Peiodic Table

peuedic talhle ithe cangement

VutrCc goup and
Omd
cul knoon elements in
h a the elemend with
hosuental HouOs
chenmia LopASutTs
Stmilo phyatcal
Oe plaCec in Same uou
heCencept
I n 1929 Dobe.stnit intudusethe
3 Simlan
iecls which man a set
lement
tsuad.
E Na, K fostm 9ne
the meon &
Atomic w h t N a . ta neas
he tmiweiht an K. 23
Ca,Ca,S7,Ba Ond cl, B1,I.
n 1864 John A.R Nuoloanos gaw Cencpt
Acovding to this louu,
L aw coctav"
element stcaungvem a iven elemant
thegh
tASimilOst in ppovlu
to hesat ohun
uwhan
in h in crtaung
heglement cune adanged
0de f atomi c weighta
An Na, Mg Al, Si,0.S, c
exLi, Be, 8, c, N, 0, f.
CEa +sue lyfor pto ColciumJJ
 lee f » Potodic kau dn
In 18c1
1961
Mende
he
Mend elk, ,
ave a loo,"c Stafes +ha phyaito Cnd
Chtmicasppecthes t h e C
element
Puddec unton of thu ctmic twa.
he
He oonged the elemend increoNng
ofthaiH atomic aihd in he onym ef a tasle
knouon euy mndal eef (Pouodlc Takle, ddeoking
9oup Ondl Pauods
he elkmendi into

Modan guodi c Law

dn 1912, MeAky ropoAe neden puuodtt
The hyaica chumica ty
element oe puiocic foncêeni t hha
au
atomic umb .

Extended (oR) JLong forn of Pexiocdic ouble

The elemes ae asonged in he inerauing

ordu han atomic numheus.

The euodc tuble n its CUsent

Kncuon he modsstn piodictalole

.

ou

n a d e up qf 18 s ca coum4 mop)
4houigewd xou CPoiod)
This tahle eltsuwd rem the 0uinal mandeleet
taleby meuly edtneding ea.ch f th leng peuid
and Fpuuatinthe
N &ulg-roupA by buokd
Ah puiods. Hente he mam xtended
Om o dic tuble.
Dens ostton he engoum P.T
Len otm of he peu'ccctahle heu
The en
The
the 9allowtng poutens.

1The + Potien Thia pasudeen hou the elkmeniy

elemenM ag
D pA TA and A . Thu
o
smelelecdsuopoalfe'e tn c h a a c .

a.The Right Posen: ThiA postens COnita

the elemena of9oup T A, IVA, VA , VIA , VI!A

andd O .
Th gotien hou metal, , a muouleteds Such
OLA Gae,As. Se, S , Te nen-mdak & noble gaes.

posuden Cenua
3. The Mfddle Potten: Th
he elementA stoups I1B, v8, v8, vIg,
V

VII8VillT8 Cund 118 . Elemun plEnt in

Thu' putien Con be clauiRed into two s0yp%.

Tatanuttera Elemends Thijt elemends

Ge dividacl into fow Seeiu
taniten SeeA -3d Seues
CSc to Z)
a Piut Sds (y to c)
tranutenS e a t s -4d
b) Secend
b)
 cThid t a n i t e n Sesu - 5 d Sesde (o t l

tsantitten Soue CSu

Stode CA
6d
d fowrth
nCerl
iJnn Tranuten Elemen
Thae tnnon
elemend ha been s9Lopeal nto two g
onthanides Thee Ce 14
4 in ol

AU thue elemind hawe e

Ce ss
Cegs to u
placsd a a Sepasode place ot the bottem et the
plaeed
peiodic twhle.

1) Actinide: Thut at alko l4 in all

em
Tha to .(Thye elemendia
uo 03. ae ao the
memhu ). Thye glementy C aid g

a Sepasode glaoe athe ottem h e pouodic

ole
the pisiode able Ceme
Pesiocdg: keng fem of
siod.
u t ouod Cemtadn a elements - H cwnd He
Secend uod Cendauin 8elementa a Ne

Thinduutod Centain elementi -

Na to AM
Centeùn 18 elkment K to k
founth puod
Centun 18 elenmenta Rb to Xe
ftth puod Ce to Ra
Sinth peudd Centain 3a elemert
Seventh p d Cendan tnC&mplete Sow fto-
 up of ed a emurdi,
(Dfiat pouod: t node
helium
MAme.H an he noble, gas
Siuioor to o e
Thepooguda, o hy dougen Me

