DESIGN AND XXXXXXXX SOLAR

XXXXXXXXXXX

MINI PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

SANTHOSH S 20108070

SIBI S 20108074

SIVA SURIYA S 20108076

SURESH S 20108081

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HINDUSTHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited with ‘A++’ Grade by NAAC
(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

COIMBATORE- 641 032.

JUNE 2024

1
 HINDUSTHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited with ‘A++’ Grade by NAAC
(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SOLAR

BASED HOME-MADE VENTILATOR” is the Bonafide work of “SANTHOSH S
(20108070), SIBI S (20108074), SIVA SURIYA S (20108076), SURESH S
(20108081)” who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Mr. C.A. JAGADISH., M.E., Dr. K. SIVA., M.TECH., Ph.D.,

SUPERVISOR, Assistant Professor, HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering

Hindusthan College of Engineering and Hindusthan College of Engineering and
Technology, Coimbatore–641 032. Technology, Coimbatore – 641 032.

Submitted for the End Semester Mini Project Viva–Voce conducted on ………..

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing moment of having successfully completed our project,

we wish to acknowledge with thanks, and to significant contribution given by
management of our college. We also shoulder our endeavour to Our
Managing Trustee Shri.T.S.R.KHANNAIYYAN and
Smt.SARASWATHI KHANNAIYYAN who hauled us to meritorious
heights.

It is moment of immense pride for us to reveal our profound thanks to our

respected principal Dr.J. JAYA., M.E., Ph.D., who happens to be the striving
force in all our activities

We are deeply indebted express our profound gratitude to

Dr.K.KARUNAKARAN., M.Tech., Ph.D., Our CEO, for providing us all the
facilities necessary to finish this project.

It is a great privilege to express our sincere thanks to

Dr.K.SIVA, M.Tech., Ph.D., Head of Department, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, for his valuable guidance and co-operation.

We extremely obliged to Our Guide Mr. C.A. JAGADISH, M.E.,

Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering for his valuable
guidance and support throughout out endeavour.

We would like to extend gratitude to Dr. L. KARTHICK, M.E., Ph.D., Mini

Project Coordinator, Department of Mechanical Engineering for his constant
support and encouragement
We owe debt of gratitude to All Faculty and Staff Members and Students of
Mechanical Engineering from Hindusthan College of Engineering and
Technology, Coimbatore for helping throughout the course of project work.

3
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER
TITLE PAGE NO
NO

ABSTRACT 7

1 INTRODUCTION 8

9
1.1 INVASIVE VENTILATOR

10
1.2 NON-INVASIVE VENTIATOR

10
1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1.4 PRODUCT RESEARCH 11

1.5 PROJECT OBJECTIVE 12

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 13

3 METHODOLOGY 18

4
4 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS 19
 AMBU BAG 19
 ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE 20

 POTENTIOMETER 20

 DC MOTOR 21
22
 FACE MASK
22
 LCD DISPLAY
 POWER SUPPLY 22
22
 STEEL
23
 BATTERY
25
 SOLAR PANEL
26
5 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
6 PROPOSED SYSTEM 28
6.1 CIRCUIT GRAPH OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
7 DESIGN 29
7.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
8 WORKING PRINCIPLE 30

33
9 CALCULATION

10 COST ESTIMATION 35

11 CONCLUSION 37

38
12 REFERENCE

LIST OF FIGURES
5
FIG.NO FIG NAME PG.NO

Sort of Ventilator 09
1.1

3.1 Block Diagram of ventilator 18

4.1 Bag Valve Mask 19

4.2 Endotracheal Tube 20

4.3 Potentiometer 20

4.4 DC Motor 21

4.5 Steel 23

4.6 Battery 24

4.7 Solar Panel 25

6.1 Circuit Diagram 28

7.1 3D Model of ventilator 29

8.1 Slider Crank Mechanism 30

6
 ABSTRACT

This project focuses on the design and fabrication of a solar-based homemade

ventilator for patients. The system integrates renewable energy sources, specifically
solar power, to ensure a sustainable and efficient operation. The ventilator is
tailored for home use, providing a cost-effective solution for individuals requiring
respiratory support. By harnessing solar energy, the ventilator aims to reduce
dependency on conventional power sources, making it suitable for regions with
intermittent electricity supply.

The design emphasizes simplicity, accessibility, and ease of assembly, enabling

users to construct the ventilator with readily available materials. The design will
prioritize simplicity and accessibility, ensuring that the device can be assembled
using readily available materials and basic tools. This initiative seeks to empower
communities with limited access to medical resources by providing a reliable and
affordable alternative for respiratory care, ultimately contributing to improved
healthcare outcomes for patients in need.

