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120 views166 pagesCyber Security
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52 Need foe Firewalls 2
521 Functionsof Fiwwal
522 KeyUseaofFrovells
Furemall Characteristics and Aesoes Policy Ps.
a)
53.1 Design Goalsfora Firewall
532 Capabiltias of «Firewall
553 Limitationsof Firewalls
54 TypesofFirewalls (
541 SoftwareFirewalls
542 Hardware Firewalls
543 Cloud-Based Firewalls
545 Pockot-Filterng Firewall
546 “eirmitLavel Gatowaye
54.7 Proxy Frewal
548 “SeatfulInepetion Firewalls
548 “éxt-Goneration Firewalls
Firewall Basing a3)
55.1 Bastion Host
552 Host Based Firewalls
553 Personal Firewall
56 Firewall Location and Configurations
561 DMZNetworks
562 Virtual Private Networks
563 Distributed Frew
564 Firewall Configurations
5.7 Intrusion Prevention Systema /y 1.)
511 Example Unified Threat Management Products
spplisation Level Gateway
5 Hxample Unified Threat Manegomont Appliance
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
INTRODUCTION
(cyber Security History ofintenet-Impact of internet CIA Triad
Reason for Cyber Crime ~ Need for Cyber Security - History of|
(Cyber Crime; Cybercriminals~ Classification of Cybererimes A,
Gobal Perspective on Cybor Crimes; Cybor Laws: Te indian IT
‘Act—Cybererime and Punishment.
INTRODUCTION
In the 1950s, the term ‘Cyber originally patained to Cybernetics, «
field that entailed thescientficstudy of control and communieatonin bath
living organisms and machines, Over time, ‘Cyber’ evolved to connote
‘computerized The concept of Cybersecurity remainea aubjectof discussion,
tarked by diveree definitions, Various departments or entities may hold
distinct interpretations; for example, the perapetive ofthe Education
Separtment may diverge from thet of the Defense division. This inherent
ambiguity result in awide range of issues falling under the Cybersecurity
Unbrella, encompassing concerns related to privacy, human right, and
‘nore. Notably, a study conducted by the ‘A New Amerie Foundation’ in
2014 identified over 400 efferent definitions of Cybersecurity. These
{efintions typically emerge fom the extansive workonried out hy research
and development institutes, training organizations, businesses, as well as
intoligenco and military entities, They predominantly revolve around
tnguring the security of digital information and the nebworkinfrastrctsre
responsible forts storage and transmission,
‘The formulation ofthe intemational definition of Cybersecurity has Been
agincering Tank Force (ETF) and The Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN) have played signiicantroles In a broader
context, the internationally aceepted definition, as outlined by ISO 27000
Standards, characterizes Cybersecurity as the practice of preserving the
Asaulability, Confidentiality, and Integrity of Information andes underving 2 :
4,1 CYBER SECURITY-THE NEED OF THE HOUR
4.4.1 1t'sa virus attack, literally
Inthe realm of computers, software, andthe internet, the term ‘virus?
takes on a unique meaning. 1¢ refers to @ malicious set of instructions
deliberately designed tedisrupt the operating systemsof users! devices, The
origin and specific motivations behind thess viruses remain elusive
Nevertheless, anyone using electsonie doves is constantly expored ta the
isk ofa virus attack, While there are various preventive and corrective
‘ensures availabe to minimize potential hans, none ean offer complete
protection ar guarantee afl recovery,
All ofthis has gsined newfound relevance like never bofore. Despite
centuries ofadvancements in medical sienee, humanity remains susceptible
to unforeseen viral threats, The recent emergence of the Coronavinis
(COVID.19) has shaken our confidence in or ability to predict the future
‘and control our lives. This uninvited virus has throwa daily operations of
rations worldwide ito disarray. The impact of this plobal health erie fe
alhencompassing, affecting every actor To put it sucinety, government
‘measures to restrict human interaction through nationwide lockdowne led
tothe hrupt closure of al businesses and markets
‘Thehisiory ofthe internets a remarkablejourney though the evolution
sfteehnology and communication that has transformed the way we ive, work
snd interact. Tis story boginsin the late 1960 with theestablishment of
ARPANET (Advanced Resoarch Projects Agency Network) by the US,
Departmentof Defense,
‘This resonates more profoundly then ever. Despite centuriesof progress
‘in medica cionce, humanity remains susceptible to unfaresen viral threats
‘Tae recent emergence ofthe Coronavirus (COVID-19) has shattered our
sonfidence in our silty toforese and plan forthe ature, This unwelcome
virus has disrupted the daily functioning of mations acroes the globe
\Vintually every sector has been impacted, with al businesses and markets
abruply shutting down as governments enforced nationwide lockdowns 9
esteet haman contact
Educational institutions, workplaces, and all types of establishments
sesame
yer Securty 13
{eaneportation seri, including buss, ran, and alr travel were promptly
suspended. Communitig and regions were slated contain the spread of
the Coronavirus. It seems that the world was ill prepared for auch an
‘unexplctd veal attack.
