Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Open University System

A COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF LEADERSHIP

COMPETENCIES WITH FEMALE AND MALE MANAGERS
IN PHILIPPINE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Master of Science in Construction Management

CM 632 Methods of Research & Statistics

Submitted By:
Arch. Marla Shiela Joy C. Mendoza, uap
Student

Submitted To:
Dr. Guillermo Bernabe, Engr
Course Specialist

JULY 2023
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ABSTRACT

Title : A Comprehensive Evaluation of Leadership Competencies with

Female and Male Managers in Philippine Construction Projects
Researcher : Arch. Marla Shiela Joy C. Mendoza, uap
Degree : Master of Science in Construction Management
Institution : Polytechnic University of the Philippines–Open University
Year : 2023
Adviser : Dr. Guillermo Bernabe, Engr

In construction, leadership is an essential factor that contributes to a successful project outcome

and delivery. An effective leader needs to have a strong technical background, experience,

instinct, vision, motivation and action. To optimize leadership effectiveness, it is important to go

beyond consideration of an individual’s biological sex, moreover, to consider what and how

gender relates to leadership with their vital roles; breaking the glass ceiling of men being the

dominated gender in the construction industry. This study aims to assess and evaluate the

leadership competencies of both male and female managers in construction projects. The

objective is to determine the effectivity and efficiency of each individual according to their

strengths and weaknesses in implementing construction projects, considering their leadership

traits in executing planning works, controlling tasks and delegating resources. This

comprehensive evaluation will involve questionnaire surveys and interviews that will be

administered to Architects, Engineers, Construction and Project Managers, Construction

Firms and involving managerial technical positions in the industry. This study aims to make a

significant contribution to the ongoing discussions on gender equality in the Philippine

construction industry by presenting valuable insights that can drive positive change towards a

more inclusive and successful future for leadership in this thriving sector.

Keywords: gender, leadership, leadership traits, competency

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract.................................................................................................................................... i

Table of Contents......................................................................................................................ii

1 The Problem and Its Setting......................................................................................... 1

Introduction.................................................................................................................. 1

Theoretical Framework................................................................................................ 3

Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................ 3

Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................... 4

Scope and Limitations of the Study ............................................................................. 5

Significance of the Study.............................................................................................. 6

Hypotheses.................................................................................................................. 7

2 Review of Literature & Studies .................................................................................... 8

Local Literature ........................................................................................................... 8

Women in the Philippine C-Suite.................................................................................. 8

Women on Top: Diversity in Gender and Education Profiles of Top Management

and Board of Directors of Philippine Publicly Traded Firms........................................ 9

Foreign Literature...................................................................................................... 10

Leadership traits of CPM’s and their impact on project outcome…………................. 10

Leadership in construction. A case study with a gender perspective………………..…11

3 Methodology ............................................................................................................. 13

Research Design ...................................................................................................... 13

Generation Method ................................................................................................... 14

Sources of Data ......................................................................................................... 15

Instrumentation ......................................................................................................... 15

Ethical Consideration ................................................................................................ 17

4 References ............................................................................................................... 19
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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

The Philippine construction industry plays a vital role in the country's economic growth, serving

as a major driver of infrastructure development and employment generation. According to the

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), the construction industry's value grew by 12.2% year on

year (YoY) in Q3 2022, preceded by Y-o-Y growth of 19.5% in Q2 and 14.7% in Q1 2022. And

is expected to register an annual average growth of 7.3% from 2023 to 2026, supported by

government investment in the transport, energy and residential sectors.

As the industry continues to evolve amidst dynamic social and economic shifts, effective

leadership becomes increasingly crucial to steer organizations towards success. However,

discussions surrounding leadership in the Philippine construction sector often raise questions

about gender disparities and their impacts on leadership competencies and opportunities. The

gradual rise of women in the ranks of other industries in recent years cannot be ignored.

Women now hold 32% of top leadership positions, up from 31% in 2021. These include chief

executive officer and managing director, chief finance officer, chief marketing officer, chief

operations officer, chief marketing officer and human resources director roles. The increase

continues the linear growth plotted over recent years. In the last decade, we have seen the

proportion of female leaders grow by 11 percentage points, up from 21% in 2012. (Grant

Thorton, 2022).

