CVL100:Environmental Science(2-0-0)

(Tuesday and Wednesday; Friday slot reserved for extra class)

Dissolved oxygen sag curve

Lec5 and 6: Aug 23 and 24,2022

Prof. Arun Kumar

(arunku@civil.iitd.ac.in)
See Moodle and Impartus for Additional materials ; check class email

1
 Quiz 1fixed
• Sep 3rd Saturday 7 to 730pm

August 25, 2022 2

 Corrected
oxygen demanding substance decay pattern
• Oxygen demanding substance =L in terms of oxygen
equivalent

Lt= L0 *exp(-k*t)
Where,
L0 is initial oxygen demanding substance represented in
terms of oxygen concentration value (mg/L);
Lt is oxygen demanding substance at time t, represented in
terms of oxygen concentration value (mg/L);

k=oxygen demanding substance decay rate constant (1/time)

(depends on water sample constituents, temperature,
bacteria type)
 Corrected
BOD value estimation
• BOD @ time =t: yt=L0-Lt where L is conc. Of oxygen
demanding substance

• So t*-day BOD: yt*=L0-Lt*

yt*= L0 [1-exp(-k*t*)]

• 5-day BOD: y5=L0-L5

y5= L0 [1-exp(-k*5)]

Ultimate BOD when t goes to infinity..

yultimate = L0 [1-exp(-k*(infinity))]
yultimate = L0
 Question 1
Q. Say a raw wastewater sample from WWTP1 has 2000
mg/L 5-day BOD with reaction constant (k=0.23/day at
20°C). Calculate amounts of BOD exerted on 1-d BOD?
Mention all additional information required, if any.

August 25, 2022 5

 Solution to Question 1
Oxygen demanding substance decay rate constant -
=Oxygen consumption rate constant =k=0.23/day@
20°C

5-day BOD =y5=2000 mg/L

y5= L0 [1-exp(-k*5)] ………………(1)
1-day BOD=y1= L0 [1-exp(-k*1)] …………(2)
From eq. 1 and 2,
(y5/y1)={ 1-exp(-5k)}/{1-exp(-k) }
y1=2000*{ 0.2054}/{0.6833} =601.38mg/L
August 25, 2022 6
 Corrected Question2

Say a raw wastewater sample from WWTP1 has 2000

mg/L 5-day BOD (due to carbon only) with reaction
constant (k=0.23/day at 20°C). Calculate ultimate BOD;
amounts of BOD exerted on 1- and 15-day and comment
on observed differences between 1- and 15-day BOD
values (1.5 +1+1+1.5 = 5 points)

August 25, 2022 7

 Corrected solution
• 5-day BOD = y5=2000 mg/L (due to carbon only);
k=0.23/day
• y(5)= L(0) [1-e(-k*5)]
• 2000 mg/L= L(0) [1-e(-0.23*5)]
• => Ultimate BOD =yinfinity=L0 =2926 mg/L (answer)
3500
3000
BOD(mg/L)

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 50 100 150
August 25, 2022 time(days) 8
 Dissolved oxygen sag curve

August 25, 2022 Arun Kumar 9

(arunku@civil.iitd.ac.in)
 1.Effect of pollution on DO sag curve

August 25, 2022 10

 Example 1

kmixture=0.23/day (given; determined in laboratory)

August 25, 2022 11
Always do mass balance for ultimate BOD. For this, first convert 5-day BOD
to ultimate BOD and then do mass balance.
In the above case, 5-d BOD balance is done as both river water and wastewater
are assumed to have same k1 values(0.2/day).
August 25, 2022 12
 kmixture=0.23/day (determined in laboratory)
Always do mass-balance using ultimate BOD.

---

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August 25, 2022 13
 DOsat

Doinital

DOmin

Or time
Critical time when DO is lowest
August 25, 2022 14
 Always do mass-balance using ultimate BOD.