7
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

While human lungs depend on the withdrawal of the stomach to make a negative
weight that draws in discuss amid inward breath, ventilators utilize a diverse
instrument. Ventilators utilize a pumping movement to blow up the lungs, giving
the fundamental wind stream to bolster breath. A ventilator ought to be able of
conveying a extend of 10-30 breaths per diminutive, with the adaptability to suit
expanding increases in sets. Furthermore, it ought to be able to control the volume
of discuss conveyed to the lungs with each breath and permit for the alteration of
the inhalation-to-exhalation proportion. Observing the patient's blood oxygen levels
and expiratory lung weight is pivotal to maintain a strategic distance from over or
beneath pressurization. To address these necessities and make a dependable
however reasonable versatile ventilator for utilize amid pandemics, we have
planned a ventilator utilizing Arduino. Our framework consolidates a silicone
ventilator pack driven by DC engines with a dual-sided pushing instrument. An
electric switch and a variable potentiometer direct the breath term and patient's
breaths per miniature. Our framework incorporates a blood oxygen sensor and a
touchy weight sensor to screen imperative signs, which are shown on a little screen.
Besides, a crisis chime alarm is integrated to flag any anomalies. The complete
framework is controlled by an Arduino microcontroller to attain craved results and
help patients amid the COVID-19 widespread and other crisis situations and
lightweight gadget that can be effortlessly transported and utilized in different
settings, counting clinics, ambulances, and indeed in-home care scenarios. A
convenient ventilator alludes to a compact Besides, the venture will discuss the
challenges and contemplations included within the plan and fabricating of versatile
ventilators, counting control source necessities, commotion diminishment, and
user-friendly interfacing.

8
Sorts of Ventilators

1. Invasive Ventilator

2. Non-Invasive Ventilator

Fig no:1.1 Sort of ventilators

1.1 Invasive Ventilator

An intrusive ventilator, too known as a mechanical ventilator or a

respirator, may be a restorative gadget utilized to help or supplant the characteristic
breathing prepare in patients who are incapable to breathe enough on their claim. It
is ordinarily utilized in basic care settings such as seriously care units (ICUs) or
amid surgeries. Whereas obtrusive ventilation can be life-saving for fundamentally
sick patients, it is an obtrusive method that carries certain dangers and
complications.
9
1.2 Non-Invasive Ventilator

Non-Invasive Ventilator (as appeared in figure 2) that gives help with

breathing by conveying positive weight ceaselessly all through the respiratory
cycle. It accomplishes this by consolidating occasional increments in airway
pressure, without the required for an endotracheal tube (ETT) put within the
trachea. The particular conveyance framework utilized decides whether these extra
pressure increases are synchronized or unsynchronized with the patient's breathing
pattern

As always, it is basic allude to" to allude to with healthcare experts for

personalized restorative exhortation and the foremost up-to-date data on the utilize
of non-invasive ventilation and its application to particular restorative conditions. It
accomplishes this by joining occasional increments in aviation route weight,
without the need for an endotracheal tube (ETT) set within the trachea. Non-
invasive ventilation (NIV) is the conveyance of oxygen (ventilation back) by
means of a confront cover and so killing the require of an endotracheal aviation
route. NIV accomplishes comparative physiological benefits to routine mechanical
ventilation by diminishing the work of breathing and progressing gas trade. Inquire
about proposes that non-invasive ventilation after early extubating looks
accommodating in diminishing the entire days went through on intrusive
mechanical ventilation.

1.3 Project Description

The Versatile Ventilator could be a mechanical ventilation gadget planned

to handle one of the greatest issues with current ventilators, their restrictiveness.
Right now, patients are required to either be hospitalized and involve an ICU room
gambling contracting malady or forgoing care. This takes off numerous patients
with milder indications to have two awful choices. Together with this, clinics are
10
moreover at a misfortune. Each quiet with milder side effects that's hospitalized is
one less ICU room accessible for other patients with more serious indications. This
too puts a strain on the constrained assets healing centres have, such as nurses,
since the ventilator must be always observed and adjusted.

The Versatile Ventilator looks for to fathom these issues by giving a third
alternative to patients and healing centres. This is often the capacity to supply out-
patient care for gentle cases that require offer assistance breathing and oxygen
admissions.

1.4 Product Research

Today most of the ventilators within the advertise and in utilize are planned
for clinic utilize and to address particular restorative needs. This implies that an
ICU ventilator may not be able to be utilized for neonatal ventilation. Having
numerous distinctive sorts of ventilators permits most patients to be treated for
anything condition they may get. Advanced ventilators incorporate numerous
wellbeing security highlights to guarantee that the quiet remains safe indeed when
there's an mistake. This incorporates cautions for perilous changes in patients’
biometrics. Another security include is the checking and showing of both patient
and gadget conditions.