I.
tn Guto
alkal? metuh ,to place
Helum ta a tup?cal noble o
and halst
balbvg

Cendadn 8etemens
&) Secendpuod :
kal mutal
4 S e a with thium,
an

elumena elaced tn Succeelig

GTrou . The'othus
0,f ond NeC, N,
8 op o1e:Be , 8, ako end
o netle go. Thu , 4hlo ubd
toHh a nole cu plaCecl fn Girou'0.

which e9tns wth Socltum

Thind podod
Centains 8elemenhs
alyo
Na, Mg ,AR, St , O, s, el .and the noblegoy
8ngen (A«)
Sen elamenby oe placed in oupl
The fisu
to Vu ewle asgen placed i Group .
ke he fts two Puuoc, algo
Thi pedod ,

Enl with a nrble gas

) Founth Poiod bin

weth cn alkal: masal,5.
Thd pesutod Cench o
18 elements fem
potcutiu (k=19) to the nobk a , Kr(z-36).
k, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, C%, Mn, te ,Co, Ni, Cu, Z,
Gna, Ge, As, Se, 8, kr.
 18 clumerds belamgtng to
he the
Thus tht
e lemenbu , y,
namely, K
k, Ca
co
Ca
o t hpuutod, aRe Saud to be
ks
Ge, As Se, B
,
,

epstntatim elumendA.

0 elemtnts frero Sc to
The emoinin
ane Called antitden elkmenth.
iaScud. +o be he
The foustn puiod
n a t eng Piod.

5)Fth iod ia CoitA elermeth.

elementu
»ith Rb tXe wwh an, taA
34 begtn
meble god. ohe3818 elementA O L e noM
&49, S4)
elementondthe emainingJ0 0 ae 0
elemnds.Cz = 3g toa 48) Y to Cd
&a aso a
leug foiod. t
Stm pedod
Cenaita t 3a e lements
Thy fnclucle 8 momo2mand A (z= 55, 56&
Th
81 to 86) ¬s, Ba, TI.«)
to tvanhon elmrbs Cz = St & 4a to 80).

4 Rone eneth elkmerd Cz « se to +)(Ce to lu)

The ane eath elmet bestn wtth Cesium (t9
ownd Centinue upto utetium (z = #).
Thy dCC
w hoel And alao Caled
santhanid es
 ocdioactive
t)Sentth puiddi Conia4f
glemends wth A. nos 8+ to l .
C e Cgllad
lontha ntu m
A he ekemendy agte
anthanida , attnum, ,
afht
Simikasly he emends ate Callad
Callad
(-90 to
103)
1em Th o w
actinide
a 9pate
elemunM to0, a n placad
as
Thue
Peuodc fable
Sada btluw the
Theelemand bu6nd Uonium owch hg
been upaoud 0sdtictally
o n UsaniC e lemen.
e leminiz.
Qe Collad
SaceM

the tanuten and the CanM

rsuoups: S Out remhne
ade takn
tyanitien ekementy
the 03t the eemandi,
4 , t h & t h peuoels,
Ecludg H 2He

1i IV VI

C N Ne
Be
A Si P c A
Na Ma
K Ca Gne As
Sb Te Xe
S In Sn A Rn
Cs T Pb B
Ra

e a c h rtu O onow aualbgoe

nalbgoe
The eemands
to me ouwethe.
 Grcug

Cesium fn
Ribedlium j
emunds pota u ,

So M
elmenda
(nable gona) lte t
goup
The elkaonagatt halogen Cund
m halogen
btween the mot
elechsopoike
alkali metals
m`als,.
the mat

Claiicatien Bazed en the Poten o

Daentating elechren.
peuiod tosle e cbl
cbaule'
glemens h e
S, P, d &f thethe cloulsk
Clooti,
into ous blocks oYbitel whih
atomic oYbtal
depunc upen the ype
elechson in an atem,
tecein the last

S-block alementas
S - Regnenend
Shoovp
- ShOyp The emerds of h
itat roup and Seendl roup the Pueeltt
fable aoe block elemend.
eledon in h
Thu eceivt th dikounitatthg
S-0bttah.
J.
-The block Cenuld of elemard 9rup
ad TA in wuh Sorbite ane Toslually
rasluall Pl
The qneu lechunit Contuaden f S-Holock nS
udht nz ng Vallknce ghl (o) fuiod nuben
in wwhm the elemen pLnt

8 s o u ema ae caldaalkali mdl

<0
oueemerda ae Callkd alkaline ecs
medalk

The une huhly electstopokw mua and

goseu edutg agtd The oe ound
in the
the &ntsume lNA othepstodit telsie.