While strides towards gender inclusion have been made in various industries, gender

disparities still persist within the construction sector, particularly in leadership positions. As

mentioned in 2019 report by the National Economic and Development Authority, less than 7

percent of women were employed in the construction industry, but did not provide data on

whether those women were employed in managerial or entry positions. Understanding the
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existing leadership competencies, irrespective of gender, within Philippine construction

projects is essential to create an inclusive environment that promotes the development and

advancement of both men and women in leadership roles.

This comprehensive evaluation will explore various dimensions of leadership competencies

within the context of Philippine construction projects. It will encompass areas such as project

planning and coordination, effective communication, problem-solving skills, risk management,

stakeholder engagement, and adaptability to challenging environments. By examining these

competencies through the lens of both male and female leaders, this research intends to

identify potential differences, similarities, and areas for improvement, thereby shedding light

on the specific challenges and strengths faced by each gender in leadership roles within

Philippine construction projects.

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Theoretical Framework

Transformational leadership theory focuses on the qualities and behaviors of leaders that

inspire and motivate their subordinates towards achieving organizational goals. This theory

argues that regardless of gender, effective leaders possess qualities such as charisma, vision,

and the ability to inspire others. This theory supports the notion that gender equality in

leadership can benefit organizations by promoting diversity of leadership styles.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to address the lack of a comprehensive evaluation of leadership

competencies of men and women in Philippine construction projects. Specifically, the research

aims to answer the following questions:

1. How do the leadership competencies of men and women in different project scales

compare in terms of project planning and coordination, effective communication,

problem-solving skills, risk management, stakeholder engagement, and adaptability to

challenging environments?
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2. What are the potential differences, similarities, and areas for improvement in the

leadership competencies exhibited by men and women in construction projects?

3. What are the challenges and strengths encountered by men and women in leadership

roles within construction projects, and how do these factors contribute to gender

disparities?

4. What are the best practices and strategies adopted by organizations that promote

gender diversity and inclusivity in leadership within the Philippine construction

industry?

By addressing these research questions, this study seeks to provide a comprehensive

understanding of the leadership competencies exhibited by men and women within small and

big scale construction projects. The results of this study will contribute to the development of

practical recommendations to enhance leadership effectiveness within Philippine construction

projects.

Objectives of the Study

General Objective:

The primary objective of this research is to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the

leadership competencies of men and women in Philippine construction projects in terms of

planning execution, coordination, communication, problem-solving skills, and risk

management.

To achieve this overarching goal, the study will pursue the following specific objectives:

1. Compare Leadership Competencies: Compare and analyze the leadership

competencies exhibited by men and women in construction projects across various

dimensions, including project planning execution and coordination, effective

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communication, problem-solving skills, risk management, stakeholder engagement,

and adaptability to challenging environments.

2. Identify Differences and Similarities: Identify the potential differences, similarities, and

areas for improvement in the leadership competencies displayed by men and women

in handling construction projects. Examine the factors contributing to these differences,

such as societal expectations, workplace dynamics, and individual experiences.

3. Explore Challenges and Strengths: Explore the challenges and strengths encountered

by men and women in leadership roles within Philippine construction projects.

Investigate how these factors contribute to gender disparities in leadership and assess

the impact on project outcomes and organizational performance.

4. Investigate Best Practices: Investigate best practices and strategies utilized by

organizations that promote gender diversity and inclusivity in leadership within the

Philippine construction industry. Analyze case studies and successful initiatives to

identify effective approaches and interventions that foster an inclusive leadership

environment.

5. Provide Recommendations: Provide practical recommendations to industry

stakeholders. Offer evidence-based insights and guidelines to create inclusive policies,

practices, and initiatives that address gender disparities and support the advancement

of both male and female leaders.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study will be quantitative in approach and will focus mainly on discussing the proficiency,

efficiency, effectiveness, and varying approaches of leadership displayed by individuals of

diverse genders, this research seeks to contribute to a better understanding of gender

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dynamics and its impact on leadership within this specific industry. Nevertheless, it is important

to acknowledge the limitations of this study, which include a focus solely on leadership

competencies of managerial technical positions and exclusion of other factors that may

impinge upon leadership effectiveness.

Furthermore, the study will be limited to a specific geographical within the Philippine

construction sector. Despite these limitations, this research aims to shed light on gender

disparities and ultimately provide insights that can foster more inclusive and efficient

leadership practices in Philippine Construction Projects. The research sample will compose of

selective members from different levels of managerial ranks in Architectural & Engineering

Firms, Contractors and Professional Consultants. The primary data gathering method that will

be used in the study will be through first-hand information surveys and interviews. The

gathered data will be analyze using data decoding software. Verbatim quotes from

respondents will be use.

