VECTOR SPACE

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mathematics
LINEAR TRANSFORMATION

Liner Transformation
Let U and V are vector spaces over the field F . A function T :U  V is called a
linear transformation of U intoV if  i  T      T    T   
 ii  T  c   cT   for  ,  U & c  F

Problems: Verify whether the following transformations are liner transformations

1) If T : R 2  R 2 defined by T  x, y    2 x ,3x  y  .
. Solution:
 
Let    x1 , y1  ,    x2 , y2   R 2       x1  x2 , y1  y2 
 
 x y 
T    T  x1 , y1    2 x1 ,3 x1  y1  , T     T  x2 , y2    2 x2 ,3x2  y2 
 T    T      2 x1  2 x2 ,3 x1  y1  3 x2  y2 
Consider T       2 x ,3 x  y 
  2  x1  x2  ,3  x1  x2    y1  y2  
  2 x1  2 x2 ,3 x1  3 x2  y1  y2 
T       T    T   
Consider T  c   T  cx1 , cy1 
  2cx1 ,3cx1  cy1 
 c  2 x1 ,3 x1  y1 
T  c   cT  
 Tis a linear transformation.

GNANESHWARI P. DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, B.I.T

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 VECTOR SPACE

2) If T : R 3  R 3 defined by T  x, y, z    x  y , x  y,2 x  z  .
. Solution:

 
Let    x1 , y1 , z1  ,    x2 , y2 , z2   R 3       x1  x2 , y1  y2 , z1  z2 
 
 x y z 
T    T  x1 , y1 , z1    x1  y1 , x1  y1 ,2 x1  z1 
T     T  x2 , y2    x2  y2 , x2  y2 ,2 x2  z2 
 T    T      x1  y1 , x1  y1 ,2 x1  z1    x2  y2 , x2  y2 ,2 x2  z2 
  x1  y1  x2  y2 , x1  y1  x2  y2 ,2 x1  z1  2 x2  z2  1
Consider T       x  y , x  y,2 x  z 
  x1  x2  y1  y2 , x1  x2   y1  y2  ,2  x1  x2    z1  z2  
  x1  x2  y1  y2 , x1  x2  y1  y2 ,2 x1  2 x2  z1  z2 
T      T    T     From eq 1 
Consider T  c   T  cx1 , cy1 , cz1 
  cx1  cy1 , cx1  cy1 ,2cx1  cz1 
 c  x1  y1 , x1  y1 ,2 x1  z1 
T  c   cT  
 Tis a linear transformation.

3) If T : R 3  R 2 defined by T  x, y, z    2 x  y ,3 y  4 z  .
Solution:
 
Let    x1 , y1 , z1  ,    x2 , y2 , z2   R       x1  x2 , y1  y2 , z1  z2 
3

 
 x y z 
T    T  x1 , y1 , z1    2 x1  y1 ,3 y1  4 z1 
T     T  x2 , y2 , z2    2 x2  y2 ,3 y2  4 z2 

GNANESHWARI P. DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, B.I.T

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 VECTOR SPACE

 T    T      2 x1  y1 ,3 y1  4 z1    2 x2  y2 ,3 y2  4 z2 
  2 x1  y1  2 x2  y2 ,3 y1  4 z1  3 y2  4 z2  1
Consider T       2 x  y ,3 y  4 z 
  2  x1  x2   y1  y2 ,3  y1  y2   4  z1  z2  
  2 x1  2 x2  y1  y2 ,3 y1  3 y2  4 z1  4 z2 
T      T    T     From eq 1 
Consider T  c   T  cx1 , cy1 , cz1 
  2cx1  cy1 ,3cy1  4cz1 
 c  2 x1  y1 ,3 y1  4 z1 
T  c   cT  
 Tisa linear transformation.

4) If T : R  R3 defined by T  x    x, x 2 , x 3  .

Solution:
 
Let    x1  ,    x2   R       x1  x2 
 
 x 
T    T  x1    x1 , x12 , x13 
T     T  x2    x2 , x2 2 , x2 3 

 T    T      x1 , x12 , x13    x2 , x2 2 , x2 3 
  x1  x2 , x12  x2 2 , x13  x23  1
Consider T       x, x 2 , x 3 
  x  x , x  x  , x  x  
1 2 1 2
2
1 2
3

  x1  x2 , x12  x2 2  2 x1 x2 , x13  x2 3  3x12 x2  3x1 x2 2 

T      T    T     From eq 1 
 Tis not a linear transformation.

