DEVENDRA POONIA oe — * CRE #* ] | Chemical Reaction Engineering — | Non - isothermal reas Chines of hetmgennue cdalytic tang _ [Diffusion effects _in_calalysis. i - = | Rate and performance equakians for_catalyst deactivation. _ | = Devendra _Poonia Sir _____—_—— | theories of reaction rates pu ggtamti| a | Kinetics of homogenous reactions [Interpretation of finetic data | Single and _multiple_teactions_in_ideal reactors _ | kinetics _of enzyme teactions._ (Michaelis - Menten_and | Monod Models) _Non=ideal_reactors | Residence tirme dishibufion 1 st | Single parametel models 0 ! |__ 02/06/21 * Introduction « STi aie thal diingishes the education _ of _chemical_engineer | from | of chemical_reaction engineering 4 that of other engineer. isan exposure _to_the basic! concepts | Chemica |_is_con: commeycial scale. |_Reaction_Engineering is thal engineering ~achvily_ sich ae: of _ chemical_teactians bn a. _|Design_of chemical. process | Maintain_and_operale_a process). 4p 4p st | Fix__some_peteeived problems... - Pitease—apaly or_selectivity al wii cs | | chemical Process. ‘ youd git ile vbuul Ps vida ood | Every i industrial _chemical_ process _is»-designed to. produce economical a_desited product fiom _a_vatiely of | starting. raw_ materiale |__| through _a__succession of treatment steps. —__1__ yb sti t jut : = Ju whol sical ie |, _[Physical” LE, Raw pPhysical Chemical | ystcal Materials Treatment reakment Treatment Bre teps Steps c o_plocess:_ = |The chemical Festal is the heat ry Be pc. “ahi isu-crried oul in teackirs ©. es Sot iam diulddeign caiilache abdopMdgm dacs si |ets _ te * | Reactor. Designs: ances: jrvininds 15 quit vidiess # —_=1_| Reactor design uses information , Knowledge ‘and experience | from 6. } | ately — of —ateas-: thermadynamics , chemical__inetics_, Aluid mechanics ,_ ____| heal “hansfer_, mass: transfer and: economics... = | chemical reaction engineering i synthesis of Pall these factors |__o _-with the aim of properly sig a_chemical_reactor: I =| find a a_teactor is able to do? We need to knolo kinehies, —|-thecontacting —patlem and the performance _equsti Input _—s (|| react i) —> output ee {Contacting -pabtern-or how 2» Ki inekics or how fast aE hi Ange app ‘| contorts eptchic hee reactor. is ! Gaia = Pony thot s_, contacting) |03/06/21 Classification of chemical reactions useful | Homogenous Reactions : Hell oA penekion is homoyenous - “fit, these “—_______in_one . phase only. ~ Heletogenous Renctions sl) oh gousansis gels 1 _____A_teachion is heterogenous. |________ presence oak estopped \ y Non-catalytic Catalytic. { |-Homogenous _|+* Most gas phase reactions |. Most liquid _phase reactions |__| Fast reactions such as _|+ Reactions in_calloidal burning of _a flame systems |__| Heterogenous |.» Burning of co | a . htt Feu | past | * Rosting of ores. ais Oxidetion of Nia _to_ ee (withie aid) J, At [Rh makeup |e as: liquid. absorption i | __with reactio id) jp xiao of S240 Soy = Va05DEVENDRA POONIA =| Exothermic reactions are reactions that release energy ui sit the form of. heat or. light, | |_In_an_ exothermic _reackon ,_enet | is teleased_because 5 the_tetal__| energy of the product is sless than the total. energy of the __| reactants: - |The change « in: enthalpy , aH =—V. ___- |Endothetmic Reactions: Jails n LEndothermic reactions are_reactions that require