4.4.2 The Health Crisis and the Impact on Internet Usage
‘The onset of the Coronavirus pandemic brought about a series of
unforeseen developments, Theconsequenoes of COVID-19 turned ox o be
just 83 unpredictable as the virus iol, For example, who eould have
foresoon that virus would reshape our everyday internet usage? Until
recently antl was tainly associated with corporate communication, social
media was predontinenty the realm ofthe younger generation, and veal
inetings fr affcil purposes werent widely adopted by bth Businetes and
young professionals,
However, the sudden arrival of the Coronavirus pandemic and.
subsequent lockdown measures compelled people to rely onthe internet in
“unprecedented ways, Family members separated by significant distances,
Whather within the same country or across the globe, resorted to ideo alls
to maintain their connections, Teaditioual practices of producing and
Aisibuting information and documents leg underwent substantial changes
‘The production ofmewspapers come toa halt, prompting people to turn
‘0 nows websites and social medi for the Intest updater. Faveational
institutions, incading thoole and eallges,elosed dove, leading edeatons
‘conduct online classes for students, some of whom were leat’ hundreds
of miles apart. Local grocery atores began accepting orders through
Whats snd restaurants shifted theifeeus fom in-persan dining home
Aolvory services facilitated by third-party online platforms,
41.1.3 Changing Landscape of Cyber Security and Cyber Cri
In the period leading wo to the COVID-12 outbreak, business placed
1 high emphasis on managing data and ensuring its eceurty. However,
overnment-imposed restrictions on physical mobility lft them with 20
*holee but tallow their emplayoesto work remotely. The conept of Working
Frum Home! (WFH) has now become the predominant practie as meconltont
{hal Sllandn rena he Carmine Chomrrnenti atrnecc nl “The pandemic nnd sabenavent oekilwn meaares forced an increasing
‘numberof individuals use the internet for oth personel and professional
‘purposes, During this time, people fall ages and backgrounds eudonly
found themselves immersing in the digital world, There was no luxury of
‘me, resurves or additional support avilable for this transition,
‘To eduente individuals aboutthe benefits and risk ofthe digital realm,
Incgperienced users unrurprisingly became susceptible to eybereiminals
‘wha had already lad traps line. These eybercrininale discovered a new
fappronch to target large organizations by exploiting their employees who
‘ere accessing typically secure systems while working from bone.
‘Ononehand, the world grappled withthe unexpocted challenges ofthe
endemic, while on the other, eybereriminals seized the opporbanity to
oscalato their attacks at en alarming rate, Th socio-economic instability
‘reat fear and uncertainty among people, which eybereriminals further
txploited. Tha Work Prom Home model has beoome an opportunity for
cyborcriminals ta exploit poople through means euch as email scams,
peseword hacking, phishing, ransom attacks, and online harassment
1.1.4 Cyber Crimes to Cyber Warfare - Everybody Is At
‘While it's challenging ask to comprohensively understand the various
‘mathods by which eybererimes are committed wo can bogin our discussion
by examining some common patterns. For example, certain eyboreriminals
txploit unaddreseed vulnerabilities to inflate eystema, When they take
‘advantago ofa proviously unknown vulnorability, i's ofereodto as a"2ar0
day ataek "In other cases, they gain access through known vulnerabilities
that developers or users have failed to remedy or “pate” Another scenario
that many of ua may be faniliar with, or may have encountered firsthand,
is eyber atackorsakilflly tricking individuals into revealing thir login
‘credentials or One-Time Passwords (OTPs). In numerous instances, these
“fnalware,”on the users device
Usually cybercriminals target ether individuals or organizations, often
wth the intention of plfering nancial asste or sensitive company data
However, ina few exceptional casa, a eyber attack might be aimed at 2
broader detsoarachie such am entire nation. [n such instances the atakon
cyber Security 1
‘Wien ane counts conducla an offomive operation wasinat another sing
igital means, it fills nto the category of Cyber Warfare, This encompasses
stivitiee ike hacking government websites with the am of tarnishing the
en's global image. Cyber warfare also seeks co steal confidential
Information, copectallyrlated tthe armed forces and defaneealrategin of
the tergt country
Agninss the backdrop of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, there has
been a noticeable surge in Coronaviruerelated eyherattacks since March
2020, Cyber aiackers exploit the anxieties ond uncertainties surrounding
the virushy spreading false information and using enticing bata elated to
Coronavirus Vaceines, government initiatives, and more. Phishing scams,
ensomware, and Trojan attacks have seen a significant increace over the
past six months conteibuling financial fraudaatd ueameona global sale,
4.1.5 Cyber Security ~The Need ofthe Hour *
In every settor, whether i's manufacturing or finance, and across ll
segments of the market, be it government or private entarprices, the liance
tn Information Technology continues to geow. IT services now encompass
virtually every facet of business operations, including communication,
Inarketing, and financiel transactions, In this contat, Gyber Security
fssumes a ritcal role within the realms of information technology, with
‘Safeguarding information and transactions emerging as on f the fremost
challenge of our ere
Over the past devade, there has been a significant surgo in internet.
