3 SWN ST anal A Ong tots OF Aa CeCe aa Tota Ce eo NCERT Filled with ‘hinglish' quotes & tricks for 2-way communication Y Approved by JCBSE TOPPERS CRC) act* Atom is made up of smaller units like proton, neutron and electron. Some other particles like positron, neutrino, antineutrino, TI-meson, H-meson, k meson ete are also present which are very short lived. aa Cs TL UOT “1 Distovery of flectron = sant ha ache se padhna + The discovery of the electron is a fundamental milestone in the history of physics. In 1897, J.J. Thomson, a British physicist, conducted a series of experiments that led to the discovery of the electron. + 9.9, Thomson took a discharge tube and applied a voltage of a 10000 volt potential difference across it at a pressure of 10-2 mm of Hg. He found some glowing behind anode. It means some invisible rays produced at cathode strike behind anode and produce fluorescence. He named them cathode rays. downloaded from padhleakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhleakshay— Anode High voltage To Vacuum generator pump Cathode discharge ray tube | Properties of Cathode Rays —— exam me har baar ata hai + They produce sharp shadow of the solid object in their path suggesting that they travel in straight line. + They are deflected towards the positive plate in an electric field suggesting that they are negatively charged. They were named as electrons by Stoney + They can make a light paddle wheel to rotate placed in their path. This means they possess kinetic energy and are material particles. * When cathode rays strike certain materials, such as a fluorescent screen, they can cause the material to emit visible light, This property was used in early television sets. * They have a charge to mass ratio = 1.75882 « 10'C/kg * They ionise gases through which they travel. Q: How do cathode ray tubes work, and what are some of their modern applications? * 3,3. Thomson for the first time experimentally determined charge/mass ratio called e/m ratio for the electrons. For this, he subjected the beam of electrons released in the discharge tube as cathode rays to influence the electric and magnetic fields. These were acting perpendicular to one another as well as to the path followed by electrons. downloaded from padhleakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshay* According to Thomson, the amount of deviation of the particles from their path in presence of electrical and magnetic field depends on + Magnitude of the negative charge on particle * Mass of particle * Strength of magnetic field * When electric field is applied, deviation from path takes place. If only electric field is applied, cathode rays strike at A. If only magnetic field is applied, cathode rays strike at C. In absence of any field, cathode rays strike at B. * By carrying out accurate measurements on the amount of deflections observed by the electrons on the electric field strength or magnetic field strength, Thomson was able to determine the value of L elme = 1.758820 x 10"C kg-1 where me = Mass of the electron in kg e = magnitude of charge on the electron in coulomb (C). * R.A Millikan devised a method known as oil drop experiment to determine the charge on the electrons. downloaded from padhleakshay.com Teligram/@padhieakshay YouTube/@padhleakshay+ In this experiment, some fine oil droplets were allowed to enter through a tiny hole into the upper plate of electrical condenser. These oil droplets were produced by atomiser. The air in the chamber was subjected to the ionization by X-rays. The electrons produced by the ionization of air attach themselves to the oil drops. several a il | thousand microscope ie et) unifoim electric field Thus oil droplets acquire negative charge. When sufficient amount of electric field is applied, the motion of the droplets can be accelerated, retarded or made stationary. Millikan observed that the smallest charge found on them was -1.6 * 10" coulomb and the magnitude of electrical charge, q on the droplets is always an integral multiple of the electrical charge ‘e’ ie, q= ne The cathode rays are first produced from the material of the cathode and then from the gas inside the discharge tube due to bombardment of the gas molecules by the high speed electrons emitted first from the cathode. downloaded from padhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhieakshay YouTube/@padhleakshay* As the electrons travel through the vacuum of the cathode ray tube, they collide with gas molecules, causing ionization and the production of more electrons. These additional electrons are also accelerated by the electric field and add to the cathode ray stream. The resulting stream of electrons is known as cathode rays. Ernest Rutherford observed that his scintillation detectors detected hydrogen nuclei when a beam of alpha particles was shot into the air. After investigating