of the frustum of cone = 27(R+r)+aR? +27? 8. Prism: A prism is a solid whose cross-sectional area is uniform. A i, Volume of the prism ~ Area of the base * height of the prism ii, The curved surface area of the prism = Perimetre of the base * height of the prism iii, The total surface area of the prism = Curved Surface Area +2 * Area of the base. 9. Pyrami Slant Height 1 Volume of the pyramid => * Area of the base « Height of the pyramid . Lateral surface area of the pyramid 1 = 5% Perimetre of the base * Slant height of the pyramid iii, Total surface area of the pyramid = Curved Surface Area + Area of the base Qs AF MENsuRATION a @10. Regular Tetrahedron: A regular tetrahedron is a tetrahedron whose all four faces are equilateral triangles of equal size. Let the side of each equilateral triangle be a. Then, i. The volume of the regular tetrahedron = 33. ii, Lateral Surface Area = ace Total Surface Area = 3a” @ = aD SSC QuaNTITATIVE APTITUDE FORMULA Book(onan :3 6 Trigonometry 1. Trigonometric Ratios: Z\ sing. Perpendicular _ hypotenuse ee H base B hypotenuse H tang = PetPendicular _ P base B i pees ee perpendicular P _ hypotenuse _ base B base B perpendicular P 2. Trigonometrie Identities: ii, cosO= iii. y. secO vi, cotO= i, sin? 8+cos? 0=1 ii, sec” @—tan*@=1 iii, cosec*@ -cot*6 =13. The numerical value of Trigonometric Ratios for some Standard Angles: Angle 0 0° 30° | 45° 60? 90° sind 0 nl i 1 2 Ey cos0 1 3 ny 0 2 tanO 0 1 1 B Not Defined cosecO Not 2 i 2 Zz Defined a a B secO 1 2 2 = Not Defined B cot Not 1 0 1 Defined 3 a 3 4, Allied Angles Formulae Table: Agles | sin |cos tan |cosec _|sec cot 0 ‘sin® |cos@ |—tanO |—cosec |secO oto ( IG +0] or (90°+8) cos }sind Jcotd |secd —|cosecd |tand -0} or (90°—0) or cos@ |-sin® |—cotd |secO cosecO}—tan (0) or (1802-9) |Sin® |-coso]-tan0 Jooseco }-secd -cot0 (x4 0) (180 +0) ‘sin® |—cos0|tan0 |-cosecO}-secf} |cotO cos6}—sin® }cot8 |-secO cosec6}tan6 (Cra 3® _ 9) (170°. le 0702-8) @ = wD SSC QuaNTITATIVE APTITUDE FORMULA Booklaa oem +0) cos8}sin8 |-cot0|-secO |cosec@ |- tan 2n-0) (360°-0) |—sinO |cosO |-tanO |—cosec6 |secO cot (2% +0) (360°+ 0) sin® |cos@ |tanO |cosecO |secO cot 5. Sum and Difference Formulae: i. sin(x+y)=sinx cosy +sinycosx ii, sin(x—y)=sinxcos y—sin ycosx iii, cos(x+y)=cosxcosy—sinxsin y ices (ome) letenerccnstenaritesry tan.x—tan y vi ema Tania 6. Sum to Product Formulae: afl€ i sin€+sinD =2sn[ ate jj, sinC-sinD = Deo 7. Product to Sum Formulae: i, 2sin AcosB=sin(A + B)+ sin(A—-B) ii, 2cos Asin B=sin(A+B)-sin( 4 ~B) ili, 2cos Acos B= cos(A+B) + cos(4-B) iv. 2sin Asin B = cos(A-—B)—-cos(4+B) (23 AF TRIGONOMETRY |(2nn + 0) (360°n-0) sind |cos@ |tanO |cosecO |secO cot8. Multiple Angles Formulae: i, sin2x=2sinxcos.x ii. iii, iv sin3x — 3siny —4sin’x v. cos3x cos*x —3cosx 3tanx —tan*x vi. tan3x=——= 1-3tan?x 9. Some Special Formulae: i. sin x-sin(60’—x)-sin(60°— x) =—sin3x ii. cos.x-cos (60° - x) -cos( 60° — x scos3x 4 iii, tan x-tan(60° ~x)-tan(60° —x) = tan 3x 10. Maximum and Minimum of trignomatric functions: i, asin? @+bcos*@ Maximum value = maximum between a and b. Minimum value = minimum between a and b. ii, sin"@-cos"O , 1 ~ and Minimum value =~— If is odd: Maximum value = Ifm is even: Maximum value = a and Minimum value = 0. iii, asinO-+bcos0 Maximum value = Va? +57 Minimum value =—va? +0° iv. asin? 0+bcosec*O Minimum value= 2¥ab y. acos’0+bsoc* Minimum value= 2Vab vi, atan’0+beot’ 0 Minimum value=2Vab