One of the foremost critical highlights of current ventilators is the capacity

to alter the settings and provide exact control of the gadget. One of the most
important features of current ventilators is the ability to change the settings and
provide precise control of the device. The current portable ventilators in the market
are mostly transport ventilators. These are used to provide short ventilation to
patients when they are being transported from one facility or room to another.

In any case, this implies that to function a ventilator not as it were requires
precise ventilator information but moreover exact medical knowledge. This causes
ventilators to require proficient checking and administering.
11
 The current convenient ventilators within the advertise are for the most part
transport ventilators. These are utilized to supply brief ventilation to patients when
they are being transported from one office or room to another.

One of the most important features of current ventilators is the ability to

change the settings and provide precise control of the device. The current portable
ventilators in the market are mostly transport ventilators. These are used to provide
short ventilation to patients when they are being transported from one facility or
room to another.

1.5 Project Objective:

 The objective of designing and fabricating a solar-based homemade

ventilator for patients is to create a sustainable and cost-effective solution to
address the pressing need for respiratory support, particularly in resource-
constrained environments.

a) During the covid-19 pandemic when a shortage of ventilators occurs

worldwide that situation motivated such type of experiment. The aim is to
Construct a low-cost, open-source mechanical ventilator to mitigate the effects of
this shortage on those regions.

b) According to the constitutions of India the highest attainable standard of

health is a fundamental right for an individual. As we are inspired by this &
attempt to propose an innovative system that puts forward a smart patient health
tracking system in which sensors track patient vital parameters and uses the
internet to update the doctors so that they can help in case of any issues at the
earliest.

c) It delivers in the range of 15 – 30 breaths per minute. Its features assist

control and provide a constant airflow to the lungs. d) It is low-cost, portable, and
lightweight

12
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

A review of open source ventilators for Covid-19 and future pandemic by

Joshua Pearce , Department of Materials Science & Engineering and
Department of Electrical &Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, USA.

This study suggest, with the latest improvement and full-size deployment of small-
scale production technology like RepRap-class three-D printers and open supply
microcontrollers, mass disbursed production of ventilators has the ability to
conquer scientific deliver shortages. In this study, after presenting a history on
ventilators, the instructional literature is reviewed to discover the prevailing and
already openly-published, vetted designs for ventilators structures. These articles
are analyz to decide if the designs are open source in spirit (license) in addition to
realistic details (e.g. owning handy layout supply files, invoice of materials,
meeting instructions, wiring diagrams, firmware and software program in addition
to operation and calibration instructions). Next, the prevailing Internet and grey
literature are reviewed for open supply ventilator tasks and designs. The
consequences of this evaluation discovered that the examined and peer-reviewed
structures lacked entire documentation and the open structures that have been
documented have been both on the very early levels of layout.

IoT based Low Cost Smart Ambu Bag Compressing Machine for Low-Cost
Ventilator by Mohammed Shuaib Khan, Mohammed Faraaz Rahman,
Mohammed Yusuf Khan

13
The Ambu-Bag compressing mechanism is operated with a stepper motor that is
related to MSP430 microcontroller which acts as mind of the device. 15Watt solar
panel is used to charge the battery that is useful at rural places, military and
trucking camps. The microcontroller is in serial verbal exchange with the Wi-Fi
module to hook up with the net and get entry to real- time affected person requests
from the cloud. The device has developed user friendly android utility with which
the medical doctors and different government can without problems monitor the
affected person requests. The diploma of compression and the output air strain may
be managed with the aid of using adjusting potentiometer knob supplied at the
machine.

The design and evaluation of a novel low-cost Portable Ventilator by Alaistar

Darwood, Jim McCanny, Roman Kwansnicki, Bill Martin and Pheobe Jones

This study describes the evaluation and testing of a simple, low-cost alternative
ventilator that uses a novel pressure sensing approach and control algorithm. This
is designed to provide portable positive pressure mechanical ventilation at a
reduced cost, while autonomously monitoring patient condition and important
safety parameters. A prototype ventilator was constructed and evaluated using an
anaesthetic test lung as a patient surrogate. Using a modifiable test lung and digital
pressure sensor, we investigated ventilation pressure waveform circuit leak
detection, and compliance and resistance change detection.

Preliminary design of an innovative, simple and easy-to-build portable

Ventilator for Covid-19 patients by Bader El Majid, Aboubaker El
Hammoumui, Saad Motahhir, Ambar Lebbadi, Abdelaziz Ghzizal.