further, Rutherford found that these hydrogen nuclei were produced from the nitrogen atoms present in the atmosphere. He then proceeded to fire beams of alpha particles into pure nitrogen gas and observed that a greater number of hydrogen nuclei were produced. He concluded that the hydrogen nuclei originated from the nitrogen atom, proving that the hydrogen nucleus was a part of all other atoms. This experiment was the first to report a nuclear reaction, given by the equation: 14N + @ ~ 170 + p [Where Gis an alpha particle which contains two protons and two neutrons, and ‘p' is a proton] The hydrogen nucleus was later named ‘proton’ and recognized as one of the building blocks of the atomic nucleus. Anode Cathode Rays Anode Rays Perforated To Vacuum Cathode downloaded from padhleakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshayProperties: They travel in straight lines. They carry a positive charge. iske sare properties ache se yaad kar lena They are made up of material particles. The value of the charge on the particles constituting theanode rays is found to depend on the nature of gas taken. The mass of the particles constituting the anode rays isfound to depend on the nature of gas taken. The charge to mass ratio(e/m) of the particles is also foundte depend on the gas taken. Q: What experiments were conducted to study the properties of the proton? In 1886, Goldstein modified the discharge tube by using a perforated cathode. On reducing the pressure, he observed a new type of luminous rays passing through the holes or perforations of the cathode and moving in a direction opposite to the cathode rays. © These rays were named as positive rays or anode rays or as canal rays. Anode rays are not emitted from the anode but from a space between anode and cathode. Properties of anode rays + These rays deflect towards negative plate of applied electric field. It means these are made up of positively charged particle * Property of anode rays depends on nature of gas. © These rays travel in straight line and have mechanical energy, downloaded from padhleakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshay* Chadwick in 1932 found the evidence for the production of neutron in given reaction. Radiation Alpha Source Berylium Paraffin Wax Protons Sir J. 3. Thomson, who discovered the electron, was the first to suggest a model of atomic structure. He assumed atom to be a spherical body in which electrons are unevenly distributed in a sphere having positive charge which balance the electron’s charge. It is called Plum pudding model. The atom as a whole is neutral. The total positive charge and total negative charge must be equal. downloaded from padhleakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshayPositive Charge Positive Charge ° ° “e Electron &” cai Atom Model Watermelon Important Feature of This Model : * The mass of the atom is assumed to be uniformly distributed over whole atom. Drawbacks * This model was able to explain the overall neutrality of the atom, it could not satisfactorily, explain the results of scattering experiments carried out by Rutherford in 1911. Q: What was Thomson's model of the atom, and how did it differ from earlier models? Ruther IN imp topic hai..exam me har bar aya hai * Rutherford in 1911, performed some scattering experiments in which he bombarded thin foils of metals like gold, silver, platinum or copper with a beam of fast moving a-particles. + The thin gold foil had a circular fluorescent zine sulphide screen around it. Whenever a-particles struck the screen, a tiny flash of light was produced at that point. + Rutherford's model was a significant improvement over Thomson's model, as it provided a more accurate picture of the structure of the atom. downloaded from padhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshayGold foil Radioactive substance Deflection screen Lead Box From these experiments, he made the following observations: * Most of the G-particles pass without any deviation. + Some of the G- particles were deflected through small angles. * Rave particles retrace its path or show deflection greater than 90° r crparticles Gold atoms Undeflected. particles ye digram ache se yaad kr lo.. Ans ke saath bana bhi dena Deflected particles On the basis of these observation, he proposed a model, * Atom is of spherical shape having size of order 10-10 meters. * Whole mass is concentrated in centre called nucleus having size of order 10- 15 meters. downloaded from padhleakshay.com > = a 2 2 < 2 r= s s = © = = Tel YouTube/@padhieakshayElectron revolves around the nucleus in circular path like planets revolve around sun. There must be a very heavy and positively charged body in the atom ie. nucleus which does not permit the passage of positively charged alpha particles It has been found that radius of atom is of the order of 10°\°m while the