ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF 3.

Intra-European wars (late eighteenth

GLOBALIZATION to early nineteenth centuries)
4. Heyday of European imperialism
(mid-nineteenth century to 1918)
Hardwired
5. Post-World War II period
Nayan Chanda (2007), it is because of
our basic human need to make our lives 6. Post-Cold War period
better that make globalization possible.
Ancestors in Africa who walked out from
Events
the said continent in the late Ice Age.
Specific events are also considered as
led them to all-known continents today,
part of the fourth view in explaining the
roughly after 50,000 years.
origin of globalization.
Chanda (2007) mentioned that
Gibbon (1998)- Roman conquests
commerce, religion, politics, and warfare
centuries before Christ were its origin.
are the urges of people toward a better
life. magazine the Economist - rampage of
the armies of Genghis Khan into
Eastern Europe in the thirteenth
Four aspects of globalization: century.
trade, missionary work, adventures, Rosenthal (2007) voyages of discovery
and conquest. Christopher Columbus’s discovery of
America in 1492, Vasco da Cama in
Cape of Good Hope in 1498
Cycles
Ferdinand Magellan’s
globalization is a long-term cyclical circumnavigation of the globe in 1522.
process
specific technological advances in
Scholte, 2005- point of globalization will transportation and communication.
soon disappear and reappear.
transatlantic telephone cable (1956)
Epoch
transatlantic television broadcasts
Ritzer (2015) cited Therborn’s (2000) (1962)
six great epochs of globalization
modern Internet in 1988
1. Globalization of religion (fourth to
terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers
seventh centuries)
in New York (2011).
2. European colonial conquests (late
fifteenth century)
Broader, More Recent Changes as “pull” factors (work available
elsewhere).
Migration is traditionally governed
broad changes happened in the last
either by “push” factors such as
half of the twentieth century.
political persecution, economic
depression, war and famine in the
home country or by “pull” factors such
1. The emergence of the United States
as favorable immigration policy, a labor
as the global power (post World War II)
shortage
2. The emergence of the multinational
corporations (MNCs)
Global factors, which facilitate easy
3. The demise of the Soviet Union and
access to information
the end of the Cold War
fence is being constructed on the US-
Mexico border to control this flow of
Global Migration people
locking in” people who might otherwise
have left the country.
Vagabonds (Ritzer, 2015, p.179). They
are not faring well in their home diaspora” has been increasingly used
countries and are forced to move in the to describe migrant communities
hope that their circumstances will
Paul Gilroys (1993) conceptualization of
improve.
the diaspora as a transnational
Tourists, on the other hand, are on the process
move because they want to be and
virtual diasporas” (Laguerre, 2002)
because they can afford it.
which utilize technology such as the
Refugees are vagabonds forced to flee Internet to maintain the community
their homes countries due to safety network.
concerns (Haddad, 2003).
Asylum seekers are refugees who
seek to remain in the country to which
they flee.
Kritz (2008), those who migrate to find
work are involved in labor migration.
Labor migration is driven by “push”
factors (e.g. lack of employment
opportunities in home countries), as well
The United Nation (UN) tried to address Technology spread:
the different problems in the world. Their
- Sharing and adoption of
efforts were guided by the eight
Technological advancements
Millennium Development Goals, which
throughout the world.
they created in the 1990s.

CROSS-BORDER TRADE:Exchange of
 the eradication of extreme
goods and services between different
poverty and hunger
countries.
 achieving universal primary
education TECHNOLOGY SPREAD:Sharing and
 promoting gender equality adoption of technological advancements
and women empowerment throughout the world.
 reducing child mortality Trade Liberalization - Government
 improving maternal health intervention to promote domestic
 combating diseases like production.
HIV /AIDS and malaria
Quotas: Limiting the amount of imports
 ensuring environmental
to protect domestic industries
sustainability
 having a global partnership for Tariffs: Taxes on imports to make them
development more expensive than domestic good.
In the Philippines, a person is officially Protectionism - Free movement of
living in poverty if he makes less than goods and services with minimal
110,534 pesos a year, around 275 government intervention.
pesos a day. This is called the poverty
Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) -
line or poverty threshold.
Agreements between countries to
climate change - threat to these eliminate or reduce tariffs and other
improvements in global poverty. barriers to trade.
Economic Globalization? Impact of Technology
- Increasing interdependence of • Technological advancements
world economies through cross- (transportation & communication)
border trade, capital flow, and facilitate global trade:
technology spread.
Reduced transportation costs:
CAPITAL FLOW:
• More efficient shipping and logistics
- Movement of investments and enable faster and cheaper movement of
financial resources across goods
borders.
Enhanced communication: Fair trade aims to address inequities.
• Information technology platforms Better prices for producers: Ensures
connect businesses and consumers farmers and workers receive fair
across borders, fostering international compensation for their products.
trade transactions.

