FSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION PHY — 183 INTRODUCTION: - The output of a PCM (Pulse code modulation) sys- tem is a string of 1's and O's. If they are to be transmitted over copper wires, they can be directly transmitted as two voltages +V and -V. But if they are to be transmitted through space using antenna, some form of modulation has to be used. These modulations can be of ampli- tude, frequency and phase modulations. As the modulating signal con- sists of only two levels, the modulation techniques are known as am- plitude shift keying (ASK), Frequency shift keying (FSK) and phase shift keying (PSK) respectively. AIM: To study the modulation and Demodulation technique of FSK. APPARATUS: 1.PHYSITECH'S FSK modulation & Demodulation trainer. 2.Function generator .CRO ‘onnecting wires and Probes. THEORY: In this method, the binary signal u (t) is used to generate a waveform. V esx (t) = A Cos (wos U) t. The Pulse sign is applied when v (t) = +V and minus sign is ~ applied when V (t) = -V. Thus the frequency of transmitted signal is high for a 1 and low for a0. A Straightforward way to detect an FSK signal is to use a suitable filter of sharp cut _off.Connect the output of the carrier o/p provided on kit to the input * of carrier i/p1 terminal. 2. Also connect one of the Data o/p to the Data i/p terminal pro- vided on kit. 3, Connect sine wave of certain frequency to the carrier i/p2 termi- nal. . Switch ON function generator and FSK modulation and Demodu- ion kit. 5. Observe the FSK o/p by connecting it to CRO. Thus FSK modu- lation can be achieved. 6. For FSK Demodulation, connect FSK o/p terminal to the FSK i/p terminal of Demodulator. 7. Observe the Demodulated wave at Demodulated o/p terminal by connecting it to CRO. xsilech| hy: PHY -s21, PSK MODULATION & DEMODULATION | Digital communication became important the expansion of the use of computers and data processing and have ccntinued to develop inté a ma- || io" industry providing the inter connection of computer peripherals and trans- | mission of data between distant sites. Phase shift keying (PSK) is relatively new [system,.in which the carrier may be phase shifted by +-90 degrees fora mark ond by -90 degrees for a space. PSK has a number of similarities to FSK in many aspecis, as in FSK, frequency of the cartier is shifted accarding to the modulating square wave. jatroduction = In the phase shift keying modulation, for all ‘one’ to ‘zero’ transitions of he modulating data, the modulated output switches between the inphase and 1-of-phase components.of the modulating frequency. the modulated carrier is represented by M()=A(1)Cos(Wi+-Phase} ere M(l)=Modulaied Carrier A())= Time varying amplitude W(!)=Time varying angle The phase equals O degrees, whenever the data equals “one” and the hose equals 180 degrees whenever the data equals zero. This type of phase ift keying is called Binary Phase shift keying (BPSK). There are also other forms of phase shift keying like quadrature phase ift keying (QPSK), Differential phase shift keying (OPSK). in QPSK, phase has four different values like O degrees, 90 degrees, (0 degrees and 270 degrees. They are used in the carrier modulation of ferenily coded pair elc. For the modulation of serial PCM data BPSK is ficient.silk) Puy 131 The frequency and phase components choosen for BPSK modulation are as follows. IMHsz (0 degrees) sine wave carrier for representing |. 1 MHz (180 degrees) sine wave carrier for representing 0. The BPSK modulator also utilises @ 2 10 | analog multiplexer for switch. ing from inphase to out-of-phase componenis for all ‘one’ to ‘zero’ transi- ons occurring in the transmitted data stream The BPSK detector works on the principle of square lov. For passband data transmission over non-linear channels, PSK signals Gre preferred to ASK signals, To study the various steps involved in generating the phase shift keyed Signal at the modulator end and recovering the binary signal from the re- Eeived PSK signal, If the carrier phase is shifted betw een two values then the method is alled phase shift keying (PSK). In PSK 1 lhe amplitude of the carrier remains To generate a binary PSK signal, we have to represent ence in polar form with symbols 1 and O represented by e levels of -WE, and-VE,, repectively, This signal transmis Formed by a polar noa return-to-zero (NRZ) level encod Binary wave and a sinusoidal carrier (i), the input binary constant ampli ler. The resulting whose frequency f.=(no/Ty) for ——}ome fixed integer n., are applied to a product modulator as shown fig. the carrier and the timing pulses used iv generale the binary wave are usually | To detect the original binary sequence of 1s and Os, we apply the noisy J] PSK signal x() (a! the channel output) to a correlator, which is also supplied I} with a localiy generated coherent reference signal (i) as shown in fig. 2. The correlator output, X, is compared with a threshold of zero volts. If X, >0, the receiver decides infavour of symbol 1. On the other hand, if X, <0, itdecides I] in favour of symbol 0. If X, is exactly zero, the receiver makes a random guess Jin favour of O or | Polar nonreturn to-zero level encoder Binary PSK Product ry Modulator -——— sine! s(t) TT 6,0) =F27T, Cos (2n fet) ig. } “/ block diagram for Binary PSK transmitter Correlator —- Se 4 | T, | x, Decision] ' | Choose 1 fX,>0 olt | ses mace ifx\<0 | ee 4 Threshold =0 fig.2 Block diagram for Binary PSK receiverPY -321 In PSK modulation and demodulation, the IC 8036 is a basic wave form| ‘erator which generates sine, Triangle and square waveforms. The sine wave| erated by this 8038 IC is used as carrier signa! to the system. The square] fave generated by IC 8038 is at + 12 volts levei. v0 this is converted into a 5 volls signal with the help of a transistor and diode. This square wave is used 80 clock input to a decade counter (IC 7490) which generates the modulating} fate oulputs. IC CD4051 is an analog multiplexer to which carrier is applied Mith and without 180° phase shift to the two multiplex inputs of the IC. Modu-| [ating dota input is opplied to its control input. Depending upon the level of the| onirol signal, carrier signal applied with or without phase shift is steered to the SuIput. The 180° phase shift of the carrier signal is created by an operational] implifier using 324 IC. During the demodulaticn, the PSK signal is converted into a +5volts| Ware wave signal using a transistor and is applied to one input of an EX -OR| He. To the second input of the gate, carrier signal is applied after conversion| into a +Svolts signal. So the EX-OR gate output is equivalent to the modulat- g data signal. Procedure : Switch on Physitech’s PSK modulation and demodulation trainer. Connect the carrier O/P of carriergenerator to the carrier I/P of - modulaior. Connect the data O/P of Data generator to the Data I/P of Modulator. Connect CRO terminals to the PSK O/P of modulator. Observe the PSK modulator output on channe! | of CRO. Connect the PSK O/P of modulator to the PSK I/P of demodulator. Connect the carrier O/P of carrier generator to carrier I/P of demodulator. 7 Observe the PSK demodulaied output on Channel 2 of CRO by connecting the second channel terminals to Demod O/P of demodulator. Veg (max) =50V . Veg (max) =45Vtod sitech| _ouytat "STON PSK Moduiation & Demodulation ircuit Diagram: .