vii. acosce*0-+bsec? 0 Minimum value = (Va +b i @ = wh SSC QuaNTITATIVE APTITUDE FORMULA BookCHAPTER 7 Geometry L._Lines and Angles: i. Let/, and J, be two parallel lines and m be the transversal lines. Then, a. Corresponding angles are equal Bie, 22 20,28 LBS eT b. Alternate Angles are equal 44= £6, 43= 25 c. Vertically Opposite angles are equal N=: 22=24, 45=27, £46=L£8 d. Alternate exterior angles are equal Al Ale ee 8 ¢. Sum of co-interior angles are equal L445 =1802, 23+26=180° f. Sum of co-interior angles are equal A+ 28=180°, 22+ 27 =180°ii, ‘The complementary angle of 0 = 90° - 0. iii, The supplementary angle of © = 180° 2. Triangle: i, The sum ofall the angles of a triangle is 180°. ie. LBAC + ZABC + ZACB = 180" A B G ii, ‘The exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of opposite interior angles ie. ZACD = ZABC+ ZBAC 4 B cD iii. The angles opposite to the equal sides of a triangle are equal. ie. AB= AC & ZACB = ZABC A B G iv. Let /B and IC be the internal angles bisectors of a triangle ABC. Then, @ = 26 SSC QuaNTITATIVE APTITUDE FORMULA BookZBIC =90° + BAC 2 4 - c v. Let OB and OC be the external angles bisectors ofa triangle ABC. Then, 280C = 90° BAC A B Cc oO vi. Thales Theorem: If D and E are two points on sides 4 and B of ; « then 12. AE _ AB AABC such that DE|| BC, then Tp =F5 =< A D E B € vii, Mid Point Theorem: IfD and E are the mid points of sides AB and BC AC respectively of AABC, then DE || BC and DE ‘The converse of this theorem is also true. viii. Pythagoras Theorem: Let ABC be aright angled triangle right angle at B. Then, AB’ + BC? = AC” Q7 AF GEOMETRY AF @iG B ix. Interior Angle Bisector Theorem: Let AD be the angle bisector of 2BAC, then 22. BD A 8 D ¢ x. Ceva’s Theorem: Let 4D, BE, and CF be the civians of AABC. Then, B D Cc xi. Stewart’s Theorem: Let AD be a civian of length d dividing BC into segments BD=m and CD =n. Then, b?m+c?n = aa + mn) A SSC QuaNTITATIVE APTITUDE FORMULA Bookxii, Sine Rule: In AABC, we have: A a a b - in B =2R Where Ris the circumradius of the triangle. sin A sinC xiii. Cosine rule: In AABC, we have: 4 xiv. Exterior Angle Bisector Theorem: Let 4D be the angle bisector of ABAC, then pAb ED) AC CD xv. Apollonius Theorem: Let AD be a median of AABC, then AB? + AC’ = 2( AD? +BD*) 4 B D c 9 AF GEOMETRY AF @xvi. In any right angle triangle, we have: a+b +c =8R where a, and c are sides of triangle and R is the circumradius. 3. Centroid, Orthocentre, Incentre, and Circumcentre: i Orthocentre, Centroid, and Circumcentre lie on a straight line and the centroid divides the line segment joining the orthocentre and circumcentre in the ratio 2:1 The median divides the triangle into two parts of equal areas. The Circumcentre of a right-angle triangle lies on the mid-point of the hypotenuse. iy. The orthocentre of an obtuse angle triangle lies outside the triangle. vy. The orthocentre of a right angle triangle lies on the vertex of the triangle where 90° angle is formed 4. Circle: i. The perpendicular from the centre of the circle to the chord bisects the chord, If OM 1 AB then AM = BM 4 ii, If AB and CD are two chords of a circle with centre O such that OM AB and ON L CD, then OM = ON & AB = CD. aN OS , iii. The angle contained in a semi-circle is equal to 90° ie. if AB is a diametre of the circle and C is any point on the circumference of the circle then ZACB = 90° @ A B @ = BD SSC QuaNTITATIVE APTITUDE FORMULA Book