This concept comprises a plastic air tank, two wooden or plastic circles (fixed and
mobile discs), a bendable wire, two check valves, a DC motor, and a support box
14
(guide cylinder). The motor is fixed to the center of the upper circle. In the ON
state, the motor is activated, causing the upper circle to rotate in one direction. The
movement of the motor causes the wire to bend. This pulls the bottom circle
upwards, which pressurizes the air inside the tank. This pressurized air is
consequently directed into pipes through the check valve. This state corresponds to
the inspiration phase. In the OFF state, the motor is released. The bottom circle
then moves downwards under the influence of its own weight and the release of the
tension in the wire, which is restored to its initial position. Since the pressure in the
lungs is higher than the pressure in the air tank, the device will draw air from the
patient’s lungs.

Design and Prototyping of a Low-cost Portable Mechanical Ventilator by

Abdul Mohsen Al Husseni, Hoen Ju Lee, Justin Negrete, Stephen Powelson,
Amelia Servi, Alexander Slocum and Jussi Saukkonen

This paper describes the design and prototyping of a low-cost portable mechanical
ventilator for use in mass casualty cases and resource-poor environments. The
ventilator delivers breaths by compressing a conventional bag-valve mask (BVM)
with a pivoting cam arm, eliminating the need for a human operator for the BVM.
An initial prototype was built out of acrylic, measuring 11.25 x 6.7 x 8 inches (285
x 170 x 200 mm) and weighing 9 lbs (4.1 kg). It is driven by an electric motor
powered by a 14.8 V DC battery and features an adjustable tidal volume up to a
maximum of 750 ml. Tidal volume and number of breaths per minute are set via
user- friendly input knobs. The prototype also features an assist-control mode and
an alarm to indicate over pressurization of the system. Future iterations of the
device will include a controllab le inspiration to expiration time ratio, a pressure
relief valve, PEEP capabilities and an LCD screen. With a prototyping cost of only
$420, the bulk- manufacturing price for the ventilator is estimated to be less than
$200.
15
Inspired oxyge n fraction achieved with a portable ventilator by D. Samolski,
A. Anton, R. Guell, F. Sanz, J. Gine r and P. Casan

Non- invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV) is an effective treatment in

respiratory failure. Continuous positive pressure (CPAP) may also be useful in
acute hypoxaemic patients. Supplementary oxygen is usually necessary in both
systems. However, the inspired oxygen fraction (FiO 2) delivered by a portable
ventilator is unknown. The main objectives of this study were to establish the
maximal FiO2 that could be achieved by these devices and to analyse the FiO 2
determinant factors. Ten healthy volunteers were evaluated using a BiPAP ST30
ventilator with a single- limb circuit, expiratory port and nasal mask. Oxygen (15
L/min) was administered at two connection points (proximal and distal). Each
volunteer carried out a NIPPV (inspiratory pressure 20 cmH2O [1.95 kPa]
expiratory pressure 8 cmH2O and 10 cmH2O [0.981 kPa]) session. FiO2 was
analysed by a probe located in the mask. Minute volume (MV) was measured using
a pneumotachograph. Maximal FiO2 was obtained with CPAP and distal oxygen
connection point (67.39+/−15.39%). NIPPV achieved higher MV than CPAP. FiO 2
was inversely correlated with MV.

16
Comparison of Ventilator pe rformace by A McCluskey and C L Gwinutt
from Departme nt of Anaesthsia, Salford Royal Hospital, Was hington.

The performance of a portable gas-powered ventilator was evaluated in two stages.

The ventilator was assessed using a mechanical lung model at different
combinations of compliance and airway resistance to simulate normal and diseased
lungs. The performance of the ventilator was then assessed in 20 anaesthetized
patients. The tidal volume delivered by the ventilator in airmix mode was between -
20 and +30% of the preset tidal volume with the mechanical lung model adjusted to
normal adult values of compliance and airway resistance. The corresponding value
with the ventilator set to deliver 100% oxygen was between -22 and -7% of the
preset tidal volume. The performance of the ventilator decreased when either
compliance was reduced or airway resistance was increased in the mechanical lung
model; this effect was greater in airmix mode. Delivered tidal volume was between
-19 and +12% of the present tidal volume in the group of anaesthetized patients
using the ventilator in airmix mode. The ventilator was reliable and simple to use,
and performance was within acceptable limits in the anaesthetized patients.
However, the article recommend that a means of verifying the adequacy of
ventilation should always be used when transporting critically ill or anaesthetized
patients with any portable ventilator.