‘usage. Everything from ordering meals to shopoing, education to
tntertainment, has shifted to the online domain, While this vchnological
‘ranaformation has brought numerous benefit it has aleo exposed the
internet and ite uscra to increased vulnerability to oyber attacks
Consequently, there is a growing imperative to raise awareness about
cherssourity to protec user rom oalineseame and cybaerimes This ati
sim to provide an itrodtion tothe concept and establish «fundamental
understanding of cybersecurity.
‘As intennet technology advances, Cyber Security is hecoming one ofthe
ost promising eareer paths available today. The demand fr eshersecurity
prfeesionaleis steadily incensiag, offering opportunities for personal aad 4.2 HISTORY OF THE INTERNET
‘The internet stands as one ofthe most momentous innovations of this
contury, completely transforming the realms of computers and
onmuniestion. Ie builds upon the legacies of earlier inventions such as
{elegraph, telephone radio and computer culminating inan extraordinary
integration ofenpabilities
‘The evolution ofthe internet is 2 mutifected journey, encompassing
various technica, organizational, and community dimensions, While
Comprehensive history ofthe internet could il volumes, our fous wil be
tn key milestones and events that have played pivotal roles in its growth
{and trancformetion signifiantly shaping the internet as we know ittoday
Tet’ take a brief look atthe historical trajertory of the internet
‘The origins ofthe itemet can be traced back tothe 1960s when itserved
as ¢ meens for government researchers to exchange information. During
that era, computers were large nd stationary and accesing data stored on
‘computer required physic presence atthe computer's location or the
dispatch of magnetic computer tapes through traditional postal services.
‘Another driving forco behind the formation ofthe internet was the
‘eccalaing tensions ofthe Cold Wer. On Octaber 4, 1957, the Soviet Union
“schioved a mejor milestone by launehing the word's first satellite, SPUTNIK,
‘nto space, This event marked a significent victory fr Russia in the reali
of space exploration,
Figure 1.4: Sptnk Satie
Efforts to establish menns of information dittibution even in the
‘earch Projets Ageny Netron) i te early 100, network that would
Retnelve ato the Iteret ws we know it tay. ARPANED achieved
cant suze although ie membership was inlined to apie
et and research insiaionsbolding contact with the Defense
Depertment
‘haidenof transiting dats through a electromagnetic media such
statis or letra wiring predates the emergence the firstcomputers
these communication systems typically facilitated point-io-point
Testinicatin Bobecen tno end devices, with early precrors found in
eanhaytema, Foundational ere work onda trnsmision and
{SoEnation theory wa aid hy visionavies lite Claude Shannon, Harry
Nystad Ralph Hartly
Th the late1960s, the Defense Advanced Reeenrch Projets Ageney
{(DARDA) inated the concept of« computer network, Subsequently, @
qerprehensive plan fer ARPANET” was qiehly formulated and published
{2107, marking pivotal milestnein th evolution ofeomputer networking
ARPANET vas the frst genuine network to use packet awitehing
‘ecinology. On October 29, 1969, computers at Stanford and UCLA (the
University of California, Las Angels) were connected forthe frst time,
tervingas the pioneering hosts on what would eventually develop into the
Tenet, The initial message intended for transmission across tie network
‘ras nupposed tobe Login,” but, asthe anecdote goes, the link between the
{wo universities faltered attheletir “.” ‘Dy December 160, the network expanded inking four nodes by adding
the University of Ussh and the University of Calforni, Santa Barbara to
the network. In the 1970s, there wasnt a unifiod global Intornetas we kno
ittoday. Instead, there existed a multitude of diverse networks, including
the government’ extensive ARPANET, eatellite networks, and smaller
community-based operations,
Bach of these networks apersted with datinet formats and inter
connected in various ways, The need for aunversal language, standardized
Set of protools, beatae evident ta facilitate communication between these
disparate networks. The Interne found the common language it needed,
thanks to the efforts of two pioneering seiontst, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn,
who dedicated years ta addressing the ieue of connectivity
‘After the ARPANET hiad been in operetion for coveral years, ARPA,
seughta different agency to manage it, ARPA's primary esi war a fond
pioneering research and development, rather than oversee a communications
{nfrastruczue, Eventually n duly 1975, he reeponsibility forthe notwork
transitioned to the Defense Communications Agency, also under the
Department of Defense, The networks that originated from the ARPANET
were government-funded and, as a rerull, initially intended for nom:
‘Commercial purposes, primarily rewarch. Any unrelated commercial use was
‘explicitly prohibited. Consequently, the networks connections were initially
rsteeted to military facilities and edetional institutions
However, inthe 19806, these connestions expanded io include broader
range of educational instittions and an inereasing numberof eompanies,
‘uch as Digital Equipment Corprationand Hewlett Packerd Those companies
‘were ithe involved in research projet or provided sorvces. Multiple ther
ranches ofthe network al underwent similar growth and development,
"The US. government, in collaboration with agencies lke the Nations!