radius of the nucleus is of the order of 10° m. Limitation : This model could not explain stability of atom. According to Maxwell's classic theory, an accelerated charged particle liberates energy. So, during revolution, it must radiate energy and by following the spiral path it should comes on nucleus. statherford belie Atomic number The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element. It is represented by the symbol "2" and is a fundamental property of each element. In case of neutral atom atomic number is equal to the number of protons and even equal to the number of electrons in atom. Z = Number of protons (p) = Number of electrons (e) Mass number The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of an element. It is represented by the symbol “A”. Mass number (A) = Number of protons (p or Z) + Number of neutrons (n) Isotopes * Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons (atomic number) but a different number of neutrons (and therefore a different mass number). i, Cr downloaded from padhleakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshay1 Isotopes of Hydrogen yH_, {Hand \H” tsobars Isobars are the atom with the same mass number but different atomic 4 4 number, for example 6C and oN Electromagnetic Waves Theory This theory was put forward by James Clark Maxwell in 1864. Electromagnetic Waves are the waves which are produced by varying electric field and magnetic field which are perpendicular to each other in the direction perpendicular to both of them. They do not require any medium and can move in vacuum unlike sound waves. The energy is emitted from any source continuously in the form of radiations and is called the radiant energy. The radiations consist of electric and magnetic fields oscillating perpendicular to each other and both perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the radiation. The radiations possess wave character and travel with the velocity of light 3x10 msec. SHaaBaaSH! downloaded trom padhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhlieakshayCharacteristics of a Wave Wavelength (A) : It is the distance between two consecutive crests or troughs and is denoted by A. Frequency (v): It is the number of waves passing through a given point in one second. The unit frequency is hertz or cycle per second. Wave number: It is the number of waves in a unit cycle. wave number =1/A Time Period : The time taken by a wave to complete onevibration is called time period. Units : sec Velocity : Velocity of a wave is defined as the linear distance travelled by the wave in one second. It is represented by c and is expressed in m/sec. Amplitude : Amplitude of a wave is the height of the crest or the depth of the through. It is represented by V and is expressed in the units of length. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM * When all the electromagnetic radiations are arranged in increasing order of wavelength or decreasing frequency the band of radiations obtained is termed ds electromagnetic spectrum. downloaded from padhleakshay.com Teligram/@padhieakshay YouTube/@padhieakshay+ Each type of electromagnetic radiation has a different wavelength and frequency, which determine its properties and uses. amma-ays rays Ultraviolet Infrared i 10% 102 io 10° | {10° 10 Visible Licht > $ g & & 2 é £ |z\>| 2 = EF a 10 1 16 ICD oeL (m 400 ree (nm) The visible spectrum is a subset of this spectrum (VIBGYOR) whose range of wavelength is 380-760nm. The wavelengths increase in the order: Gamma Rays < X-rays < Ultra-violet rays < Visible< Infrared < Micro-waves A source (like the heated rod) emits energy continuously in the form of radiations (ie. no change in wavelength or frequency of the emitted radiations even on increasing the energy radiated). These radiations are Electromagnetic in nature Black Body Radiations Black-body is an ideal body which emits and absorbs radiations of all frequencies. The radiation emitted by these bodies is called black-body radiation. downloaded from padhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhieakshay YouTube/@padhieakshay* The variation of intensity with wavelength at different temperatures for a black body is shown below: rare © A maximum Radiation intensity Wavelength A Gum) * So itis observed that with increasing temperature the dominant wavelength in the emitted radiations decreases and the frequency increases, That is at higher temperatures, though the intensity rises aspredicted by Maxwell's theory but. the wavelength decreases. If Ti>T2>T3 then Als A2< A3 Photoelectric Effect * When radiations with certain minimum frequency (v0) strikethe surface of a metal, the electrons are ejected from thesurface of the metal. This phenomena is called photoelectriceffect. The electrons emitted are called photoelectrons. downloaded from padhleakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshay* According