Environmentally sound practices:

Banking & payment access: Financial Promotes sustainable farming methods
inclusion promotes economic and protects the environment.
participation and trade opportunities.
Safe working conditions: Upholds labor
Education & information access: rights and ensures safe
• Enables knowledge sharing and skill Global trade has significant downsides,
development, enhancing export o particularly its impact on sustainability.
potential. Sustainable development seeks to strike
a balance between economic growth
Improved agricultural practices: • Access
and preserving the earth’s resources for
to information and technology improves
future generations. The relationship
efficiency and productivity in agriculture,
between globalization and sustainability
contributing to global food security.
encompasses economic, political, and
Increased export opportunities: Access technological dimensions, presenting
to larger markets and higher revenue both opportunities and challenges.
potential.
Foreign investment: Inflow of capital
Efficienc: The cycle of efficiency brought
fuels economic growth and
on by economic development harms the
development.
planet through increased carbon
Job creation: Export-oriented industries emissions, destruction of marine
generate employment opportunities. biodiversity, and deforestation.

Challenges for developing countries:

Unequal competition: Difficulty The growing global
competing with established economies.
Economy has led to a surge in demands
Exploitation of labor and resources: Risk for consumer goods, further straining
of unfair labor practices and the environment.
environmental degradation.
Vulnerability to economic shocks:
Dependence on global markets can
magnify external economic fluctuations.
Impact of Industrial Revolution
The industrial revolution accelerated Global Approach to Environmental
economic development, leading to Issues
environmental damage such
Need for a Holistic View -
Addressing environmental issues
requires a global perspective to avoid
As deforestation, pollution. And climate
overlooking impacts in certain regions
change. The increasing production of and to focus on the root causes of
goods poses a threat to the planet’s problems such as global warming.
delicate ecological balance.
Technological Fixes - IInstead of
addressing the causes of global
Environmentalists’ View warming, some interest exists in
“technological fixes” like
Environmentalists prioritize geoengineering, signaling a shift toward
environmental innovative solutions for environmental
preservation.

Issues over economic concerns and FOOD SECURITY - The demand for
emphasize the environmental damage food will be 60% greater than it is today
associated with free trade. and the challenge of food security
requires the world to feed 9 billion
Neoliberal Perspective - Neoliberals people by 2050 (Breene,2016)
perceive environmentalist efforts as
hindrances to trade expansion,
emphasizing the importance of GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY - Global
economic growth. However, some seek food security means delivering sufficient
food to the entire world population.
to integrate ecological modernization
theory into globalization processes for Major environmental problem
environmental protection and destruction of natural habitats,
enhancement. particularly through deforestation
(Diamond, 2006).
Challenges in Climate Change Action Industrial fishing has contributed to a
Efforts to address climate change face Significant destruction of marine life and
resistance from governments and ecosystems (Goldburg, 2008)
corporations, hindering the
implementation of measures like Another Significant environmental
“carbon tax” and finding alternatives to challenge is that of the decline in the
fossil fuels. Corporate momentum is availability of fresh water (Conca, 2006).
gradually building to address
environmental issues.
 Input 2: Economic Globalization,
(RITZER, 2015) The poorest areas of Poverty, and Inequality
the globe experience a disproportionate
share of water-related problems. The The Swedish statistician Hans
problem is further intensified by the Rosling - globalization deficiency.
consumption of “virtual water,” wherein
people inadvertently use up water from Economic and trade globalization
elsewhere in the world through the
is the result of companies trying to
consumption of water-intensive
outmaneuver their competitors.
products.

The destruction of the water ecosy”tem cheapest sources of leather, dye,

may lead to the creation of “climate rubber, and of course, labor. labor-
refugees, people who are forced to intensive products like shoes -
migrate due to lack of access to water or produced in countries with the lowest
due to flooding” (Ritzer, 2015) wages and the weakest regulations.