P-block 2lement
P-Stands gotPtn cipal he almentr.
13 to 18 e Call
blegag'to ret
-blo ck element.
na nes
The oukn shel Cenisutotion ix
en the elechen
The chuwiodopety dapendy
in the erbiaby
elmen ane Collas hlogens,
19h ou
elemun ae colle noGle g cu
g goup
(or) net gu
amd P block elementa e togeth
Called Leimod loc) >iepoeAentastve elemend .
n theu elemanta ny he Ouknos shall
elecken iz in templett .
 $8,t8,
4&8, 5868, T
i SSB,
8 ,48,
Tae elemahs ncdo
P-orbla
Ceme
and e o gsoup ih
the exem
exem
The element
e m msek
mtal
S oSdme
me
Cenui
the P.T & mtalloid
and notle
en-mual and

d-block elemerdg
elenenba ntn
The elomnba
pdStandh om ditel.
entou tohe d-orb
datlnentiatHng eleckro
ae kncwn as d- block elemenda,
hweRn 9, and hlock
Thay ane toundin
tsanuittm elementa.
and a e Called

The aunao elecdsuni c Ceniuaton owibe

he

I-L0
Cn-1)d ns s

Th
Tht e hasud mtal witHn hin M.P d
Thae colbur ed iong
Thee ae 4Tanutten Seues.
. P i t Tsanuten Seiu - 3& Sey C Sc Fon)
Secend Tsanuken Seuu - 4 d Seutey CY to Cd\

3. Thind Tsanalen Seude - Sd Sesuu C l a to Ha)

Pouth
t
Trantikm Seuk -

6d Sut (Ac te inemk

 -Block clements
nuieb *e
-Stounclj fos undamintal
oste
ente 4Obhital
di}frent'ath elececen
AUOA ay ble ck elevnentA

The penulttmate electon endesy inbo fovbto

The geneal elechron'c Confeotn
Q 1 C alled
Cn-a) (n-1) d, nsi Th
nnet tanition element

Thune placecd Sepeat al

od he hott em
bottem

hepeodic tale
eemen hse ovbiak ote
Gsop
Gseup
00e A Call&d kanthanides.Ce to Lu)
atte
hbte 5f ovbitali
Top eele mend
4e CalleActinddes. CTh te lw)
The 4f & S hilal electceny ae adually
leelementa Uantum e colled
trangUstanic elementa, which coe nown

a Synthettc elemendy, "Theye

oJe Rodioactae

element.
Poiodic Popdes

Atomic Radil
a t m RSu9t0h.
The nuulu o an
elecsen clou
So9thodrdad
bythe coud
eleckren cloud, thde elechsen
nucluThul diuine no
ditu o u tht
elechon cloud mak, ditult to g
the
an eoc deindten on otomic Se (ec) Yada

isAan ce bl..
Dtnddten: + is dilinad a the dajan bl
he Cente of the nucla and the Ovtmos4

Shell o the eleckons.

A nuclaug
0udtm034
Shell
8 electonprutnt tn
ouseumaas Shell
AB Atomic yadiu (de blahse

Vostiahton oAtomic Radiu tn prdodic talle.

Deuon the oup Atomi c adius incvose down

mbex oPinuple
the soupBecouMe, the
8hll enCstaue b movtng down the Tou

hence , the ditance btwen the nuckug and

eud hll of eleccen increase
< N a < k<< Rb < Cs
 deraA),
A elong th
he Pouo Atomic od
A nuutloy

alovg
the poiod ht Caune th etive
the eiud
xid
ineRuc by moviy oltmg
ch
chasg thsdak
and henck e lectron cloud
CN> 0,> f
> Be > 8

Covalent Radiuy :
the hal! the diadanté
4 i degfined a
adtrra
a r r bencdodd
hendod
nucli ef tuou ke
hatwetn he
a Sngle Covalenf hemd.
together by
b

Covolent
Radtuy
sotenuucn diitoMce
(Berd kgh)

Cendes a hemonuclec
molecde A hoving too
bended togethi by a Covalirt
ike asm A & A
melecaule the twe abtmi aont
bend. in thk
Centect
ecive phoe
in c lee
tea anled
wth eadh othe
 th,
dA-
COvalent adiud of a
-bend
he, = Single
bluo H
dldetance bllo
lsence H-H =(ar
04
ntenuckot
fost Ha A= loopm
sadii 0.3A
Covalent

dis -P-P 138 pm 1ap =

Pa, ntenuckar
6 4 pm.
. Covalent adii R3 z

hesonucleon
diodomic molecule,
3n Case'
bencledl togehe
AB, the atem A aclBae
Covalent bend then internue leaen ditkeng
byqunely
iA yualto the Sum &Y
dA-
a'emy
othe words, i} he electsuonegativity
Jn
Ca) is eial to t h o t 8 ( t 8 ) ,then