to Maxwell's Theory the ejection of electrons should depend on intensity of radiation that is if electrons are not being ejected, then on increasing the intensity they can be ejected. ‘Variable Supply * only photons of light of certain minimum frequency called threshold frequency (vO) can cause the photoelectric effect. The value of v0 is different for different metals, The kinetic energy of the electrons which are emitted is directly proportional to the frequency of the striking photons and is quite independent of their intensity. The number of electrons that are ejected per second from the metal surface depends upon the intensity of the striking photons or radiations and not upon their frequency. Planck's Quantum Theory According to this theory, energy cannot be absorbed or released continuously but it is emitted or released in the form of small packets called quanta. In case of light this quanta is known as photon. This photon travels with speed of light. Energy of the photon is directly proportional to frequency. downloaded from padhleakshay.com Teligram/@padhieakshay YouTube/@padhleakshayEocy E=hv his Planck's constant, value is 6.62 «10 ~*9s Niels Bohr in 1913, proposed a new model of atom on the basis of Planck's Quantum Theory. The main points of this model are as follows: Atom is of spherical shape having size (of order 10-10 metre). Whole mass is concentrated in centre called nucleus (having order of size 10-15 metre). Electron revolves around nucleus only in limited circular path and he assumed that electron does not radiate energy during its revolution in permitted paths. Only those orbits are allowed whose orbit angular momentum is integral multiple of h/2Tt. myvr=nh/2TT, where n = 1, 2, 3, 4... “when Bohr's theory got achievement Achievements of Bohr's Theory * Bohr's theory has explained the stability of an atom. * Bohr's theory has helped in calculating the energy of electron in hydrogen atom and one electron species. * Bohr's theory has explained the atomic spectrum of hydrogen atom. Limitations of Bohr's Model * The theory could not explain the atomic spectra of the atoms containing more than one electron or multielectron atoms. downloaded from padhleakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshay* Bohr's theory failed to explain the fine structure of the spectral lines. * Bohr's theory could not offer any satisfactory explanation of Zeeman effect and Stark effect. The most compelling evidence for the quantization of energy comes from spectroscopy. Spectrum word is taken from Latin word which means dppedrance. The record of the intensity transmitted or scattered by a molecule as a function of frequency or wavelength is called its spectrum ee Er) * Cosmic rays < gamma rays < x rays < ultraviolet rays < visible rays < infra red < micro waves < radio waves The line spectrum of a hydrogen atom refers to the pattern of specific wavelengths of light that are emitted or absorbed by hydrogen atoms when they undergo a transition between different energy levels. When an electron in a hydrogen atom moves from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, it releases energy in the form of a photon of light. The wavelength of this photon corresponds to the energy difference between the two energy levels, according to the equation E = hf, where € is the energy of the photon, h is Planck's constant, and f is the frequency of the photon. downloaded from padhleakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshaySeries ny ny Sasa Lyman 1 2,3.4,... | ultraviolet Balmer 2 3.45... | Visible Paschen 3 4,5.6,..._| Infrared Brackett 4 5.6.7... | Infrared Pfund 5 6,7,8,..._ | Infrared naa na2 | Balmer series Paschen Brackett Pfund (Visible region) series series series Lyman series {UV region) Miower ? 1 2 3 4 5 Zeeman Effect + When spectral line (source) is placed in magnetic field, spectral lines split up into sublines. This is known as zeeman effect. downloaded from padhleakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshayStark Effect The Stark effect is a phenomenon in which the spectral lines of an atom or molecule split into multiple components when subjected to an external electric field. The Stark effect has important implications for the study of atomic and molecular spectra. de Broglie in 1924, proposed that matter, like radiation, should also exhibit dual behaviour i, both particle like and wave like properties. This means that like photons, electrons also have momentum as well as wavelength. * Assume light have wave nature, then its energy should be given by Planck's theory If it have particle nature, then its energy should be given by Einstein relation B= me’ wali) On comparing equation (i) and (ii), hveme? Aehime (for light) ...u(iii) For other matter, Aeh/rnv (iv) Aehlp -u) downloaded from padhleakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshay+ where p = momentum + This equation is called de Broglie equation. \ I - S + It states that, {It is impossible to measure simultaneously the exact position and exact momentum of a microscopic particle”. + If uncertainty in position = Ax and * Uncertainty in momentum = AP downloaded from padhleakshay.com + When both are measured simultaneously, According to this principle, Av.AP>W4Tt + There are a set of four quantum numbers which specify the energy, size, shape and orientation of an orbital. Teligram/@padhieakshay + To specify an orbital only three quantum numbers are required while to specify an electron all four quantum numbers are required. Principal quantum number (n) * It identifies shell, determines sizes and energy of orbitals. It is indicated by ‘n’ and its values are 1, 2, 3, 4a Azimuthal quantum number (I) YouTube/@padhieakshay * Aaimuthal quantum number. ‘lis also known as orbital angular momentum or subsidiary quantum number.+ It identifies sub-shell, determines the shape of orbitals, energy of orbitals in multi-electron atoms along with principal quantum number and orbital angular momentum, i.e, The number of orbitals in a sub shell = 21 + 1, For a given value of n, it can have n values ranging from 0 to n-1 Magnetic quantum number (ml) + It gives information about the spatial orientation of the orbital with respect to standard set of co-ordinate avis. + For any sub-shell (defined by ‘’ value) 2I+1 values of ml are possible. For each value of |, ml = - I, - (I-1), - (I-2)... 0,1...(1-2), (I-41), I Electron spin quantum number (ms) * It refers to orientation of the spin of the electron. * It can have two values +1/2 and -1/2. +1/2 identifies the clockwise spin and -1/2 identifies the anti-clockwise spin. Shape of s-orbitals: * They are non-directional and spherically symmetric ie. probability of finding the electron at a given distance is equal in all directions. * 1s orbital and 2s orbital have same shape but size of 2s is larger. * There is a spherical shell within 2s orbital where electron density is zero and is called a node. * The value of azimuthal quantum number(l) is zero (I=0) and magnetic quantum number can have only one value i.e. m= 0 downloaded trom padhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshays Shape of s-orbital Shape of p-orbitals: + p-orbitals are present in the p-subshell for which |= 1 and ml can have three possible orientations -1, 0, +1. Thus, there are three orbitals in the p-subshell which are designated as px py and pz orbitals depending upon the axis along which they are directed. The general shape of p-orbital is dumb-bell consisting of two portions known as lobes, Px z Py z Pz z The three p orbitals are aligned along perpendicular axes shapes of d-orbitals: They are designated as d xy, d yz, d 2x and 22xy d. They have a shape like a four leaf clover. The fifth d orbital designated as 22 d looks like doughnut. + All five d orbitals have same energy in the absence of magnetic field. downloaded from padhlieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhleakshayy xy. x y x oy dyz dx 2 z y x x, x day da Distribution of electron in various orbitals is known as electronic configuration. The electrons filled in orbitals must obey the following rules Aufbau’s principle Pauli’s exclusion principle Hund''s rule of maximum multiplicity Aufbau’s principle In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled inorder of their increasing energies. In other words, electronsfirst occupy the lowest energy orbital available to them andenter into higher energy orbitals only when the lower energyorbitals are filled. Their order of energy can be determined using (n+l) downloaded from padhleakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshay1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < Sp< 65 < Af < Sd < Op< 7s < Sf < 6d < Tp downloaded from padhleakshay.com Pauli’s exclusion principle According to this principle, in an atom, no two electrons have same value of all the four quantum numbers. In the same orbital, electron always accommodate in opposite spins. An orbital can have a maximum of two electrons, with opposite spin. Teligram/@padhlieakshay Total in Total in (mm, Subshel! subshell shell 2 0 “Oe : 2 0 0 -1 = 2 1 1 42 201 1-2 2 1 0 +” i 2. 