‘Acronauities and Space Administration (NASA), the National Science
Foundation (NSM) and the Department Energy (DOB), delved deeply into
internet reenteh and iitated the development ofa successor to ARFANET.
During the nid1980s these three entities collectively established thefirst
Wide Area Networks based on TCPIIP. Specially, NASA introduced the
NASA Science Network, NBF introduced CSNET, and DOE gave rise to the
EEnongy Scioncos Network, known a2 ESNet,
cyber Security 13
‘andardized means ofeommunication with each other, To addrsau thi, a
‘ew communication protcal wae devised, known as the Trenafer Control
Proteoo/Intarnetwork Protocol (TCPMP). This innovation allowed diverse
computer systems across diferent networks to interact seamlessly,
ARFANBD and the Defense Data Network officially adopted the TPP
Standard on January 1, 985, marking the birth ofthe Interns. Tt served
‘ea univeroal language that enabled the conneston of all network,
4.2.1 The First Email
Raymond Samuel Tomlinson, an esteemed American computer
eet, was born in Amsterdam, New York. He latce relocated with hie
family to Broadabin, New York. He attended te Hroadalbin Central School
snd subsequently pursued his atidies at Rensselaer.
ee :
Fgwe 13: Fist Ena
Raymond Samuel Tomlinson, a highly accomplished American
computer engineer, receatedo Brondalhin, New York, with hsfamly after
boing born in Amaterdam, New York. His educational journey began at
Broadalbin Cental Schoo, and helater pursued studies at he Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute (RPI fn Troy» New Yorks Whilo at RP, he ctvely
participated in the co-op program with IBM and aiccssfully earned a
Bacholov's degree in Fletrcal Engineering in 1903,
Following his undergraduate studies, Raymond continued his education
atthe Mastachusets stitute of Teehaolog (MI, where he cotinued to 140 Introduction
Projects Ageney Network (ARPANEI), the prosrsor to theintornet. During
this endeavor, Tomlinson conducted experiments and rade substantial
tontibutions to the network's development
On his own initiative, he created a networked messaging program.
During that period, while most computers alloved users to send meseagas to
‘ach other, the concept ofaetworking computers was relatively navel. There
‘vas limited motivation to dispatch messages acroes diffrent computer
‘ystems. The first email was intreduced within the ARPANE? system, and
Ray Tomlinson was the fiat person ta send en oxail
Ray Tomlinson is widely rognized as theinventor of email fr couple
of enteal reasons, Many of the conventions he established in 1971 including
hisfirst email, remain in se today. At that time, to end an email to someone
‘nadiferentcompater, the vender netded to know both therecipents name,
such as “Rey.” and the computer they were using. These two pieces of
information were eeparated by the "3" eymbol,aprsctice that continues to
this day.
So, what did Raymond's first email contain’ In his own words, “These
teat messages were entirely forgettable, and have therefore forgotton them,
Most likely the first message was QWERTYIOP or omothing similar" Over
the subsequent years, email evolved and expanded into its contemporary
form, By 1972, programa that facilitated message sorting, replies, and
forwarding were developed. By 1981, ASCIL encoding became the standard
for text representation within emails, and by 1985, email haé become a
ubiguitous mode of communication
yersecurity sat
In 1989, the odvent of dup internet eervcse waa obearved within
government and educational institutions, A significant milestone was
Feached in 1991 when the First email was sen from space. In 1092 the
Capability for attaching Biles to email was introduced, He was recognized
{or his contributions and inducted into the Internet Hall of Faun by the
Internet Sorety (1300),
4.2.2The
t Website
Timothy Berners-Lee, born in London on June 8, 1855, had parents
who were part of the team st Manchester University ontibuting to @
‘Sgnfisantachievement-Timothy Beemers-Losjnmey bag wit the Marie
Computer, one of the pioneering sored:program computers. In 1973, he
pursed a phys degree at Oxford, where hs aptitude for emputing became
fvident. As a student, he ingeniously crafted his Grst computer using a
folering iron, a transistor, an early microprocessor, and even an old
‘elevision sat. After completing his degre, ernors-Las embarked ona careor
asa programmer
In 1980, he ventured to Switzerland for a six-month stint ax an
independent contractor with CERN, the European Centre for particle
shysice, Initially, CERN's environizent was unfamiliar to him, and
_uvigatng the inticeces of responsbiitis and computer programs proved
‘hallenging. To address this complexity, he created his program, Is purpose
‘ros tocompare documenta related total mmbers, their project, and the
fofware they usad, seanning for apecific Keywords and establishing
fonnections when these keywords were found within the texts,
‘The first web page made its debut on August 6, 1981. Itwas dedicated
‘o isseminating information about the World Wide Web project and was
‘meticulously crated by the distinguished British computer ecient, Sir