17
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Mechanical ventilation, helped ventilation or discontinuous obligatory

ventilation (IMV), is the restorative term for employing a machine called a
ventilator to completely or in part give counterfeit ventilation. Mechanical
ventilation makes a difference move discuss into and out of the lungs, with the
most objective of making a difference the conveyance of oxygen and expulsion of
carbon dioxide.

The technique of extend gives us the desired knowledge around ventilator

operation by clearing us approximately on its major component which are there on
which the ventilator is based upon and there required working. The association of
each person component with other component has been controlled in strategy of
extend. Ventilator is based on non-invasive operation so it major thought may be
caught on of by the technique figure spoken to of below.

18
 Fig No:3.1 Block Diagram of Ventilator

CHAPTER 4

MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS

Description of Components

 Ambu bag
 Endotracheal tube
 Potentiometer
 DC Motor
 Face Mask
 (16x1) LCD Display
 LED Lights
 12V Power Supply
 Steel
 Solar panel
 12V Battery

4.1 Ambu Bag

Fig No:4.1 Bag Valve Mask

19
20
 A bag valve mask (BVM), now and
again called an Ambu bag, is a hand-
held device this is used to supply
superb stress air flow to any person
with inadequate or insufficient breaths.
It includes a self- inflating bag, one-
way valve, mask, and an oxygen
reservoir.

4.2 Endotracheal Tube

Fig No:4.2 Endotracheal Tube

An endotracheal tube is a versatile plastic tube that is positioned via the mouth into
the trachea (windpipe) to assist a affected person's breathe. The endotracheal tube
is then fixed to a ventilator, which can provide oxygen to the lungs. The manner of
placing the tube is called endotracheal intubation.

4.3 Potentiometer

21
Fig No:4.3 Potentiometer

22
A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that
forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the
wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat. The measuring instrument called a
potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used for measuring electrical
potential (voltage); the components is an implementation of the same principle,
hence its name.

4.4 DC Motor

Fig No:4.4 DC motor

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current
electrical energy into mechanical energy. DC motor specifically used in car wipers
is used here. Since the stepper motors couldn’t provide the required torque to move
the metal arm, DC gear motor that operates on 12 Volts DC voltage is used. The
DC motor operates at 12V, 2A and 60 RPM under no load conditions.

Specifications for a 12V DC motor typically include:

Voltage: Designed to operate at a nominal voltage of 12 volts.

Power rating: Measured in watts or horsepower, indicating the motor's output

power.

Speed: Rated in revolutions per minute (RPM) at the specified voltage and load
conditions.

23
4.5 Face Mask

A face mask is used for providing the required oxygen supply to the patient. It is
connected to the endotracheal tube which provides the oxygen from the ventilator.
It is worn on the patient’s face for aiding respiration.

4.6 LCD Display

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically

modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid
crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly but
instead use a backlight or reflector to produce images in colour or monochrome.
The LCD display in this project is used for displaying the speed (i.e. the breaths
per minute) exerted by the motor at a given time.

4.7 Power Supply

It alludes to a gadget or framework that gives electrical vitality or control to other

gadgets or frameworks. It changes over input electrical vitality from a control
source into a shape reasonable for utilize by the gadgets it is providing control to
microcontroller. The control supply prerequisites for a device are regularly
indicated by the producer within the documentation or client manual. This data
includes the specified voltage, current, and now and then particular control supply
guidelines that have to be met for appropriate operation.

4.8 Steel

Owing to its material properties, steel is possible the most important engineering
and construction material in the world. The most important properties of steel are
great formability and durability, good tensile and yield strength and good thermal
conductivity. As well as these important properties the most characteristic of the
stainless-steel properties is resistance to corrosion.

24
 Fig No:4.5 Steel

As well as these important properties the most characteristic of the stainless-steel

properties is resistance to corrosion. The physical properties of steel are related to
the physics of the material, such as density, thermal conductivity, elastic modulus,
Poison’s ratio etc.

Some typical values for physical properties of steel are:

1. density ρ = 7.7 ÷ 8.1 [kg/dm3]

2. elastic modulus E=190÷210 [GPa]
3. Poisson's ratio ν = 0.27 ÷ 0.30.
4. Thermal conductivity κ = 11.2 ÷ 48.3 [W/mK]
5. Thermal expansion α = 9 ÷27 [10-6 / K]

4.9 Battery:
Rechargeable batteries are a type of battery that can be recharged multiple times by
passing an electric current through them. They come in various chemistries like
lithium-ion, nickel-metal hydride, and lead-acid, each with its own advantages and
limitations. They're commonly used in devices like smartphones, laptops, and

25
electric vehicles, offering a more sustainable and cost-effective power solution
compared to single-use batteries.