6 2 1 0 -” A~ ia as Cae i 201 -1 -? Cn YouTube/@padhieakshay Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity * According to this rule, electrons are distributed among the orbital of a subshell in such a way so as to give the maximum number of unpaired electrons with a parallel spin.Filling Up of Electrons in 2p Orbitals ss 2p ty} its ty} its t ty} itt ty ut ty} [ts t} Lt] Lt thy ite} itd} ty Lt ty) ity} [ty) ty) Lt te) td) [tay [tay [te Ques:Show the distribution of electrons in oxygen atom (atomic number 8) using orbital diagram. The orbital diagram for oxygen atom is as follows: thts 112s i12p 11 2p 11 2p Finally, we add the remaining 4 electrons to the 2p orbitals. Each 2p orbital can hold. up to 2 electrons, so we add one electron to each of the three 2p orbitals, represented by arrows pointing in opposite directions. This leaves us with 2 electrons remaining, which we add to one of the 2p orbitals, represented by two arrows pointing in opposite directions. downloaded from padhleakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhleakshayThus, the orbital diagram for oxygen ator shows that the 8 electrons are distributed as follows: I] 1s 1) 2s 11 2p || 2p | 2p 1) 2p Ques:Caleulate the total number of angular nodes and radial nodes present in 3p orbital. The 3p orbital belongs to the p subshell, which has an angular momentum quantum number | =1, For 3p orbital, n = 3,l= 1 Number of angular nodes = 1=1 Number of radial nodes = n — | Ques:The electronic configuration of valence shell of Cu is 3d10 45 1 and not 39432. How is this configuration explained? Configuration with completely filled and half-filled orbitals have extra stability. In 34°4:', d-orbitals are completely filled and s-orbital is half- filled. Hence, it is a more stable configuration. Ques:The Balmer series in the hydrogen spectrum corresponds to the transition from nl=2 to n2= 3,4 number of line associated with the transition in Balmer series when the electron moves to n = 4 orbit. (RH = 109677 cm-1). This series lies in the visible region. Calculate the wave The wave number (wavenumber) is defined as the reciprocal of the wavelength of light. The wavelength of light emitted or absorbed during a transition in the hydrogen atom can be calculated using the Rydberg formula: WX = RH[(1/n1*2) - (1/n2*2)] where is the wavelength of light, RH is the Rydberg constant, and nt and n2 are the initial and final quantum numbers, respectively. downloaded from padhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhleakshaySo, we can substitute nl = 2 and n2 = 4 into the Rydberg formula and solve for the wavelength of light: A= RH[(V2" ) - (1/4° ) 7A = RH[(1/4) - (1/16)] V/A = RH[(3/16)] A = (16/3) * (1/RH) now, wavenumber = (1/A) = (RH / 16) * (3/1) * (1 cm*-1/ 10-7 m*-1) wavenumber = RH * (3/16) * (10°7 cm*-1) Substituting the given value of RH = 109677 cm*-1, we get: wavenumber = 109677 * (3/16) = 20458.14 cm*-1 Therefore, the wave number of the line associated with the transition from n=2to n= 4 in the Balmer series is approximately 20456.14 cm*-1. Ques:According to de Broglie, matter should exhibit dual behaviour, that is both particle and wave like properties. However, a cricket ball of mass 100 g does not move like a wave when it is thrown by a bowler at a speed of 100 km/h. Calculate the wavelength of the ball and explain why it does not show wave nature. According to de Broglie's hypothesis, all matter exhibits wave-like properties in addition to their particle-like properties. The wavelength of any matter particle is given by the de Broglie wavelength equation: eh/p where A is the wavelength, h is Planck's constant (6.626 x 10*-34 J.s), and p is the momentum of the particle v= (100 km/h) * (1000 m/km) * (1 h/3600 s) = 27.8 m/s p= m*v= (0.1 kg) * (27.8 m/s) = 2.78 kg.m/s Now, we can substitute these values into the de Broglie wavelength equation: A=h/p = (6.626 x 10*-34 J.s) / (2.78 kg-m/s) = 2.38 x 10*-34 m downloaded from padhleakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshayQues: An atom having atomic mass number 13 has 7 neutrons. What is the atomic number of the atom? Atomic mass number = A =13.n=7 AsA=n+pp=A—n=13-7-6 Hence Z= p=6 Ques: Which of the following statements concerning the quantum numbers are correct? (a) Angular quantum number determines the three dimensional shape of the orbital. (b) The principal quantum number determines the orientation and energy of the orbital. (c) Magnetic quantum number determines the size of the orbital. (d) Spin quantum number of an electron determines the orientation of the spin of electron relative to the chosen axis. (a, d) (a) Azimuthal quantum number | is also known as orbital angular momentum or subsidiary quantum number. It determines three- dimensional shape of the orbital. (b) The principal quantum number determines the size of the orbit. (c) Magnetic quantum number determines the orientation of the electron cloud in a subshell. (d) An electron spins around its own’ axis, much in a similar way as earth spins around its own axis while revolving around the sun. In other words, an electron has, besides charge and mass, intrinsic spin angular quantum number. * After studying from these notes NOTE : Worksheet (Important questions of alll typology with answers) is provided as a seperate PDF on website padhleakshay.com downloaded from padhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay = = a 2 = 8 = S = é = 2 = = = S =