CIRCULAR MOTION Uniform circular motion: motion in a circle of constant radius at constant speed, Eventhough the speed is constant, its direction of velocity continously changes. This change in velocity produces an accelaration . This acceleration is called the centripetal acceleration’ and it points toward the center ofthe circle. Inorder to provide this accelaration there should be a resultant force acting on the body, called CENTRIPETAL FORCE. During a circular motion there is no centrifugal force pointing outward; what happens is that the natural tendency of the object to move in aa straight line (according to newton's first law) must be overcome. If the centripetal force vanishes, the object flies off at a tangent to the circle. Workdone in circular motion Workdone = F d cos Where F is the force, dis the displacement and Gis the angle between force and displacement Tivcircular motion, @ is 90° Workdone =0 ‘So no change in the kinetic energy of the body and it moves with constant speed. Physics Dept. / CHS E ircular motion Poge 1Equations in circular motion ms") Linear speed (v) (wu Linear speed = distance travelled time taken For one complete revolution, Angular speed (w) Angular speed For one complete revolution, (unit rad s!) _ angle turned (6 radians) = ime taken (t seconds) 2ar = T T Comparing equations above, vero ular speed (rads) ius of circle (m) centripetal acceleration centripetal force m= mass of body (kg) a=y Few v= speed (ms") r w= angular speed (rad r= radius of circular path (m) a=re? (since v= ro) F=mro? Question : 1. Calculate the angular speed of a) A person on the earth's surface ) The earth around the sun 2. The blades on a ceiling fan spin at 60 rotations per Calculate the angular speed and linear speed of a point at the outer edge of a blade. b)A geostationary satellite 4)i) second hand , ii) minute hand and iii) hour hand of an analogue clock. inute . The fan has a radius of 0.5 meter. Physics Dep. CHSE circular motion Page 2Centripetal Acceleration - Derivation Show that centripetal acceleration a= — r Consider the veloci s of a body in circular motion , at two nearby points Change in velocity a acceleration = a= @ time U Finding change in velocity Av Av =v) -¥) or yector diagram Av + v= 2 [Av " ; » sind = Av Since @is very small, sin@ = 0 (in radians) = ~~ Av=vé ve Substituting for Av in the equation > @Q) Angular velocity @ is defined as angle covered in a given time e Sub: ion (2 @) o=-—— substi g tl equation (2) 1 @and v are related by the equation vy =r @ y or @ Substituting this in equation (3) a= r ing v=r @ in equation (3) a=rOx@ Physies Dept. / CHS E circular motionExamples of circular motion Planetary Motion ‘The centripetal force is provided by the gravitational force between the planet and the sun. Question : State the period of the Earth about the Sun, Use this value to calculate the angular speed of the earth about the Sun in rad s-. ‘The mass of the Earth is 5.98 x 1024 kg and its average distance from the Sun is 1.50 x 101! m. Calculate the centripetal force acting on the Earth, What provides this centripetal force? An object on the earth's surface Any object on the earth's surface is in circular motion, due to the rotation of earth, Centripetal Force = mg -R my? =mg-R riage Calculate A girl standing at the equator is in circular motion about the Earth’s a the angular speed of the gil (i) The radius of the Earth is 6400 km. The girl has a mass of 60 kg. Calculate the resultant force on the git! necessary for this circular motion. If the girl were to stand on weighing scales calibrated in newtons, what reading ‘would they give? Physics Dept. / CHSE circular motion Page 4Mass on a turntable / A car ona level road ‘The centripetal force is provided by the friction between the mass and the turntable. So if the speed is too high, the friction may not provide sufficient centripetal force, arid the mass will move out of the table. ~\ R R=normral reaction F = friction mg = Weight of the car Question : When vehicles comer on a level road, the resultant force is provided by friction. For a given vehicle ‘and road surface, the friction cannot exceed a certain maximum value, Use these facts, together with the {expression forthe resultant fore, to explain why roads designed for high-speed travel have no sharp bens. gees and Smaller yadh Motion in vertical circle — London Eye : The London Fye is a giant Ferris wheel situated in England. The centripetal force acting on a person inside a capsule is provided by different forces at different positions. ALA ALB R=mg 2 T= Push by seat atc my’ = R- mg Question : The London Eye is a tourist attraction designed to give passengers a panoramic view over London. The giant wheel completes two revolutions in one hour. Each capsule moves with a constant speed of | 0.26 ms" as it follows a circular path. Calculate the radius of this circular path, (b) A man of mass 85 kg follows a circular path of this radius as he rides in a capsule. ‘What is the magnitude and direction of the resultant force acting on the man? Physies Dept. / CHS E irclar motion Pope 5The conical pendulum - amass on a string, moving in horizontal circles. The centripetal force is produced by the horizontal component of the tension in the string mg = Teos my? = Tsin® r 2) ‘To find v, divide equation 2 by equation 1 v = tand (r=/sin®) a Question : A small flufly toy hangs on a string in the rear window of a car. As the car travels round a bend at 30 ms! the string hangs sideways at an angle of 20° to the vertical ()__Drawa free body force diagram for the toy. (ii) Calculate the radius of the curve in the road Banked track — racing tracks are banked (sloped) at bends, which assists the cars turning. ‘The centripetal force is provided by the horizontal component of the Normal contact force of the track on the car So Car can Oo at peed In the ervevier p Physics Dept, / CHSE cincular motion Page 6Leaving the circular path A body will move out of the circular path if the force(s) providing the centripetal force become insufficient to hold the body to the circular path. After leaving the circular path, the body will initially go off at a tangent. Critical speed Itis the speed at which a body in circular motion just loses its contact with the surface and enters to the state of free fal Example : car ona bridge. my’ = mg-R As the speed increases, centripetal force required to move in the circular path increases. So R decreases since mg is constant. Finally at a particular speed R becomes zero. This speed is called critical speed. At Critical speed, MY” = mg (R=0) Critical speed, v= 7g ‘Question : When the car is driven over the bridge it follows part of a vertical circle of radius 25.0 m. ‘The mass of the car is 925 kg. Calculate the normal reaction force R (when the car is parked at rest at A, (ji) when the car is passing point A at a speed of 10.0 ms. Calculate the critical speed for this particular bridge, Question : A bucket is swung in a vertical, circular path as shown. The bucket is half : filled with water and swung. The water stays in the bucket, even at the top of the circular path, as long as the speed of the bucket exceeds a certain value. Explain why this happens. mot : oem A decreases. tayired centrigtiat Aree decrent consol =o and this speed (6 caled » beyond Critical spree Ae criticst speed LF velocity is deerened beyond erition mo cannet privide the vequived centripedai wv" mg Y r bile 7 a Bree and water Falls, vo, Physics Dept, / CHSE cireular motion Page 7act ‘ef gan