August 25, 2022 15

August 25, 2022 16
 DOsat

Doinital

DOmin

Or time
Critical time when DO is lowest
August 25, 2022 17
August 25, 2022 18
 Dissolved Oxygen Sag Curve Equations
Dissolved oxygen deficit (D) after t days
D(t days)=

August 25, 2022 19

 Scenario: What if DO remaining
<4mg/L

August 25, 2022 20

 Scenario: What if DO remaining <4mg/L

DOsat

Doinital

DOmin

Or time
Critical time when DO is lowest
August 25, 2022 21
August 25, 2022 22
August 25, 2022 23
 tcritical (or critical distance) remains same

DOsat

Doinital

DOmin

Or time
Critical time when DO is lowest
August 25, 2022 24
August 25, 2022 25
 Example2: Plot DO sag curve
Parameters Value Value (case2) Value (case3)
(case1)
Ultimate BOD 8.44mg/L 13.17mg/L 18.2mg/L
mixture riverwater- (calculated using
WW D_allowable value)
Initial DO deficit 1.44mg/L 2.2mg/L
DO saturated 9.17mg/L 9.17mg/L 9.17mg/L
@20degC
Dissolved oxygen 3.07mg/L
deficit after 2 days
(D(2days))
DO(2 days) =9.17-3.07=
6.1mg/L
Critical time 2.67days 2.67days 2.5days
Dcritical 3.28mg/L 5.17mg/L(allowable) 5.9mg/L
DOcritical 5.89mg/L =9.17-5.9 mg/L
D(20days)=
5.1mg/L;D(75days)=
August 25, 2022 26
5.2mg/L;D(100days)=
4.1mg/L
 notes
• Here case 3 will have early critical location wrt
case1
• For case3: Initial DO deficit is higher than case 1
• DO deficit is also more for case3; so lesser DO
remaining..
• Case 2 max. ultimate BOD for mixture water can
be used to calculate max. ultimate BOD in
wastewater effluent which needs to be
discharged in river

August 25, 2022 27

 Example 3: Multiple drains entering into river AA
7

6 Simulated
Observed
5
DO (mg/L)

4
DOsat(20degC)=9.17mg/L
3

0
22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Upsteam distance from Okhla Barrage (km)
August 25, 2022 28
 notes
• See when critical location is coming? DO at
critical location? How long it is still at low DO
levels? how long does it take to come to
DO?>4mg/L?
• It effects on BOD remaining organic matter in
river water.

August 25, 2022 29

 Question
• Initial DO deficit? (=9.17mg/L-5.17mg/L=4mg/L)
• Time for critical DO deficit location?(very early
on)
• Critical DO deficit value (=9.17-0=9.17mg/L)
• Min. time needed for DO to come back to 4mg/L
level? (at least 20km stretch in downstream
direction)

August 25, 2022 30

 60
Simulated
50 Observed
40
BOD (mg/L)

30

20

10

0
22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Upsteam distance from Okhla Barrage (km)
August 25, 2022 31
 notes
• See how long river is still having remaining
oxygen demanding substances?
• How people will decide where to take water from
river as source drinking water which will still
have remaining oxygen demanding wastes?

Now we switch to water treatment aspect once we

have taken raw drinking water from water body.

August 25, 2022 32

 Water Treatment

August 25, 2022 Arun Kumar 33

(arunku@civil.iitd.ac.in)
• Source water could be river water where
remaining organic matter is calculated using
BOD value given for different locations of stretch

Source
Surface water;
Groundwater; rain water

August 25, 2022 34

 Overall Parameters
Constituents Parameters

Ions Hardness; alkalinity; acidity; conductivity

Solids Turbidity; total solids; total suspended solids;

dissolved solids; volatile solids; fixed solids
Organic ThOD; biological oxygen demand; chemical
compounds oxygen demand; total organic carbon
Nutrients Ammonium ions; phosphates

pathogens Indicators (bacterial; viral); pathogen

August 25, 2022 35