Fig No:4.6
Voltage: It provides a nominal voltage of 12 volts.
Capacity: Measured in ampere-hours (Ah), indicating how much charge the
battery can hold.
Chemistry: Common types include lead-acid, lithium-ion, nickel-cadmium, etc.
Dimensions: Size and shape of the battery.
Weight: The weight of the battery, which varies depending on chemistry and
capacity.
Cycle life: How many charge-discharge cycles the battery can withstand before its
capacity degrades significantly.
Operating temperature range: The range of temperatures within which the
battery can operate effectively.
Charging parameters: Maximum charging voltage, recommended charging
current, etc.
Discharge characteristics: Maximum discharge current, discharge cutoff voltage,
etc.
Specific details will vary depending on the type and intended use of the battery.
26
4.10 Solar Panel

Fig No:4.7 Solar Panel

A solar panel is used converts sunlight into electricity by using photovoltaic (PV)
cells. PV cells are made of materials that produce excited electrons when exposed
to light. The electrons flow through a circuit and produce direct current (DC)
electricity, which can be used to power various devices or be stored in batteries.
Solar panels are also known as solar cell panels, solar electric panels, or PV
modules. Solar panels are usually arranged in groups called arrays or systems.
A photovoltaic system consists of one or more solar panels, an inverter that
converts DC electricity to alternating current (AC) electricity, and sometimes other
components such as controllers, meters, and trackers.

27
 CHAPTER 5
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

 Power Efficiency:
Maximizing energy efficiency to optimize the utilization of
solar power and minimize power consumption, allowing for extended
operation periods. Identifying power efficiency problems in a ventilator for
patients involves assessing various components like motor efficiency,
airflow management, sensor usage, and power management systems. It
requires analyzing power consumption patterns, identifying areas of
inefficiency, and implementing strategies such as optimizing motor control
algorithms, reducing sensor power usage during idle periods, or improving
airflow design to enhance overall efficiency while
maintaining patient safety.
 Portability:
Designing a compact and lightweight ventilator system that can
be easily transported and installed in different settings, including homes and
remote areas. Identifying portability problems in a ventilator for patients
involves examining factors like size, weight, battery life, and ease of
transport. Common issues might include bulky design, heavy weight, short
battery life, and cumbersome handling. Addressing these problems could
involve redesigning components to reduce size and weight, incorporating
more efficient battery technology, or implementing features for easier
transportation, such as foldable or modular design
 Affordability:
Identifying affordability problems in a ventilator for patients
entails evaluating the cost of manufacturing, materials, and technology.
Issues could include high production costs, expensive components, and
complex manufacturing processes.
To address affordability concerns, options might include simplifying
design, sourcing cost-effective materials, exploring mass production
techniques, or leveraging economies of scale through partnerships or
collaborations. Additionally, considering alternative funding models or
subsidies could help make ventilators more accessible to those in need.
28
 Limited Battery Life:

Identifying limited battery life in a ventilator for patients

involves assessing factors such as battery capacity, power consumption, and
usage patterns. Common issues might include insufficient battery capacity to
sustain prolonged use, high power consumption due to inefficient
components or features, and inadequate battery management systems. To
address this problem, potential solutions could include incorporating higher
capacity batteries, optimizing power management algorithms, reducing
power usage during idle periods, and providing options for external power
sources or hot-swappable batteries to ensure continuous operation
when needed most.

 High Maintenance:

Identifying high maintenance issues in a ventilator for patients

involves examining factors such as component reliability, frequency of
servicing, and complexity of maintenance procedures. Common problems
might include frequent component failures, the need for specialized tools or
expertise for repairs, and time-consuming maintenance tasks. Addressing
this problem could involve improving component durability through better
quality control and materials.
simplifying maintenance procedures with modular designs or
easily replaceable parts, and providing comprehensive training and support
for healthcare professionals to perform routine maintenance effectively.
Additionally, implementing remote monitoring and diagnostics capabilities
could help identify issues early and reduce the need for extensive
maintenance.

29
 CHAPTER 6
PROPOSED SYSTEM

6.1 Circuit Graph of proposed System

Circuit graph appears of the step-by-step association and operation of non-
invasive proposed ventilator appearing its association by giving it control supply to
Most. The rectifier changes over the ac supply into dc and after that sends it to
controller which control the voltage flag agreeing to require making pass through
PWM and at that point to dc engine which makes the pulley move and the coupler
joined to the pulley moreover moves causing compression and development of
ambu bag. The discuss supply input is utilized to produce the fundamental wind
stream, which is at that point enhanced with oxygen to form the required improved
discuss for the patient's respiratory needs. The charger input guarantees that the
ventilator's battery remains charged, encouraging its transportability. Yields
contain the enhanced discuss and the measured biometrics.