Significance of the Study

The significance of this study lies in its aim to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the

leadership competencies of both males and females in Philippine Construction Projects. By

examining the specific leadership skills and qualities exhibited by individuals in this industry,

this research will not only contribute to the existing understanding of gender differences and

their impact on leadership but also shed light on the unique challenges faced by male and

female leaders in the construction sector. This study can potentially contribute to the

development of strategies and initiatives to promote gender equality and diversity in leadership

roles within the construction industry. Moreover, the findings of this research can be utilized

by construction companies and organizations to create more inclusive and equitable

environments that value the contributions of all individuals, regardless of their gender, thereby

enhancing the overall effectiveness and success of construction projects in the Philippines.
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Hypotheses

This evaluation aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of leadership capabilities and

identify any potential gender disparities that may exist within the industry. By examining the

competencies exhibited by male and female leaders, we can shed light on the effectiveness

of their leadership styles, decision-making processes, conflict resolution skills, and ability to

effectively manage teams. Through this research, we seek to contribute valuable insights to

the construction sector, fostering an environment conducive to gender equality, inclusive

leadership landscape that harnesses the strengths and perspectives of both men and women

and enhancing overall project outcomes.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE & STUDIES

This chapter presents related literature and studies that provide insights on leadership, gender

perspective & disparities, and role of male and female managers in the construction industry

project delivery & completion which also serves as the researcher's guide in the development

of this study.

Local Literature

Women in the Philippine C-Suite

This research conducted by The Makati Business Club in partnership with the Philippine

Business Coalition for Women Empowerment focuses on the representation of women in

leadership positions in the corporate sector in the Philippines. According to a global survey,

firms with 30% female leaders can expect to see a significant increase in their net margin

compared to those without female leaders. This finding is reinforced by a recent academic

research in the Philippines, which highlights that publicly listed firms with senior female

executives tend to be larger in size and more profitable than those without. Despite these

positive impacts, the number of women in top management roles remains low, with a decline

observed as women progress to higher positions from middle to senior management. The

phenomena of the "glass ceiling" and the "leaking pipeline" have been cited to explain these

disparities. Although the Philippines ranks high globally in terms of gender equality, with one

of the highest percentages of women in the workforce and in top leadership positions, the

climb remains slow and challenging for women employees. While progress has been made in

reducing the gender gap in the labor force and increasing women's access to education, health

services, and political empowerment, the business management field continues to be

predominantly male-dominated. However, there has been some narrowing of the gender pay

gap, with women in certain industries earning higher salaries compared to their male
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counterparts. Despite these advancements, significant pay gaps still exist in occupations such

as agriculture and the service and sales industry.

Gender diversity in the C-suite of Philippine companies is a complex issue that cannot be

solved with one simple solution. It is deeply rooted in the historical and cultural practices

ingrained in the minds of individuals and present in government and private sectors. Personal

choices, family expectations, and cultural norms perpetuate gender biases and hinder

women's access to opportunities. Stakeholders, particularly the private sector, must be aware

of the socio-cultural aspects that impede women's progress and provide equal opportunities.

Women should not be criticized or punished for prioritizing their careers and should be given

the chance to increase their stake and take up leadership roles. By recognizing and valuing

women's contributions, companies can improve performance, promote gender equality, and

foster inclusivity. It is also essential for business leaders to understand the underlying reasons

for gender diversity and prioritize personal development and staff retention programs.

Philippine corporations should design comprehensive programs that address the changing

needs of men and women in balancing family and career responsibilities. It is important for

company leaders to view these initiatives as long-term investments that benefit both the

company and its employees. Overall, the research sheds light on the need for greater gender

diversity and inclusion in corporate leadership roles in the Philippines.

Reference: Makati Business Club (2019). Addressing the Leaking Pipeline: Factors that affect

leadership participation and aspiration of men and women middle managers in the Philippines.