Pollution through toxic chemicals has winners - corporations and their

had a long-term impact on the stockholders who earn more profit. -
environment. The use of persistent consumers who get products at a
organic pollutants (POPs) has led to cheaper price.
significant industrial pollution (Dinham,
2007) losers - are high wageworkers
Greenhouse gases, gases that trap
multiplier effect - increase in one
sunlight and heat in the earth’s
atmosphere, contribute greatly to global economic activity.
warming. In turn, this process causes
the melting of land-based and glacial ice economist Paul Krugman -
with potentially catastrophic effects Bangladeshi apparel industry
(Revkin, 2008)
Opponents of economic
Ultimately, global Warming poses a globalization - outsourcing of jobs as
threat to the global supply of food as exploitation and oppression, a form of
well as to human health (Brown, 2007). economic colonialism that puts profits
before people.
There are different models and agenda
pushed by different organizations to A few call for protectionist policies
address the issue of global food like higher tariffs and limitations on
security. One of this is through
outsourcing. Others focus on the
sustainability.
foreign workers themselves by
demanding they receive higher wages
and more protection. Some developing
countries have no minimum wage laws.
They do not have regulations that
provide safe working conditions or when it works, allows people to
protect the environment. Although nearly improve their lives by participating in
every country bans child labor, those the economy on their own terms.
laws are not always enforced.
Globalization and inequality are closely
public awareness is growing related. Different nations are divided
along with the pressure from the between the north and the south
international community to take steps to developed and less developed, and
protect workers. For example, the the core and the periphery.
United States produces an annual
publication called the list of goods two main types of economic
produced by child labor or forced labor. inequality: wealth inequality and
If a company is buying products from income inequality. Wealth refers to the
that list, they are likely to be blasted by net worth of a country.
officials and the media. So, awareness
is the first step to improvement. The wealth inequality speaks about
second step comes from those that distribution of assets.
support globalization.
Branko Milanovic (2011) - global
One of the best ways to help those in inequality, explained all this by
extreme poverty is to enable them to describing n “economic big bang”
participate in the economy. This applies wherein the Industrial Revolution caused
to developing countries in the global the differences among countries.
marketplace and to individuals at the Through this “explosion” of industry and
local level. A perfect example is modern technology, some nations
microcredit. became economically developed while
others were developing. Ultimately, the
In 2006, a Bangladesh professor result is the economic gap among
named Muhammad Yunus won the countries.
Nobel Peace Prize for implementing a
simple idea. He gave small loans, on Although it is the Industrial
average around $100 to low-income Revolution that allowed significant
people in rural areas. inequality in the past, economic
globalization and international trade
microcredit is not going to solve the are the forces responsible in today’s
problem of extreme poverty but it global income inequality.
supports the idea that enabling people
to participate in the economy can make Richard Freeman - the poor are
their lives better. doing a little better and the rich are
becoming richer due to global
Yunus (2012) explained, “In my capitalism.
experience, poor people are the world’s
greatest entrepreneurs.Microcredit,
 Access to technology - First World countries, such as
contributed to worldwide income the United States, Canada, Western
inequality. Europe, and developed parts of Asia are
regarded as the “Global North,”

“Global South” includes the

Caribbean, Latin America, South
In modernized economies, jobs America, Africa, and parts of Asia. These
are more technology-based, generally countries were used to be called as the
requiring new skills. This is what Third World during the Cold War
economists referred to as skill-based (Reuveny & Thompson, 2007).
technological change.
The terms “Global North” and
“Global South” are a way for countries
in the South to make a stand about the
common issues, problems, and even
The Third World and the Global South
causes in order to have equality all
throughout the world.
Western capitalist countries were
labeled as the “First World.”
These distinctions point largely to
racial in equality, specifically between
The Soviet Union and its allies were
the Black and the White.
termed the “Second World.” – ended
after the cold war 2.
According to Ritzer (2015), “At
the global level, whites are
Everyone else was grouped into “Third
disproportionately in the dominant North,
World.”
while blacks are primarily in the south;
There are more than 100 although this is changing with South-to-
countries that fit the label of “Third North migration
World,”
the relations of agricultural
Gross Domestic Product
production have been altered due to
(GDP), which measures the total output
the rise of global agribusiness and
of a country
factory farms (McMichael, 2007)
Gross National Income (GNI),
which measures GDP per capita (World
Schlosser (2005) pointed out
Bank, n.d.)
that as commercial agriculture replaces
local provisioning, the relations of social
A new and simpler classification,
production are also altered.
North-South, was created as Second
World countries joined either the First Sassen (1991) - describe the
World or the Third World. three urban centers of New York,
London, and Tokyo as economic centers
that exert control over the world’s The Protestant Reformation primed
political economy. Europe to take on a progress-oriented
way of life in which financial success
Bauman (2003) claimed that they was a sign of personal virtue.
are also the most severely affected by Individualism replace communalism.
global problems. This is the perfect breeding ground for
modernization.

American economist Walt Rostow -

Input 3: Theories of Global modernization in the West took place,
Stratification as it always tends to, in four stages.

modernization theory - frames global second stage--- the take-off stage.

stratification as a function of People begin to use their individual
technological and cultural talents to produce things beyond the
differences between nations. necessities. This innovation creates new
The firs event is known as the markets for trade. In turn, greater
Columbian Exchange - refers to the individualism takes hold and social
spread of goods, technology, education, status is more closely linked with
and diseases between the Americas material wealth.
and Europe after
technological maturity, in which
Christopher Columbus’s so-called technological growth of the earlier
“discovery of the Americas.” This periods begins to bear fruit in the form of
exchange worked out well for the population growth, reductions in
European countries. They gained absolute poverty levels, and more
agricultural staples, like potatoes and diverse job opportunities.
tomatoes, which contributed to
population growth and provided The last stage is known as high mass
opportunities for trade, while also consumption. It is when your country is
strengthening the power of the big enough that production becomes
merchant class. more about wants than needs.