Timothy John Berners-Lee. Remarkably, he played a pivotal role in
‘Senceptuaising the World Wide Web in 1080: "he inital web pag’ adroe
tras tt finfoem chitypertext WWIW/TheProert html This page notonly
offered guidance on ereating web pages but also explained the concept of
hypertext,
1.2.2.1 World Wide Web a2 Introduction
‘ars to relate documento charing the same keywords, wih Derueew Lew
‘vining the term “hyperlinks” forthesa connections, The program operated
‘exclusively on CERN's computer and was never officially released,
[Nevertheless it served asthe comeratone fr the subsequent development
ofthe World Wide Web,
Bermers-Let's vision extended beyond linking documents on a single
‘computer; he mod to ent documents Locate on various computers in
diverse locations. This pioneering coneeptIaid the foundation for the
‘envrgene of the World Wide Web, Ina nod ta an old encyclopedia from bis
shildhoed, Berners-Lee named his program "Enquire." This innovative
‘pproach ultimately led to the creation ofthe World Wide Web, establishing
‘network ofnterconnosted computers atoud the world
‘Tim Bemors-Lee has rocsived numerous awards and accolades. Notably,
‘on July 16,2004, he was knighted by Queen Blizabeth I, and hisinfluence
extended tobeing reeynized by Time magazine, whieh included hit in their
‘Marc 1999 issue isting te 100 Most Important People ofthe 20ehcentary.
1.3: IMPACT OF INTERNET
‘The Internet stands asone ofthe most monumental innovations of our
time. Noother technological advancement has let sucha profound and far
reaching mark on humanity.
‘tially, the Internet might have seemed like a modest and shortlved
venture, but today, it's an indiapotable fact that both computers end the
Internet have solidified their place among the mast remarkable
achievements of contemporary scity. This transformation has triggered @
rovolution in various aspects of human life, including science, education,
information dissemination, and entartainment.Ithaseffectivsy eradicated
Dhysical distances, providing swift and contenien: acess a information and
‘In August 1982, an Amuvicanpaychologist propored a groundbreaking
de: that computers ould commanicate with each other. The inception of
the Internet began with this seemingly simple concept, butts implications
‘would go on to shape a world-changing network. The first messege
‘transmitted over the Interne, then zefered to asthe ARPANETT,oscurred
‘in 1968, connecting UCLA to Stanford. The primary sim was t9 enhance
coset 12
sgh tht are pgs an cell descent fps a p Introduction
worldwide to shave an aay of formation through saparave web pages,
‘each witha specficlocation for easy acess, These interconnected web pages
created a web ofinformetion, resembling chaptrs in a book, and in 198
‘Tim Berners-Lee gnve birth to what wo now recognize as the World Wide
Web. Following this development, connectivity began to expand
‘exponentially, revlutionising the way information and data are exchanged,
‘As technology continues to advance, Internet users can now connect
‘nd communieste with people across the glabe, shop online, ullize i for
felucational purpotes, work romotely, and conduct various financial
transactions through banking services Since it inception, the Internet has
‘experienced exponential growth in terms of the number of connected
networks,
By 1085, more 100 netvors,comprisingboth public and commercial
cotites were ing the TOPMP pretacl suite Injust a couple of Years,
‘his number doubled to reach 200 networks in 987, The gomth continued,
‘surpassing 600 network in 1960: By the end of i091, the Interelbad
txnanded to encompass aproximatly 6:0 nstworkesorns ovr 30
Countrt, serving more than 70,000 host computer and connecting oer
400,00 individuals In a remarkably short span of ine he Interact
‘ae stata enti plan at elt sss
‘telcommunicton protons thas tae the ves of italy everyone,
‘even those who have never personally used it. ce
‘Two major factors have significantly contributed to the Internet's
expansion. The fist ie the advent and proliferation of mabile phone
‘technology, while the second is the introduction of sacal nstwarking, Thece
‘innovations have transformed how peopleinteract withthe Internet,
Social networking services have revolutionized communicetion among
individuals, Feeebook, for instance, which was founded in 2004, has grow
into a global network with over 2.7 billion active users as of August 2020,
‘Mobile technology has further enabled javpl vs veces se Intarnt rm
virtually anywhere, making ian integral part modern life,
‘Atvancements in technology have significantly expanded the Internet's
‘wach, eeulting ina growing glbal user base. The nuberofniernet users
continues to increase each day, aa nesry every modern mobile phone
provides Internet access Internet connectivity is being integrated into
cyber Security 118
‘quipped with Internet connectivity. This irenaformation has od tothe rise
of smave TVs, tia cars, emartwatches, and amart washing machines,
replacing thir traditional mechanical counterparts. Remarkably, even
‘erigeratns can now connec othe Internet.