GNANESHWARI P. DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, B.I.T

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 VECTOR SPACE

5) If T : R 2  R3 defined by T  x, y    x 2 ,2 y, x  y  .

Solution:
 
Let    x1 , y1  ,    x2 , y2   R      x1  x2 , y1  y2 
2

 
 x y 
T    T  x1 , y1    x12 , 2 y1 , x1  y1 
T     T  x2 , y2    x2 2 , 2 y2 , x2  y2 

 T    T      x12 ,2 y1 , x1  y1    x2 2 ,2 y2 , x2  y2 
  x12  x2 2 ,2 y1  2 y2 , x1  y1  x2  y2  1
Consider T       x 2 ,2 y, x  y 
  x  x  ,2  y  y  , x  x  y  y 
1 2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2

  x12  x2 2  2 x1 x2 ,2 y1  2 y2 , x1  x2  y1  y2 
T      T    T     From eq 1 
 Tis not a linear transformation.

6) If T : R3  R 2 defined by T  x, y, z    x , y  z  .
. Solution:
 
Let    x1 , y1 , z1  ,    x2 , y2 , z2   R      x1  x2 , y1  y2 , z1  z2 
3

 
 x y z 
T    T  x1 , y1 , z1    x1 , y1  z1  ,T     T  x2 , y2 , z2    x2 , y2  z2 

 T    T      x1  x2 , y1  z1  y2  z2  1
Consider T       x , y  z 

  x1  x2 , y1  y2  z1  z2 
  x1  x1 , y1  y2  z1  z2   x1  x2  x1  x1 

GNANESHWARI P. DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, B.I.T

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 VECTOR SPACE

 T       T    T   
 Tis not a linear transformation.

7) If D :U  V dwhere U & V are vector spaces of polynomial over the real field R.
df
D is the differential operator D  f   .Show that D is alinear transformation.
dx

Solution:
Let  ,  U
d d
D    , D  
dx dx
d d 
 D    D      1
dx dx
d
Consider D         
dx
d d 
 
dx dx
D      D    D     From eq 1 
d
Consider D  c    c 
dx
d
c
dx
D  c   cD  
 D is a linear transformation.

8) If I :U  V where U & V are vector spaces of polynomial over the real field R.
I is the integral operator I  f    f dx .Show that I isalinear transformation.

Solution:
Let  ,  U
I      dx , I       dx
 I    I       dx    dx 1

GNANESHWARI P. DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, B.I.T

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 VECTOR SPACE

Consider I           dx

   dx    dx
I      I    I     From eq 1 
Consider I  c     c  dx

 c   dx
I  c   cI  
 I is a linear transformation.

9) T : P2  P1 defined byT  ax 2  bx  c    a  b  x  c where P2 is set of all

polynomials of degree  [Link] P1 is set of all polynomials of degree 1.
Solution:
Let   a1 x 2  b1 x  c1 ,   a2 x 2  b2 x  c2  P2
      a1  a2  x 2   b1  b2  x   c1  c2 
T    T  a1 x 2  b1 x  c1    a1  b1  x  c1
& T     T  a2 x 2  b2 x  c2    a2  b2  x  c2
T    T      a1  b1  a2  b2  x  c1  c2 1
Consider T      T   a1  a2  x 2   b1  b2  x   c1  c2  
  a1  a2  b1  b2  x  c1  c2
T      T    T     From eq 1 
 T is a linear transformation.

Show that T : R 2  R 2 defined by T  x, y    3x , x  y  isa linear transformation.

10)
Find the image of the vectors 1,3 &  -1,2  under this transformation
.
. Solution:

GNANESHWARI P. DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, B.I.T

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 VECTOR SPACE

 
Let    x1 , y1  ,    x2 , y2   R       x1  x2 , y1  y2 
2

 
 x y 
T    T  x1 , y1    3x1 , x1  y1  ,T     T  x2 , y2    3x2 , x2  y2 
 T    T      3x1  3x2 , x1  y1  x2  y2  1
Consider T       3x , x  y 