Women on Top: Diversity in Gender and Education Profiles of Top Management and Board

of Directors of Philippine Publicly Traded Firms

The research paper titled "Women on Top: Diversity in Gender and Education Profiles of Top

Management and Board of Directors of Philippine Publicly Traded Firms" addresses the
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increasing presence of women in leadership positions in companies worldwide, with a focus

on the Philippines. This study aims to fill a gap in the existing literature on corporate

governance in the Philippines by analyzing data from approximately 250 PSE-listed firms. The

research examines the composition and trends of gender diversity among CEOs, boards, and

top management teams in Philippine publicly traded firms over a five-year interval (2003, 2008,

2013) and for the most recent year (2014). Additionally, the educational profile of CEOs in

PSE-listed firms is explored. The findings of the study confirm the existence of a gender gap

in the governing and managing bodies of Philippine public firms. However, there is evidence

of gradual improvement in the representation of women in key leadership positions.

Furthermore, the research highlights that most CEOs in PSE-listed firms share a common

educational background, as they have obtained undergraduate and graduate degrees from

similar tertiary institutions.

Overall, the research contributes to the understanding of gender diversity in the corporate

sector in the Philippines and provides valuable insights into the education profiles of CEOs in

PSE-listed firms. This information could be instrumental in initiating policy changes and

interventions that promote gender equality and diversity in the corporate world. This study

serves as a reference on gender diversity, corporate governance, and educational

backgrounds in the Philippines and other developing economies.

Reference: Unite, A., Sullivan, M., & Shi, A. (2015) Women on Top: Diversity in Gender and

Education Profiles of Top Management and Board of Directors of Philippine Publicly Traded

Firms

Foreign Literature

Leadership traits of Construction Project Managers’ and their impact on project outcome

A comprehensive review of literature on leadership traits of Construction Project Managers

(CPMs) and their impact on project outcomes, conducted by Samuel Ekung in 2014, sheds
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light on the critical role of effective leadership in the construction industry. Ekung's study

concluded that it is accepted among academicians and practitioners of project management

that there is a need for effective leadership in the management of projects. Despite some

study in the area of project management leadership, the extent to which leadership traits

influence project outcome is not clear, nor is the relevant leadership traits apparent. To bridge

this gap, the study used a descriptive-inferential research method to determine whether a

relationship exist between successful project outcome and construction project manager’s

leadership traits. 42 leadership traits drawn from emotional, managerial competencies in

literature and practice were tested for preponderance. Fourteen are relevant to construction

management, and supported hypothesis test. Ekung's research offers valuable insights to

detremine the relationship between leadership traits and project outcome. Three element of

project management effectiveness were tested against leadership traits. The relevant

leadership traits based in the study include effective communication; competence,

accessibility, self-confidence; result oriented, willingness to adopt collaborative leadership

styles, intelligent, forward looking, sociable and adaptability, honesty & integrity, and problem-

solving ability. It is therefore inferred that, leaders who practice or exhibit these traits would be

more effective in achieving positive results in each of the factors that measures successful

project outcomes. However, no single leadership trait is suitable in all project circumstance,

thus the need for flexibility. Construction project managers should always attempt to shift

intuitively between the various leadership traits, according to the people they lead and the

work that needs to be done.

Reference: Ekung, S. (2024). Leadership traits of Construction Project Managers’ and their

impact on project outcome.

Leadership in construction. A case study with a gender perspective

This review of related literature on leadership in the construction industry, with a focus on a

gender perspective, addresses the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions in

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this sector. The researcher employs a qualitative methodology, specifically in-depth

interviews, to gain insights from both male and female managers within the construction

industry who possess the authority to shape their organizations' strategic direction. By doing

so, the study aims to identify and understand the potential barriers that hinder women's access

to and advancement in leadership roles.

The findings of this analysis shed light on the significance of various forms of access and

promotion, as well as the influence of corporate practices and culture on gender-related

factors. These factors subsequently impact the attitudes of recruiters towards male and female

candidates. Ultimately, the research reveals that the construction industry remains

predominantly male-dominated, which in turn prioritizes guarantees and security over

individuals' competencies and abilities when it comes to ascending to management positions.

Additionally, the prevalent time management model within organizations acts as a variable

that further obstructs the promotion of women in achieving effective gender equality.

In conclusion, this literature review highlights the crucial need for further examination of gender

dynamics within the construction industry. The findings emphasize the existence of significant

challenges that hinder women from assuming leadership roles, and consequently call for the

development and implementation of strategies that promote equal opportunities and support

the advancement of women within this sector. Recognizing and addressing these barriers will

not only contribute to the fulfillment of gender equality objectives but also foster a more diverse

and inclusive construction industry. The breaking of the glass ceiling occurs unconsciously

through the sacrifice, effort and perseverance of the women who seek managerial

responsibility.