41.3.1 Positive Impacts of the Internet
[Baucation: The profound impact ofthe Internet on sosity is most evident
in the field of education, It has revolutionized the loerning experince,
promoting interaction and collaboration, whick has led to inereased
fngagenent with eduentionel content, Furthermore, it has expanded
‘Students accesso lenring resources, With the emergence cf the Interne
Students can now acoas information around tho lok, thereby expanding
their knowledge and simplifying academic tasks. This technological
‘advancement has transformed the educational landscapo, making learning
tore accesible and efficient.
Platforms like YouTube snd sors! media have transformed education
by providing shdents with engaging alternatives o traditional lectures and
textbooks, These tachnological advancements have made learning more
‘enjoyable and convenient
Amid the COVID-19 outbreak, edvoational institutions such as schools
sin colleges temporsiy close to curb the spread ofthe virus, Nevertheless
Tearning di no cone toa halt. The wold rapidly adapted tothis challenge,
svith the Interne! failtating costinded education from the comfor of on
home, Online esses became the new norm, with renowned universities ike
Harvard making their professor lectures accesible online.
Communication: Despite the existence of thousands of languages spoken
‘worldwide, the Internet hes transoanded lnguirti barriers, reaching overy
Corner of the world, including remote locations lke Antarctica. Bven
‘astronauts orbiting the Earth and rovers exploring Mars have acceesto the
Tnterne, Sineeite inception, the Internet has revolutionized varios forms
of eommunicaton effecively eating a "global village" that connost people
worldwide and reshapes the way we interact.
‘The Internet plays a pivotal role in enabling individuals to maintain
connections with frisnds and family, ircorpectiv of time or location. Teas
‘stmtncad wnrin forms of eloetronic communication, auch as mei, eal 1s etrodution
on shaved inleesto, ecberiny aew friendships and
‘relationships With the Internet, everyday individuals have greater power
toexpand theirnetworks and broaden thei each
to connect ba
Social Networks: Human beingshave always been inherently sca, iving
‘im societies since ancient times. It is no wonder that the Tnternet ts
extensively used for socal interactions. The Internet as evolved fem a
‘mpl information haring‘ol oa platform fo enilintersction and active
arleipation. Socal notworks refer to online platforms where individuals
treate public profiles visible athe world, Users share lists of connections
‘nd interactions with others. Soria) networks have facilitated interactions
‘nd relationships among individusl, now commonly used as a means of
‘Communication. These networks providea venue for individuals to exchange
views, photos and other information Prominent examples include Facebook,
Twitter, MySpace, LinkedIn, and Tumblr. These services have played a
‘rucial ole informing virtual eommunities where people ean communicate
and establish connections
Over the past fifteen years, che use of social media has skyrocketed
‘The vise of social media means it's unusual to find an organization that
doesnot reach ts customers and prospects through social media platforms,
Companies see the importance of using sorial media to connect with
customers and enhance ther revenue. Firms have come tounderstand that
‘hey can harness social media to gain insights, stimulate demand and craft
‘argeted product offerings a significance thats evident in both traditionl
businesses and the realm of ecommerce
Health Care: The Internet has significantly impacted the healtheate
industry, with positive effects that include enhanced patient confidence in
Aealing with doctors, dete health choies and decision-making, improved
lunderstanding of health conditions, and improved communication with
‘edicel staf. Improved aceasta health information via the Internet ha
Toon linked 1 tmpraved patient aitonmes, provided the infermation x
clinically relevant, accurate, and validated.
‘The Internet has helped keep people safe and healthy, offering
‘innovative apps on phones that guide individuals to monitor their weight,
calorie intake, heart rate, and other health metries anytime, anywhere
‘There ia increased accessibility to treatment options, and healthears
ybersecety 17
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Tater nentencandincreted patent etic
‘Medial recuch at random amet modal ld whre
univeais and bool netorse wee working independency from cach
he, toa global elaboration fated by the Internet. Renerchoro
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Toonty 38 yaa.
Ths hari a ans hrs hs en sina
impacted bythe Internet. Dols inary, and varius segtent
Heathen can ow seus ethangsneraatin withthe eed for
tine consuming anny tel anaer end.