Fig No:6.1 Circuit Diagram of Proposed System

30
 CHAPTER 7

DESIGN
7.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
In this experiment, a silicon ventilator bag is used which is driven by a stepper
motor with a single-side push mechanism to push the ventilator bag. To achieve
inflation and deflation, the cam Shaft mechanism is used. The stepper motor shaft
is connected to a cam to convert rotary motion into linear motion here. The cam is
oval and designed to push one end of the pressing arm upwards. The pressing arm
is connected to the joint mechanism & mounted on the top of the ventilator. Which
creates a seesaw-like mechanism. When the stepper motor rotates and pushes the
arm upwards on one side, it presses against the bag on another end. The rate of
inflation and deflation depends on the RPM of the motor. As per the settings
provided to the setup, the motor RPM is varied to achieve desired BPM rate. In this
experiment, a toggle switch is used for switching, and a variable pot to adjust the
breath length and the BPM value when the patient used this mechanism.

Fig No:7.1 3D model of ventilator system

31
 CHAPTER 8

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The main switch is turned on or the battery is connected to trigger the power
supply to initiate the operation. The power supply is given to the all the
electronical components to boot up the operations. Pulse Width Modulation
technique facilitates the speed control by switching the power supplied to the
motor between “HIGH” and “LOW” states. The DC voltage is converted into a
square wave signal which then keeps changing between power states thus
giving the motor a series of power hits. A 12V, 60 RPM motor is used to control
the operation of the ventilator through a level. The electric DC motor is
connected to a lever through a CAM plate which converts rotational energy to
linear energy which is used to induce pressure on the Ambu bag.

The rotational motion to linear motion conversion is done by loosely adapting a

mechanism called slider-crank mechanism. In a slider-crank mechanism the
mechanical parts are arranged in a way to convert rotary to motion to straight-
line motion as in a reciprocating piston pump.

The basic nature of the mechanism is explained by the picture given below

Fig No:8.1 Slider-Crank Mechanism

32
The Part number 1 is a fixed block or frame which contains DC motor that will
be able to provide with the rotary motion needed. The Part number 4 contains
the piston where the piston moves freely back and front. The Part number 2 is
known as the crankshaft which connect the bearing or crankpin from Part A to
Part B. The Part number 3 is known as the connecting rod which connects the
crankpin B to wristpin C which is again connected to the piston shown as a
rectangular box to facilitate linear motion. When the motor is switched on the
crankshaft rotates around A point as center and AB as the radius for the rotary
motion taking place. The connecting rod pushes the piston back and forth due to
the crankpin connection at B and thus creates a linear front and back movement.

The straight-line motion piston mechanism is used to compress and expand the
AMBU Bag. While compression a high pressure is induced inside the BVM bag
which creates a low pressure outside the bag leading to exertion of the oxygen
from the bag due to law of fluids. Vice versa, when the bag is expanded/comes
back to the original position a low pressure is created inside the bag which
subsequently creates high pressure outside and hence oxygen is sucked inside
the bag through the input port. Law of fluids states that the fluids always tend to
move from high pressure area to low pressure area.

An oxygen cylinder should be connected to one end of the bag which will
facilitate for suction. If the oxygen cylinder is not connected to the end, it
simply sucks air from the atmosphere to provide air support. The other end of
the bag is connected to an endotracheal tube which is then attached to the
patient using a face mask to provide support for the patient facing
respiratory/breathing problems. Using the potentiometer connected through to
the motor, speed of the motor is controlled by coding a PWM technique. The
LCD can be used as a visual aid to adjust and change the breathing assist given
to the patient according to the severity of the troubles faced by the person.

33
The slider crank mechanism is a fundamental mechanical system used in many
applications, including engines and pumps. It consists of three main
components: the crank, the connecting rod, and the slider.

Crank: It is a rotating arm that converts rotary motion into reciprocating

motion.

Connecting Rod: This rod connects the crank to the slider and transfers motion
between them.

Slider: It moves back and forth in a straight line.

How it works:
The crank rotates in a circular motion. As the crank rotates, it causes the
connecting rod to move back and forth. The connecting rod's motion is
transferred to the slider, causing it to move along a straight path. The slider's
motion is usually constrained by a track or guide, ensuring it moves only in the
desired direction. This mechanism is commonly used in engines, where the
rotation of the crankshaft is converted into the linear motion of the pistons
through the connecting rods, ultimately driving the vehicle or machine.

The rotational motion to linear motion conversion is done by loosely adapting a

mechanism called slider-crank mechanism. In a slider-crank mechanism the
mechanical parts are arranged in a way to convert rotary to motion to straight-
line motion as in a reciprocating piston pump.