dA-B
i Esual to +

abem a he
Sence, the elethonsgativky 4he
moleaile ia ditfeent, h detominodton c
Stadi f dult in tha Co
 then, -R +Yp0,0Dg ( - )
-gY +T c (A-A)
neG
whe coll Schtmak Stewnien
Coeicient 9Hc, K,0
Voiatwn Covalant yodi in Pouodlic table.
Aleng the peod 4

suint tnpseeluttalle,
A w mow
frem le4 to
t'he elere asendded to the Crbal f game
man n e v . Addihm odiuunttat
elecse tothe Same moin nasg pul
Cannot odd
heeleckem (no Screunig) and hince
to the Se Bud wth additton ach eledton.
the nuaoy chasgetnCrO by Ee, The tacrC

uc leon ehosge adtrad Hhe elechou mos4P

Stsong clee fo the nucleu hne Sty deeseou.

elemun Be C N

At. n0 3
2etiw ucdko 4 + S t6 + 8 + 9
chosge 0.7
0.90 0.&a 0.9 CS 0.1)
Covakend radlet, t.28
valeA deCrae
Down the rou

grcop he elecken
oe aded
addid to
Down Hhe
nihi meun en e el
wuah a01e
uthan
the
etect deCriau
e n he nuku: Th & the valinci thull
atkuctien blo the nuclei
eleckon, his incrra the adut odem
tm
Covatent Tadii 3
Ca
I6
e .10
120 G
M 1.36 tomo
Ca 6 of

S 4.91 5s

Bo 1.1 s
At. 1C

Vaundsxhiaal' Radiuy ;
intennuclea
3+ d{aed aj. One hal of the
i
distance betuween the adiacnf atem bulegy. blevg
to tuoo neomesl nuishbousing meleculeq Same
9hatance n the Solid + cdt
Vaneln tUaal radt
180gm Vounclenunals vadit
chlesune = 30

c 180p
360Pm
Intenucdeasi diutance
Vondesytunal'k Radiy chlosine
 Thu yadi hen tue Tmtea
AM- bendac
eoDach each otha withou o omirarkmien
fpoDach

bernd thee wtl be a gliht atrec tonboen

hem, his Hca CalleVoaoln woal ce
Vonslen uaal HodiOe alubou v
than Covallentaddi. This i Sn in netyle aa
Lev-Pdan mdeuwe
odea
too neM-benceci
9ntnuc leoy izdang bluo
hwdutoal
Metallic (r) Coudo Radius
The muallic Taciu meu he daind a Oe
hal the ditence htwen the nuclai o too
meal in a muallic atttce..
adacen atmi of a

sluo acioctt aemy tn meballc atec

Satenuglor dias.

mtalle sadt ae Lasges than Cevalent odii

koke thoan a
a3 mtallic bend t
Covoent bend
fo Ee: Covalbnt oli Na t1s4 0m o
TMusallic Sadiue dg 86 gm
Sonic Radiu
0nic saalius mouy be dulind a the dittan.
ien and the pe int upl
point
u othe nucle ef an

nuence on
it
wuich +he nuckuy hou
cleud.
Vosu'attevn Jonic nodit
in Peuodic talle

încRoLe doonthe 9voup becon

onc Yocliu
hdl tacvaNe movin dut
numbu Potincipe

C
CLoli, Covaleny adil , Vauncdor wool adi
onic
also dec yeate alerg the peuod becaue eeten|
uclea
cho increauu alengthe Ptouod,
otth wuich
hence a veoden woudd be the 09Ce
electen tpuletowasAol he rucleu
otem Shstinka
Hece Sh
Cepoiuien She of Coen awd Anden
donic Noadiu ef CGten ia (tve en) *3
l e thon it adem. becoe cotten t
OTmed by the tomaval of electron. Thee,
thus ele chen cloud Shsink becouue ofgreoby
nuLcleo fonce o astrac 42en on emaini
ele csen
- Na +e Na C0.95Å)< Na[1 1ei)
Na
L 10e
Cenatda odtt Na t Na, Na c
NaT Smallas
than Na aJSm that Na ien has 10 eluten
while Na otm hou elecen The muceoy

fach A Same , etojuol Fo

choege
Choege en Coe

+ The nudec chosge + Con pull

10 Naen
Na inwakd mee eecinly than
10
Na atom.
+ COn pul a groaty nof t e e
Thu Na Cen malle thon Na attm.

Stge ef Arnent
cen) ti mee
oni c 9adii ef anien (-
than tA adom becat, an omed anin