Reference: Arenas-Molina, M.T., Rogriguez, J.M., & Dominguez, T.N (2015-2016) Leadership

in construction. A case study with a gender perspective

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Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

According to Cresswell (1994), A qualitative study is defined as an inquiry process of

understanding a social or human problem, based on building a complex, holistic picture,

formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants, and conducted in a natural setting.

It uses in-depth studies of small groups of people to guide and support the construction of

hypotheses. The results of qualitative research are descriptive rather than predictive.

Qualitative research refers to a method of inquiry used to gain a deep understanding of

individuals' behaviors, beliefs, experiences, and opinions. It aims to explore subjective

experiences and generate rich, descriptive data. It often employs methods such as interviews,

observations, and focus groups to collect information, enabling researchers to dive into the

context and meaning behind people's actions and perceptions.

This study will conduct in-depth interviews to different level of managerial technical positions

involved in the Philippine Construction projects and will gather survey from direct partakers of

the business. The questionnaires will be self-administered and distributed by the researcher.

A thorough review of several related case study, articles and journals will also take place

during the research.

This design was chosen to meet the objectives of the study which is to conduct a

comprehensive evaluation of the leadership competencies of men and women in Philippine

construction projects in terms of planning execution, coordination, communication, problem-

solving skills, and risk management.

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Generation Method

For collection of primary data for this research work survey and observation methods will be

used. Experimental method is not found suitable for this study because the topic will require

extensive resources to do so. These two methods are explained below:

(a) Survey Method

Survey is used to collect quantitative information about items in a population. Surveys are

used in different areas for collecting the data even in public and private sectors. A survey may

be conducted in the field by the researcher. The respondents are contacted by the research

person personally, telephonically or through mail. This method takes a lot of time, efforts and

money but the data collected are of high accuracy, current and relevant to the topic. When the

questions are administered by a researcher, the survey is called a structured interview or a

researcher-administered survey. When the questions are administered by the respondent, the

survey is referred to as a questionnaire or a self-administered survey. It is an efficient way of

collecting information from a large number of respondents. Very large samples are possible.

Statistical techniques can be used to determine validity, reliability, and statistical significance.

Surveys are flexible in the sense that a wide range of information can be collected. They can

be used to study attitudes, values, beliefs, and past behaviors. Because they are standardized,

they are relatively free from several types of errors. There is an economy in data collection

due to the focus provided by standardized questions. Only questions of interest to the

researcher are asked, recorded, codified, and analyzed.

(b) Observation Method

Observation is a complex research method because it often requires the researcher to play a

number of roles and to use a number of techniques; including her/his five senses, to collect

data. The observer puts himself in the actual situation and watch carefully. On the basis of his

knowledge, skills and experience she collects the data without contacting the respondents.

The results of observation entirely depend on the talents of the researcher. Observation
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methods have been developed with the objective of 'observing people in their natural setting

- as they go about their everyday lives. Observation methods can overcome some of the

criticisms of quantitative research methods (Validity, bias etc.) and can be useful when its

subject can't provide information, or can only provide inaccurate information. Out of available

methods for collecting primary data, survey and observation methods have been found

suitable for the topic study. These have fulfilled the requirements for data collection properly.

Sources of Data

For the study purpose both primary and secondary data will be used. The primary data will

be coming from different genders and ranks of managerial technical positions involved in

Philippine construction projects such as, Architects, Engineers, Project Managers,

Construction Managers, and Consultants. The secondary data collected will be from case

studies, scholar articles and journals. The primary and secondary data will be collected to

cover every aspect of the study. The primary data will show the accurate portrayal and account

of the personal experiences, behaviour, opinions and knowledge of these individuals. The

secondary data will provide conclusive observation from previous related studies to the effect

of the subject in different aspects. These data having different merits and demerits will serves

its purpose to the research study.

Instrumentation

For collection of data the following instruments will be used:

(a) Questionnaire

Questionnaire is a set of questions has been prepared to ask a number of questions and

collect answers from respondents relating to the research topic. A number of questions usually

in printed or electronic form are to be answered by the individuals. The forms often have blank

spaces in which the answers can be written. Sets of such forms are distributed to groups and

the answers are collected relating to research topic. It is a series of questions asked to

individuals to obtain statistically useful information about a given topic. When properly
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constructed and responsibly administered, questionnaires become a vital instrument by which

statements can be made about specific groups or people or entire populations. Inappropriate

questions, incorrect ordering of questions, incorrect scaling, or bad questionnaire format can

make the survey valueless, as it may not accurately reflect the views and opinions of the

participants. A useful method for checking a questionnaire and making sure it is accurately

capturing the intended information is to pretest among a smaller subset of target respondents.

