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Basic Computing
1. Computer Fundamentals
2. Typshala (Nepali+English)
3. Microsoft Office
i. Microsoft office PowerPoint
ii. Microsoft office Word
iii. Microsoft office Excel
4. E-mail Internet
5. Project
6. Exam
Computer Fundamentals:-
Computer:-
Computer is an advanced Electronic Data
Processing machine which receives and stores large volumes
of information in the form of digit (binary) and process them
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as per the instructions at a very high speed and produces the
desired result with per-selected degree of accuracy and saves
output for the future use. It can process both numerical and
non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations.
कम्प्युटर भन्नाले एउटा बिधुतिय मसीन हो जसले प्रयोगकर्ताले दिइएको निर्देशन
अनुसार कु नै पनि सूचना बुझी अति तिब्र गतिमा कार्य गरि अर्थपूर्ण नतिजा निकाल्छ र
सो सूचनालाई आफ्नो स्मरणशक्तिद्वारा भण्डारण गरेर राख्दछ जसलाई प्रयोगकर्ताले
भविष्यमा प्रयोग गर्न सक्छन ।
कम्प्युटरले बुझ्ने भाषा "बाइनरी" भाषा हो ।
The working principle of computer can be summarized
as input, process and output (IPO) cycle.
A computer has four functions:
a. accepts data Input
b. process data Processing
c. produces output Output
d. stores results Storage
IPO Cycle
Instruction
(Mouse/Keyboard)
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
(Data) (Unseen) (Result)
[Input Device] [Central Processing Unit] [Output
Device]
Mouse CPU Monitor
Keyboard Printer/Plotter
Scanner/Digital Camera Speaker
Microphone Projector
Webcam/Video Camera
Light Pen 2
Touch Pad
Joystick etc…….
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Input (Data):
Input (Data) is the raw information;
collections of facts (letters, numbers, images, sounds, videos,
graphs, charts, statistics etc.); It is the collection of letters,
numbers, images etc given to the computer to produce the
result.
Process:
Process is the action taken on data as per given
instruction. It is totally inner process of the computer
system.
Output:
Output is the final data given by computer after data
processing. It is also called result. We can save the results for
our future use.
Full Form of Computer
C = Common -;fwf/0f_
O = Operating -;~rfng ug'{_
M = Machine -oGq_
P = Purpose -p2]Zo_
U = Used for -k|of]u_
T = Technology -k|ljlw_
E = Education -lzIff_
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R = Research -vf]h cg'zgwfg_
CPU = Central Processing Unit.
CPU = Control Processing Unit.
Characteristics of Computer: -sDKo"6/sf ljz]iftfx?_
Speed -sfo{ j]u, ult_
Accuracy –z'4tf_
Storage Capability -8f6f e08f/_
Versatility -kl/jt{gzLntf, ljljw sfo{ Ifdtf_
Diligence -nugzLn_
Reliability
History of Computer: -sDKo"6/sf] Oltxf;_
The history of computer start from
4000 years ago. History of computer means the gradual
change in the concept over a long period of time. Around
fifth century, Hindu philosophers developed a new method
of counting from 0 to 9. Counting the numbers from 0 to 9
can be performed with the help of fingers. The
development of counting started from the development of
simple counting device called ABACUS.
1.Abacus: -cafs;_
2.Napier's Bones: -gflko;{ af]g_
3.Slide Ruler: -:nfO8 ?n/_
4.Pascal's Calculating /Adding Machine: -kf:snfOg_
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5.Leibniz's Calculator: -n]agfO6\h SofNs'n]6/_
6.Difference Engine: -l8km/]G; OlGhg_
7.Analytical Engine: -Pgflnl6sn OlGhg_
8.Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace: -n]l8 cu:6f P8f nen];_
9.Tabulating Machine -6]a'n]l6Ë d]l;g_
10. MARK-1 (Howard Hathaway Aiken): -dfs{_
11. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
(ENIAC): -On]S6«f]lgs Go'd]l/sn OlG6u]|6/ /
SofNs'n]6/_
12. Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
(EDVAC): -On]S6«f]lgs l8l:qm6 e]l/Pan c6f]d]l6s
sDKo"6/_
13. UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer ): -
o'lge;{n c6f]d]l6s sDKo"6/_
History of Computer in Nepal
1. First time:
a. 2028 B.S.
b. IBM-1401
c. 2nd generation
d. 125,000/- lease
e. Population Census Nepal
2. Second time:
a. 2038 B.S.
b. ICL 2950/10
c. 3rd Generation
3. Third time:
a. 2048 B.S.
b. Micro Processor
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th
c. 4 generation.
Generations of Computer: -sDKo"6/sf k':tf_
Each generation of computer is characterized
by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way
computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful
and more efficient and reliable devices. Read about each generation and the
development that led to the current device that we use today.
First Generation (1946-1956) Vacuum Tubes -klxnf] k':tf_
Second Generation (1956-1964) Transistor -bf];|f] k':tf_
Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits -t];|f] k':tf_
Fourth Generation (1971-1990) Microprocessors -rf}yf] k':tf_
Fifth Generation (1990 to Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence -
kfFrf} k':tf_
Classification of Computer: -sDKo"6/sf jlu{s/0f_
Computers can be classified into various classes
according to their following factors.
1. On the basis of Working Principle -sfo{ cg';f/ sDKo"6/x?_
Analog Computer
Digital Computer
Hybrid Computer (Analog +Digital)
2. On the basic of Size -cfotg cg';f/ sDKo"6/x?_
Mainframe Computer
Mini Computer
Micro Computer
Super Computer
3. On the basic of Brand
IBM PC (International Business Machine Personal Computer)
IBM Compatible (International Business Machine )
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Apple/ Macintosh
Microsoft windows overview
Introduction
Operating System is a program, which controls overall
operations (activities) of the Computer. It is the media point between the computer
and user (operator). To works any computer, a software is required that remains in the
memory of the computer, so that computer becomes in live, and is able to response as
per the command issued by the user.
Windows Pp6f sDKo"6/ k|f]u|fd xf] . o;n] sDKo"6/ nfO{ ;+rfng ug{df d2t u5{ .
Example of Windows:
a) Windows 95
b) Windows 98
c) Windows NT
d) Windows 2000
e) MS. DOS
f) Windows Xp
g) Windows 7
h) Windows 8
i) Windows 10
j) Windows 11