by additHen elkctser. elechsen ccudxpanolg

becce dedrsuE
becce in uckon k C f
 remouning
electan
electon.
cdtcateon e
Cl +e
CI.1RA)
Ctem
t e tP 18e
n eaQM Coge ta t f
The nucleos cho
Cannot pull 18e ef
Pul
ceen a eect
tctly
Cen u ba
ThOMM ¢oe
u h . Hence cl
codteni the Samt
elemnt tn dik
Siqe the in 0xida
decrec ea wthtnCraoue
idadten stabes
S4ae
Fen lasg than f*S ten
em in S
a
tCConxgkoinad
n bn baat Cencept (or)
Po t n ta lu thoun that f fT in

odo o fe* = 6. 1.08 3

sedO o feTS = */33 133

empatiaion Sae soelechsondc Cem

Sons Centcunin ume mumbt of elkcten
&Soume electonuc Cenusotten but daoes
A0 o t e a ose Coulled oelectronuc eens.

Se, In Cae Aoelecoronsc codton :-the She

decsei wtth incrRaL n +w choege a
eeotve cho ncrReu wth n(nRoe n
cha
 Mgt AA iondc Stolii dac seouu

10
13

n C oelechnadc an n Sa incRoui
in-ve choge a he
ttt tACAA
A

Pseten
elechen 10 10

Poterdial.
Lonization Enegy (oR) TOnthabtDn
de?ted as the amoont
0ni adion &nugu
the Oudimo4t
Cne 9ujuistee to hemove the
bounelad electsen) em an
elechsen (r toosely
an element n t
tn
atom of
CAolaRd
gatout Stede).ho f'mduce
Stade (reround
ewest ntg
a Cauten.
eputtnded c TP and meod
34
cn electsen vots

M +Enagy CEonigatien energ) Mtë

C9)
Supoled Cadien
gattod otem
Nae 1e-495 kat/me
Na
 element
element ol o s aOm
elk
which he
The proce by Coioci
Cc
tnto a
Cakten
Casten t
o Cenvnt tad
tonigastevM.
Pohental
Qu ccuive Sonizasio
9emomd
stegu Cne
tnS*agu ne by
oune
The electsen The amount Enigy
eneem on aJern The
tht u t electsen rem
electsene
1euied to semove
afem ia Caled P i t onigotem en
cuRow
)doniostbm potential

Similosdy wehave SeCond, histd, fouh -1P

Thu, M/ te

M
t
> M +e

TE,1Ea1£
Factou ecking the Sonizattevm enegy
1.Atomic `tge As the Sthe othe atem inca
the foce attractien btwen the nuchy
Ound valente electsem decrou amd he@me
 electren em uker
TOtemoe ne
most&hil heeem SmalleriLE,
afem,
ence ag
Rence the Sie f the

a. Eectve Nuclon Ehasge

bitween the nucku
Theotee of attcacttem
wrth
increauu w h'
Oudma electson
ancd the at he
n nuclko chosge. Thw
cnCye i the Engy
the
the rtoden
nuclea Chosge, electsen
electsen em the
thne
puli o u
an
neecded to
negy, inCreou
increau uw
asem Hence, Joniatienn
inCreaen nuolaoo choge.

3. Shieldig eJect :

the numbr of electren in

The Log
the innRH &hall, the mallay the tonzasten
in tht onehell acky
acd
The electen
Enugy.
btoeen the nuekuy
aa
Scven («) khield
eudemea hall
eleckseru Cn the
the
Thig R kaoon cu Sctung e?ect.
of elechvonu En the ton sthell
Theo tencR
he read t the Scung etet. Hence,
n he valence ghell expeience
leu
electen
the 1uclets. Hece 2e
woulbe
athuctten m
4Penetsodthg ou
uhich hai
moHe
penetsot
Pne tsokvg g
The eleckront
mpe r
touoael t h nucleut h
he electeon rem butTMDA
mo
Hence 1f tacRo.
tn
n the
f the elects
The Penetsadtng fowH
Vaoian a S d? f.qhu
n c i ple heil
moe ascact on nro
aakracten
ern th
S electsenu expknce
o)+electren e th Som
nucle than , d
pinciple shll.

S. Holf i e d Omd Cempletdy tledOrbtol

ho Cermplusel ildoo)hol
d an adem
0ttal. Te t
hih The hol d
ile&
ediso Saoility
Gund Cempledely d giu
tohe asem.
NOTE: N toogan
Isas ap 0 I s as apt

oe tled 0susite ae hiy Stlle hani

Voy dteult to emovt OutumDat electon.
h s nghan yaue af L£ than.