Business In thebusiness word, the Tetermet has boeomea cornerstone fr
marketing and sees. Companies leverage social media platforms such as
‘YouTube, Twitter, and Instagram, as well as websites and blogs to directly
promote their products and rervices to online audiences, Digital marketing
fools empower businesses ofall kinds to effetvely communicate their
‘marketing messages and brand valves their target audionce Businesses
ars continuously expanding their customer base through engeging
campaigns digital content, and various online marketing strategis within
‘thai web-based sores Ta vday'slandscape, consumers snticipats innovative
products and services, and their expectations, reference, and behaviors
‘have evalved in tandem with their internet eonnectivity With ready access
to vast stores of information, knowledge, and opinions the internet has
reshaped the decision-making processes ané priorities of customers,
fonsuimers, and the companies that ofera wide array of service. Tn fae,
onducting business without internet wilization has become noarly
‘nconesivable in todaya worl. Busineases have embrace the internet. toa
sinifieant extent, The internet has permeated overy aspect of our lives,
Affecting everything from idea conception to management, production,
Inarketing, sles, procurement, aceount management, and even tax filing,
Tt evident that Ue iulesuct le sranaformed traditional methods mero
profoundly than aay previous revolution is history
‘The Internet has unlocked substantial opporbnities for individuals and
‘businesses ale to initinte and run online extarprisoe. From the comfort of
‘ne’shome, anyone can launch en caline busines, including ventures ike ue 2 Introduction
‘companies conduc business online, often reaping gmat profits in @
relatively short timeframe,
‘Batertainment: Entaresinment, whieh oer diversion andamusementin
people's leisure time, ise vitl component of the tertiary sector of the
economy. Thanks ta secure ecommerce platforms and the digitalization of
cuntent, the entertainment industey has adopted a new identity. This
industry encompasses diverse areas ach as mas, movies, television, games,
sports, broadeasting, and more. The amalgamation of music fille,
aivertisements, and games, among ther elements, has given ree te entirely
‘ew products and eerices,
‘The internet has played a pivotal role in changing how people access
‘and enjoy entertainment content, The daye when entertainment was
primarily experienced in realtime, live settings have passed. Today, the
internet allows us to watch ive events asthe cur and catch upon sepa
four favorite entertainment offerings. This transformation xs far-reaching
‘implications for the enfersinnent industry andlas gently benefited state
‘wore,
Jobs and Employment: The impact of the Internet extends to jobs and
‘employment. Unlike provious technological reveltions tha often led to job
displacement, the Internet has ushered in new professions that were
previously nonexistanton a global sale, The Internet has not only alfocted
‘sytlficindustris buthas slo given ise tonumerous new professions kills,
‘nd techniques that were once unheard of Additionally, the Internet has
‘enabled individual to work from home, «trend acclersted bythe COVID-
18 pandemic. The Internet is a powrfel tol that provides acess fo avast
array of resources for individuals sesking employment and professional
owt,
‘The Intornot has ereated new opportunities through innovative
Droducts services, and market, marking a transformative ebift in various
Aspects fit,
41.3.2 Negative Impacts of the Internet
Internet Addiction: Internet addiction isa recognized isus, particularly
indereloped countries, where a substantial numberof opie have developed
Strong emotional bonds with online friends and become shane with
cyber Security 190
internot addition ofen use the virtual world ava subetious for eallfe
hivman intaracton they find challonging to establish. Signa of internet
audistion include forsaking sleep to stay online, experiencing weight
fAveustions, end encountering physical slments ike backaches, headaches,
sd carpal tunnel syndrome, Internet addition is marked balck of ontel
ver one's online consumption, leading to «decline in both physical and
prsthologial well-being. Thien rout n distress, anger, lon of aef-contel,
fncil withdrawal, familial conta, and more
Tnformation Overload: Information overload ie a phenomenon resulting
fom the exconsiveintale of data in taday' digital age, The constant nfl
fnew information and its rapid diesemination has given reso this concept,
‘The internet has led to an abundance of daly blog poss, over 800,000
podeasts, and gore than 20 milion podcast episodes available. Our email
{nboxes are consistently inundated with messages concerning topics like
‘COVID-19' or ‘webinars’ Coping with this delugo of information can be
overwhelming. Tho average professional eceivos a minimumof 100 emails
“iy, checking their inboxes 30 to 40 times per hour, Students in college
leccures frequently open tvico as men distracting windows on thei laptops.
Information Management: In our daily lives, the management of
information is na longer limited to tho affluent; it's now @ universal
challenge, Social medi, email, web pages, mobile apps, and other sources
‘tombardus with data, Information overload canimpetedeison
taking end action, leaving individuals feeling overwhelmed by the sheer
Volume of information they must proces, Research highlights the impact of
infomation inundation on decision-making, innovation, and productivity
‘The constant flow of information reaches us in various forms, from text
snescages and Twitter tweets to Fecebooknatifiations and voi Some
frgue that this deluge of information may diminish cognitive abilities,
Impact on Social Relationships: The internet has brought about
significant enangesin cultural norme and behaviors Excessive interest
has resulted in reduced fece-to-face interactions, primarily due to the
addictive nature of frequent internet acoas.