34
 CHAPTER 9
CALCULATION

Torque Calculation: First, calculate the torque required to rotate the load at 60
RPM.

Torque=2×π×Power Angular

Speed Torque=Angular Speed2×π×Power

Let's assume the power required is 20 watts. Substituting the values:

Torque=2×3.14×201 rad/s≈125.6 N-m

Torque=1rad/s2×3.14×20≈125.6N-m

With a safety factor of 1.5, the required torque is approximately 188.4 N-m.

Selection of Motor Type:

For this application, a brushed DC motor might suffice due to its simplicity and
cost-effectiveness.

Motor Sizing: Look for DC motors with torque ratings greater than 188.4 N-m
and speeds close to 60 RPM. Let's say we find a motor with a torque rating of
200 N-m and a speed of 60 RPM.

Efficiency Consideration: Check the efficiency of the motor. Let's assume the
motor has an efficiency of 80%.

Voltage and Current Requirements: Determine the voltage and current

ratings based on the motor specifications. Let's assume the motor operates at 12
volts and draws a current of 5 amps under load.

Solar panel calculation:

12V DC motor, 60 rpm, and all the required information:

35
Motor: 12V DC, 60 rpm, 0.3 Amps current draw (This information is crucial)

Running Time: 8 hours per day

Location: Average 7 peak sunlight hours per day

Daily Amp-hour Consumption:

Daily Amp-hours (Ah) = Motor Current (Amps) * Running Time (hours)

= 0.3 Amps * 8 hours

= 2.4 Amp-hours (Ah)

Solar Panel Wattage:

Solar Panel Wattage = (Daily Ah Consumption * Safety Factor) * System

Voltage / Peak Sun Hours

= (2.4 Ah * 1.2) * 12V / 7 hours

= 4.32 Watts

Battery Capacity:

Battery Capacity (Ah) = Daily Ah Consumption * Safety Factor * Days of

Autonomy = 2.4 Ah * 1.3 * 1 day = 3.12 Ah

A 12V battery with at least 4 Ah capacity would be appropriate to handle the

daily load with some reserve.

Bag Volume: Using the rule of thumb, we can target a bag volume 2-3 times
the tidal volume. Let's choose the middle value:

Bag Volume = 2 * Tidal Volume = 2 * 700ml = 1400ml.

36
 CHAPTER 10

COST ESTIMATION

Components Quantity Price

AMBU Bag 1 1500
Endotracheal tube 1 250
Potentiometer 1 300
DC Motor 1 800
LCD Display 1 150
Battery 1 600
Face Mask 1 300
Tube MS 3meter 1500
Solar Panels 1 1000
TOTAL 6400

10.1 Labour Cost :

Welding Cost, Cutting Cost, Drilling Cost

10.2 Total Cost :

Total Cost = Material Cost + Labour Cost

= 6400 + 3000

= 9400 Rs

Total cost for this project = Rs 9400

37
FABRICATION MODEL

Figure No:10.1

Figure No:10.2

38
 CHAPTER 11

CONCLUSION

In this project, a prototype device to assist patients who can partially breathe on
their own is developed. This ventilator is provided with a very basic & light
design and reliable structure that is easily acceptable by the patient. The main
focus of this project is to minimize the components and increase the efficiency
of the device so that while using this device the patient, should feel as
comfortable as the normal ventilator. In this project, a silicon ventilator bag is
used which is driven by a stepper motor with a single-side push mechanism to
push the ventilator bag.

To achieve inflation and deflation, the cam Shaft mechanism is used. The
stepper motor shaft is connected to a cam to convert rotary motion into linear
motion here. The cam is oval and designed to push one end of the pressing arm
upwards. The pressing arm is connected to the joint mechanism & mounted on
the top of the ventilator. Which creates a seesaw-like mechanism. When the
stepper motor rotates and pushes the arm upwards on one side, it presses against
the bag on another end. The rate of inflation and deflation depends on the RPM
of the motor.

39
 CHAPTER 12
REFERENCES

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J, Ahmed R A, “Tele present mechanical ventilation training
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[2]Smally A J, MD, FACEP, Ross M. J., MD and Peter C,

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[3] Khoury A, Hugonnot S, Cossus J, De Luca A, Desmettre T,

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[4]l Husseini. A M, Lee H J, Negrete J, Powelson S, Servi A T, Slocum A

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[5]Al Husseini A. M, Lee H. J, Negrete J, Powelson S, Servi A. T, Slocum

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[6]Seddik H and Eldeib M. A, “A wireless real-time remote
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41