  3 x1  x2  , x1  x2  y1  y2 
  3x1  3x2 , x1  x2  y1  y2 

T      T    T     From eq 1 

Consider T  c   T  cx1 , cy1 

  3cx1 , cx1  cy1 
 c  3 x1 , x1  y1 
T  c   cT  
 Tisa linear transformation.
To find the image of the vectors from the given transformation
T  x, y    3 x , x  y 
 T 1,3   3 1 ,1  3   3,4 
& T  1,2    3  1 , 1  2    3,1

GNANESHWARI P. DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, B.I.T

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 VECTOR SPACE

Type – II : Finding the Linear Trasformation

Working Rule
If T :U  V is a linear transformation  T 1  =1 ,T  2  = 2 , T  n  = n
Step 1: Consider  U as a liner combination of 1 ,1 , ,n
i.e.,   c11  c22   cnn
Step 2: Find c1 , c2 , , cn
Step 3: Consider T   = c1T 1   c 2T  2    c nT   n 
Step 4: By substituting T 1   1 ,T  2    2 , , T  n    n
find the required linear transformation T   .

Problems:

1) Find the linear transformation T :V2  R   V3  R   T 1,1   0,1,2 

& T  1,1   2,1,0  .
. Solution:
Let 1  1,1 , 2   1,1
Consider    x, y  V2  R  as linear combination of 1 &  2
  c11  c2 2
 x, y   c 1,1  c  1,1 1
1 2

  c , c    c , c 
1 1 2 2

 x, y    c  c , c  c 
1 2 1 2

 c1  c2  x
& c1  c2  y
Bysolving theaboveequations
x y yx
c1  & c2 
2 2

GNANESHWARI P. DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, B.I.T

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 VECTOR SPACE

Bysubstituting in 1
x y yx
 x, y  
1,1   1,1
2 2
x y yx
 T  x, y   T 1,1  T  1,1
2 2
x y yx
 T  x, y    0,1,2    2,1,0 
2 2
 x y   yx 
  0, , x  y    y  x, ,0 
 2   2 
 T  x, y    y  x, y , x  y 

2) Find the linear transformation T :V3  R   V2  R   T 1,1,1   2,2  ,

T 1,1,0    2,1 & T 1,2, 1   3,1 .
. Solution:
Let 1  1,1,1 , 2  1,1,0  , 3  1,2, 1
Consider    x, y, z  V3  R  as linear combination of 1 , 2 & 3
  c11  c2 2  c3 3
 x, y, z   c 1,1,1  c 1,1,0   c 1,2, 1 1
1 2 3

  c , c , c    c , c ,0    c ,2c , c 
1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3

 x, y, z    c  c  c , c  c  2c , c  c 
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 3

 c  c  c  x  2
1 2 3

1
c  c  2c  y  3
2 3

& c 1
 c  z  4 3

 2    3  c  x  y  c   x  y
3 3

 4  c  x  y  z 1

 2  c  3x  2 y  z 2

Bysubstitutingin Eq 1
 x, y, z     x  y  z 1,1,1   3x  2 y  z 1,1,0     x  y 1,2, 1

GNANESHWARI P. DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, B.I.T

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 VECTOR SPACE

T  x, y, z     x  y  z T 1,1,1   3x  2 y  z T 1,1,0     x  y T 1,2, 1

T  x, y, z     x  y  z  2,2    3x  2 y  z  2,1    x  y  3,1
T  x, y, z    2 x  2 y  2 z , 2 x  2 y  2 z    6 x  4 y  2 z,3 x  2 y  z 
  3x  3 y,  x  y 
T  x, y , z    x  y , y  z 

3) Find the linear transformation T : P2  P3  T 1  1, T  t   t 2 , T  t 2   t 3  1

where Pn is vector spaceof polynomialof order  n. .
. Solution:
Let 1 1, 2  t , 3  t 2
Consider   at 2  bt  c  P2 as linear combination of 1 , 2 & 3
  c11  c2 2  c3 3
at 2  bt  c  c1 1  c2  t   c3  t 2  1
at 2  bt  c  c1  c2t  c3t 2
Bycomparing thecoefficients of
t 2 : c3  a
t : c2  b
Constant : c1  c
Substituting in 1
at 2  bt  c  c 1  b  t   a  t 2 
 T  at 2  bt  c   cT 1  bT  t   aT  t 2 
  c 1  b  t 2   a  t 3  1
 T  at 2  bt  c   at 3  bt 2  a  c

GNANESHWARI P. DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, B.I.T

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