Foundation Ace Booklet. Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT Lecture 1 - Variables and I/O Operations ] What Does Coding Mean Exactly? We are all familiar with computers and have been using them to do all sorts of things. You might be attending lectures, playing games and browsing the internet using your computer. You must have noticed that in certain things, computers are very fast and efficient. Such things include fast calculations, large data storage etc. On the other hand, there are a few things where computers are not yet good at, Things like understanding the context, learning things on their own etc. are rarely possible in computers. For now, most computers are good at doing only those things that they are told to do. Also, they need to be given very specific and precise instructions to make them do anything. They lack the common sense and intelligence to understand vague or incomplete instructions. So “Coding” is nothing but giving these specific and precise set of instructions to a computer 0 that it may do our bidding, Just like humans, computers can be taught to speak multiple languages. Some commonly used languages to communicate with computers are C/C++, Java, Python etc, While these are different languages and have different “syntax” (the way and structure to write commands) the underlying logic to communicate through all these languages remain the same. We shall be using “Python” as our language of coding in this course. But our aim is to focus more on the underlying logic of communication and not rote memorization of Python Commands, In fact, at the end of every lecture, we shall include a list of all new commands that you learnt with their usage, You will also be provided with such a list during the tests that would be conducted as well. So do not focus on memorising the commands that we see here. Instead, try to focus on the application part of those commands, | Python IDE by Python Anywhere IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment. This simply is a place where we write our codes, execute them and see the resultant output. For our course, to demonstrate all our codes, we shall be using a free online code editor by Python Anywhere. You may open the editor yourself by visiting the link given below or by scanning the QR code. A login id would be provided to each student to log into this site, Link: [Link] QR Code’ Glia " Ele | Variables Variable Types and Values Just like we assign @ name to certain values in Mathematics so that we may refer to those values conveniently in multiple places, in coding as well we can have variables with some values attached to them. Consider the line below: 40 students Now, this statement implies that you have created a new variable whose name is “student and the current value of this variable is 40. Variable names should not contain any space in them. To separate two words, an underscore character may be used. Thus apples, x, al and no_of students are all valid variable names while no of students cannot be a name of a variable. Broadly, in this course, we shall encounter 2 main types of variables. Variables with numeric values and variables with text values. In the above example, we have seen how to assign a numeric value to a variable. To assign a text value to any variable, the value needs to be enclosed in single or double quotes. Text values are also known as “strings” in coding. ;BRANCHES AT: AUNDH | CAMP | FO ROAD | DECCAN] PAUD ROAD [PCNG | VIMAN NAGAR | WANOWRIE PIMPLE SAUDAGAR | [Link] | HADAPSAR | SINHAGAD RO | SOLAPUR [NASHIKFoundation Acc Booklet. Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT Both the lines given below are valid ways to assign string values to variables: myName = “Ameya” yourName = ‘Vaibhav’ ‘The backslash character (\) has a special significance in strings. It may be used to denote ‘some special characters when followed by certain letters. A few cases are given below. ‘\n’ + Denotes a new line At — Denotes a tab (group of spaces) ‘AY’ — Denotes a backslash itself Example: print ("Name and Pin Code are...\nName: Ameya\tPin Code: 411038”) print(*Backslash: \\" Output: Name and Pin Code are. Pin Code: 411038 Operations on Variables Almost all mathematical operations that you know can be done with numeric variables in python. We shall be using the most common operations of addition (+), subtraction (-), muttiplication (*) and division(/) for numeric variables. For string variables, we can use the addition(+) operator as well. It simply combines the 2 strings into one string value. Example: sl = “Baklival” wrutorials” sl +" 482 Result: > “Bakliwal Tutorials” Note that you cannot add a string to a numeric variable directly. You need to convert them into the same type before using the “+” operator. You may use the str() function to convert numeric values to strings and int() or float() functions to convert the string values that look like numbers to integers or real numbers respectively. Consider a few examples below. Example: sl = “My age ” i-37 a= sltste ;BRANCHES AT: AUNDH | CAMP | FO ROAD | DECCAN] PAUD ROAD [PCNG | VIMAN NAGAR | WANOWRIE PIMPLE SAUDAGAR | [Link] | HADAPSAR | SINHAGAD RO | SOLAPUR [NASHIKFoundation Acc Booklet. Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT Result: = “My age is: 37” Example muni = 11" num2 = “12” print (Without Conversion:”) print (numl + aum2} print (*\nWith Conversion:”) print (int (numl) + int (num2)) Output: Without Conversion: m2 With Conversion: 2B | Taking User Input We can use the input() function to take some inputs from the person who is running the code. This function takes an input from the user when the code is run and gives that input value as output to be used in the code, Note that the value given as output is in the form of a string Example: s = input () Result: ‘ will be assigned whatever value the user inputs when the code is run. When a string is given as an input to this function, that string is first displayed on the screen and then user input is taken just like in the case of input() Example: 5 = inp) ” (“Enter your name: Result: “Enter your name:” will first be displayed on the sereen and then s will be assigned whatever value the user inputs when the code is run. ;BRANCHES AT: AUNDH | CAMP | FO ROAD | DECCAN] PAUD ROAD [PCNG | VIMAN NAGAR | WANOWRIE PIMPLE SAUDAGAR | [Link] | HADAPSAR | SINHAGAD RO | SOLAPUR [NASHIKFoundation Acc Booklet. Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT | Caesar Cipher Caesar Cipher is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques. It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. For example, with a right shift of 2, D would be replaced by F, E would become G, and so on. The method is named after Julius Caesar, Who used it in his private correspondence, In our lecture, we shall see how to write a code to encrypt a 4 lettered word using this cipher. | Lecture 1 Home Assignment 1. A list of all the codes that we discussed in lecture 1 will be shared with you. Go through all those codes and play around with them by making small and meaningful changes in them. 2. We have already seen how to encode a 4 letter word using Caesar Cipher. Write a code on your own to decrypt an already encoded 4 letter word, (Assume coding was done using the shift of 1) 3. Write a new code where you first take an input from the user for the amount of shift desired in the Caesar Cipher and then encode and decode 4 lettered words according to that shif. ] New Functions Covered in this Lecture print(x} This function takes one text or number as input and displays it on the screen. Example: print(*B? means Blissful Times’) Output: BT means Blissful Times ;BRANCHES AT: AUNDH | CAMP | FO ROAD | DECCAN] PAUD ROAD [PCNG | VIMAN NAGAR | WANOWRIE PIMPLE SAUDAGAR | [Link] | HADAPSAR | SINHAGAD RO | SOLAPUR [NASHIKBU Foundation Acc Booklet. Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT © str(num) This function takes a number as input and converts it to the corresponding string value and gives this string type variable as output Example: Result: s>*S" and NOT s t(str) This function takes a number in string format as input and converts it to the corresponding value in integer form and gives this integer type variable as output. Example: i= int (ss) Result: i= 5S and NOTi=*S". © float(str) This function takes a number in string format as input and converts it to the corresponding value in real number form and gives this real number type variable as output. Example: pi = float ("3.14159") Result: pi= 3.14159 and NOT pi =°3.14159", ¢ord(char) and chr(num! All the letter (character) values are stored as numbers in a computer. These functions help us convert these character values to the numbers and number values to characters. ord(char) function takes a character as an input and gives the corresponding number associated with it as output. chr(num) function takes a number as an input and gives the corresponding character associated with it as the output, Example: i = ord(“A”) ch = chr(66) ;BRANCHES AT: AUNDH | CAMP | FO ROAD | DECCAN] PAUD ROAD [PCNG | VIMAN NAGAR | WANOWRIE PIMPLE SAUDAGAR | [Link] | HADAPSAR | SINHAGAD RO | SOLAPUR [NASHIKFoundation Acc Booklet. Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT Result: i= 65 ch=“B put() This function takes an input from the user when the code is run and gives that input value as output to be used in the code, Note that the value given as output is in the form of a string. Example: Result: ' will be assigned whatever value the user inputs when the code is run. © input(str) When a string is given as an input to this function, that string is first displayed on the screen and then user input is taken just like in the case of input). Example: 3 = input (“E: inter your name:”) Result: “Enter your name:” will frst be displayed on the screen and then s will be assigned whatever value the user inputs when the code is run. ;BRANCHES AT: AUNDH | CAMP | FO ROAD | DECCAN] PAUD ROAD [PCNG | VIMAN NAGAR | WANOWRIE PIMPLE SAUDAGAR | [Link] | HADAPSAR | SINHAGAD RO | SOLAPUR [NASHIK 10