Effects of Internet on Personal Health: Excessive use of mobile phones
‘an lead to fatigue, headaches, reduced concentration, and loa irritation,
often aocombaniad by a burnine sensation, Increased internet nace nav 10 {Introduction
‘maintenance ofesendal connertiona Faeasive Interlusnen, parley
fon socal media platforms, is linked to feling of lonelineos and socal
feolation
Impact on Knowledge and Beliefs: Theintarnt’s dissemination of false
Jnfrmation and disinformation, coupled with th existence of echo chambers,
leads tsubmantil harn, The spread of inaccurate information, including
fako news, poss a significant challenge. Misinformation ean have far-
reaching consequonces on individual healt, societal functioning, and
democratic institutions. Corosting misinformation can be challenging and
‘may leave lasting offcts even aftr ite debunking
Cyber Crimes: Cybercrime is a rapidly expanding domain of exiinal
sctvity in modern times. Criminals exploit the speed, convenienee, and
‘snonymity ofthe intarnet to ongegoin «wide ange ofilistetiritis, such
ts phishing, credit card fraud, bank robberies, egal downloads, child
pornography distribution, andthe spread of viruses, among others,
{Loss of Privacy: With the rapid advancement and globalization of
technology internet users experience a diminishing eens of personal
privacy, While techology toe ffer vero benefits, they often como at
the eat of privacy. Prtectng personal data in the context of ong
technological advancements pone sue challenge tn ody’ Hoa
information scety. People frequently uee thet personal camer fer
nerainment or ealaralpurpoes sharing ages that may include thers
Internet in INDIA
‘The internet's introduction in India can be traced back o 1986, masked
by the establishmont of the Bducstionsl Research Network (ERNEM)
ERNE creation wa the veult ofa partnerahip between the Department
of Blestronics (DB) of the avernmentaf India and the United Nations
evelopment Progrem (UNDP). Thsiniiative engaged eight distinguished
Intittions as collaborating agencies, which included NCST Bombay, the
Indian Instieue of Slence, and ive Indian Insite of Technology (cated
in elhi, Mumbai, Kenpur, and other region).
EER,
cybersecurity 421
‘ue connected to the NOST VAX 8000 via dialup, with hia machine taking
fontherole ofa dialup hub eferred 0 asshakt nstemet.in Subsequent,
ACO hen o> engl IAs
ces, marking the begining ofnimerons Indian inetitationsconnecting
{o ERNE.
‘The first leased line, operating at 4 speed of 9.6 Kb, was st up in
January 1991, eestng link between Delhi and Mumbai [3 1990, ERNET
tras assigned a Class B IP adress, 144.16.0., by InterNIC, and later,
TERNET received Claas C addresa from APNIC. By 1982, all Indian
Institutes of Technology (ITs), the Indian Tasttute of Scinco (1S) in
‘Bangalore, the Departinant of Blctronis (DOB) in Dei, and NCST in
‘Mumbai had been interconnected through 86 kbivs leased lines Inte ame
year, 64 Kbit Internet gatoway link was established from NCST Mums
{oUUNet in Virginie, Unitad State, Additionally, NICNet was established
‘1096 to facilitate communications.” 5
India stepped ito the online world on August 15, 1996, just one day
before Independence Day when the inaugural publieintarnet orice in India
tras introduced by th state-owned entity, Vides Sanchar Nigam Limited
(USNL), At that time, VSNL held « monopoly on international
cammunicatons within the country, with no oom fo private enterovisesin
the sector, This internet service, known as the Gateway Internet Acces
‘Service (GIAS), provided an initial peed of 96 kbiVs, GIAS was initially
cceaiblein Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai
By the end of 1995, GIAS expanded to Pune and Bangalore, marking
the commencement of commercial internet services in India, offering dial:
“popeeds of up to .6kbivein L905. As modem technology advanced network
specdla were subsequently upgraded to 14.4 kbils, followed by 28.8 kbits
‘nd 33.6 kbils acca in due course”
‘The modems used by VSNL were of subpar quality, frequently emitting
‘beeping sound every three minutes before diseonnestion. Despite these
fssues, VSNL managed ta attract 10,000 subscribers within the Mrs sx
‘manthsof the service's launch
‘In 2004, the government introduced ite brosdband policy, defining
‘broadband as an always-on internet connection with a downlotd speed of
256 Kits for corporate aewounts, 15,000 for individual accounts, and 5,000 re {Introduction
Th 8070, the goverament conduciad u ligl-pruile auction of
spectrum, flowed by an equally significant auction of 4G spectrum, ectting
the stage fora competitive and revitalized wireless broadband market. By
January 2019, reports from Dally News and Analysis indicated that
Departmentof Telecommunictions (De) officals were planning ta elevate
the minimum broadband speed to 2 Mbps initially, with a subsequent
increase to § Mbps as part f their ew "Broadband Vision
‘world Indians routinely acoss tho internet at