In a research or survey questions asked to respondents, and designed to extract specific

information. It serves four basic purposes: to (1) collect the appropriate data, (2) make data

comparable and amenable to analysis, (3) minimize bias in formulating and asking question,

and (4) to make questions engaging and varied. For our study purpose a set of questions will

be prepared to collect information relating to the topic of the study. In this study a structured

questionnaire will be used with different types of questions such as closed ended and open

ended. Special case has been taken to select the scales for the questions for collection of

responses very effectively.

(b) Telephone, Mobile Phone and Facsimile

Telephone and other devices can be used for collecting data verbally and written on fax from

respondents located away from the researcher and having these facilities plus the researcher

having their contact numbers. Use of interviewers encourages sample persons to respond,

leading to higher response rates. Interviewers can increase comprehension of questions by

answering respondents' questions. It is fairly cost efficient, depending on local call charge

structure. It is good for large national respondents and gives wider coverage.

(c) Mail

For collection of data from the respondents who are located at a long distance and/ or have a

very hectic schedule, they can be contacted through mailed questionnaires. It may be handed

to the respondents or mailed to them, but in all cases they are returned to the researcher via

mail. The cost involved is very less but no clarification can be given to the respondents if
 17

required. Respondents can answer at their own convenience. The respondents cannot be

biased by the researchers and the detail information can be collected for the research purpose.

(d) Interview

In this method the interviewer personally meets the informants and asks necessary questions

to them regarding the subject of enquiry. Usually a set of questions or a questionnaire is

carried by the researcher and questions are also asked according to that. The interviewer

efficiently collects the data from the informants by cross examining them. The interviewer must

be very efficient and tactful to get the accurate and relevant data from the informants.

Interviews like personal interview/depth interview or telephone interview can be conducted as

per the need of the study.

Ethical Consideration

The conducting of research requires not only expertise and diligence, but also honesty and

integrity. This is done to recognise and protect the rights of human subjects. To render the

study ethical, the rights to self- determination, anonymity, confidentiality and informed consent

were observed. Written and Verbal permissions will be obtained from necessary agencies,

companies and individuals. Subjects’ consent will be asked before they completed the

questionnaires. The subjects will be informed of their rights to voluntarily consent or decline

to participate, and to withdraw participation at any time without penalty. They will be informed

about the purpose of the study, the procedures that would be used to collect the data, and

assure that there were no potential risks or costs involved.

Anonymity will be ensured by not disclosing any name on the questionnaire and research

reports and detaching the written consent from the questionnaire. No identifying information

will be entered onto the questionnaires, and questionnaires will only be numbered after data

is collected.
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The ethical principle of self-determination will also be maintained. Subjects will be treated as

autonomous agents by informing them about the study and allowing them to voluntarily choose

to participate or not. Information about the researcher will be provided as well, in the event of

further questions or complaints.

Scientific honesty is regarded as a very important ethical responsibility when conducting

research. Dishonest conduct includes manipulation of design and methods, and retention or

manipulation of data (Brink 1996:47). The researcher will avoid any form of dishonesty by

recording truthfully the answers of those subjects who could not read or write. Manipulation of

data will not occur as the supervisor and an independent statistician will enter the data from

the questionnaires into the SPSS computer software program.

The statistician will produce the results independently of the researcher to avoid subjective

collaboration. The open-ended questions which will be analyzed by the researcher will also

be checked by the supervisor for confirmation of credibility.

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REFERENCES

Grant Thorton, (2022). Women in Business 2022, Opening the doors to diverse talent.

Makati Business Club (2019). Addressing the Leaking Pipeline: Factors that affect leadership

participation and aspiration of men and women middle managers in the Philippines.

Unite, A., Sullivan, M., & Shi, A. (2015) Women on Top: Diversity in Gender and Education

Profiles of Top Management and Board of Directors of Philippine Publicly Traded

Firms.

Arenas-Molina, M.T., Rogriguez, J.M., & Dominguez, T.N (2015-2016) Leadership in

construction. A case study with a gender perspective

Ekung, S. (2024). Leadership traits of Construction Project Managers’ and their impact on

project outcome.