The second historical event is the Modernization theory, in general,

Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth argues that if you invest capital in better
and nineteenth centuries. This is when technologies, they will eventually raise
new technologies, like steam power production enough that there will be
and mechanization, allowed countries to more wealth to go around and overall
replace human labor with machines and well-being will go up.
increase productivity.

Modernization theory rests on

the idea that affluence could be Starting in the 1500s, European
attained by anyone. explorers spread throughout the
Americas, Africa, Asia, claiming lands
for Europe. At one point, the British
Empire covered about one-fourth of the liberal trade causes greater
world. The United States, which began impoverishment, not economic
as colonies, soon sprawled out through improvement, to less developed
the North America and took control of countries (Toye, 2003). Trade
Haiti, Puerto Rico, Guam, the protectionism through import
Philippines, the Hawaiian Islands, and substitution is the key to self-sustaining
parts of Panama and Cuba. With path to development, not liberal trade or
colonialism came the exploitation of export. In other words, rather than on
both natural and human resources. focusing on what poor countries are
doing wrong, dependency theory
The transatlantic slave trade followed focuses on how poor countries have
a triangular route between Africa, the been wronged by richer nations. It
American and Caribbean colonies, and further argues that the prospects of both
Europe. Guns and factory-made wealthy and poor countries are
goods were sent to Africa in exchange inextricably linked. In addition, it argues
for slaves, who were sent to the that in a world of finite resources, we
colonies to produce goods like cotton cannot understand why rich nations are
and tobacco, which were then sent back rich without realizing that those riches
to Europe. As the slave trade died down came at the expense of another country
in the mid-nineteenth century, the being poor. In this view, global
point of colonialism came to be less stratification starts with colonialism.
about human resources and more about
natural resources. However, the colonial Dependency theory was initially
model kept going strong. In 1870, only developed by Hans Singer and Raul
10% of Africa was colonized. By 1940, Prebisch in the 1950s and has been
only Ethiopia and Liberia were not improved since then. The two main sub-
colonized. Under colonial regimes, theories are the North American Neo-
European countries took control of land Marxist approach and the Latin
and raw materials to funnel wealth back American structuralist approach
to the West. Most colonies lasted until (Sanchez, 2014). The terms “core
the 1960s and the last British colony, nations” and “peripheral nations” are at
Hongkong, was finally granted the heart of dependency theory.
independence in 1997. Peripheral Nations are countries that are
less developed and receive an unequal
Latin American scholars, however, are distribution of the world’s wealth. Core
critical of that answer and are intrigued countries, on the other hand, are more
by their region’s underdevelopment, industrialized nations who receive the
(Sanchez, 2014). Dependency theory majority of the world’s wealth.
was a product of this experience.
Dependency is the condition in which Dependency theorists saw that
the development of the nation-state of the development of peripheral nations is
the South contributed to a decline in stagnant because of the exploitative
their interdependence and to an nature of the core nations (Ferraro,
increase in economic development of 2008). Less developed periphery
the countries of the North (Cardoso and countries are said to primarily serve the
Felato,1979). In addition, it argues that interests of the wealthier countries and
end up having little to no resources to Latin American underdevelopment was
put toward their own development. The the “excessive” reliance on exports of
theory points out that the economies of primary commodities, which were the
periphery countries rely on manual labor object of fluctuating prices in the short
and to the export of raw materials to term and a downward trend in relative
core nations. The core countries then value in the long haul.
process these raw materials and sell
them at a much higher price. Some of The idea of dependence refers
these manufactured goods go right back to the conditions under which alone the
to the periphery countries from which economic and political system can exist
the raw materials came. Periphery and function in its connections with the
nations end up spending more money word productive structure” (p. 18).
on the processed goods. Their small
economies may also rely on core
nations for medical and nutritional aid.
The dependency theory describes a
vicious cycle that enforces a hierarchy
of nations across the globe. Some
countries were not developing around
the world because the international
system was actually preventing them
from doing so.

Andre Gunder Frank (1969)

espoused the North American Neo-
Marxist approach. He contended the
idea that less developed countries
would develop by following the path
taken by the developed countries.
Developed countries were undeveloped
in the beginning but not
underdeveloped. This means that the
path taken by the developed countries
does not guarantee the same fate for
the underdeveloped countries. Frank
also rejected the idea that internal
sources cause a country’s
underdevelopment; rather, it is their
dependency to capitalist system that
causes lack of development.

A less radical theory, the

structuralist approach, was developed
mainly by Latin American scientists.
Palma (1978) noted that the chief
among the arguments accounting for