exlernal_enegy , usualy inthe form iof sheat.s forthe reaction to. proceed | _ i | in_an_Endothermic reackion. the: products | are higher energy than the reactants. jThe._change.in__enthalpy., OH = te. | Reversible Reaction: ___=+_| Reactions __uahich_ _ proceed in_both, directions _are_called_revetsible ——_| reactions. _ ot | Ina reversible reackon_, the reackants _ate_changed_into_products |] -and_simultaneously the _products_are_changed_Into teacnls|____| | Example i _Na+3H2 === 2NHaDEVENDRA POONIA x | Ineversible reactions: = ]A chemical reaction is said to be. irreversible if 1eaclants are changed into products (Proceeds only.in. forward_ditection) but_the products do nol combine fo form the reactants: + sExatle:: Aig 2 — ai I> es ae ee | For_a_chemical- reachion_,- i 's_importanlto_know. the rate_an: |_factors sheng “tenet raen = —The_branch_of _ chemistry wahich_deals with stud! f reaction tates and their mechanism called chemical_Kinelics. =| Chemical_kinetics aleo describes: the conditions by-which the |__| reaction__rates__can_be altered _ such | os cacehaton_ eee, | pressure. -and__catalyst: Rate _of reaction : so [the tae of reachon ot tthe. speed af the tection can be defined asthe change in concentration ofa | reactant ot _produet_in unit time. = tale of “consumption. of reactant | .s_yate of formation. of. product.DEVENDRA POONIA Pace n= = I Suppose a_reactfon_: aA + bB —> cC = =fa= rate = -dCa 5 if measured in terms of A dt wd dt m4 | =Te_= rate = -dCs + if measured in ferms of 8 : | tos tale = dc = if measured in terms of Co dt nie 04/06/21 | ! aA + bB:— 9 cC on) A A c a — = a tia bb 1 oc 1 a Qa Na —» Nge= bxna Na —— Ne = © xp a a Ne = Ov he = Ma. b a c a Da = De = NeDEVENDRA POONIA Is ees | tis a (wi) ” be jo - as lie a] - | Ss ai] Vt — - { Na = Me = Ne a b c | row 2 7 —Pege to: —____| Rate expression: |=tn_= ko co? | *_|_Molecularity and_order of . reaction : Reaction: aA + bB —4 eC. aw Ais order wert. A Ps order wert: B | Nol_necessary_that 2 and Bare stoichiometric_caefficients._ = | = (248) is overall onder ofteaction molecularit y wet A= a melecularity wrt Bb overall molecu arity = ath “st 1 — Molecularity can_never be frackion or zero 1's jo I Order may be incon s_integer_or zero | s+ Order _is_ apni Adal, quanti ott _can_not| be__ pee tie ividng— eng ast quantiy_ inthe Sect =o| Elementary and_non- elementary reatHons| = $$ ____ _ $$$ + Elemento —Reachion_: pos ota ot |} Jorder_=_ molecularily | —.-___-—— ~a = k Cet Co? = {Rate expression corresponds to reackion_.stuichiomelyy. __1 > __ = Elementary reaction : Single step. reaction. 4 Non- Elementary Reaction: order + nea | Order_is delevined_by_ expen da | Non-elemeniry tadion: Mile skp Note: Non elementary reaction_results_fram_numbet_of_elemetany. teactions: 1 = re ee ari ly does ode 2 een eal mo = | Mocder. can be_ defied yah deg cel —1 | There_is no such reaction _which_| tis_maletulasfy 4 or mm_thin =| Mf the reaction aioe eeu 4 ‘ot_mote_than 4, then the. {reaction is nonselementar |-renee * {-Single_and_Multiple reactions: == — “Single Reaction Single _elchiomelric_eq uation single tate_equation Example :___A 4 28 ——» ¢ Multiple Reactions: May classified as i) Series. A —> B 9c Li farollel: __Are_of tun _typ aB A— 7k ! A B—s KM z Competitive Side by side {ii)_Complex_Reactions: A——R— 5 NN sy TT @ =Rate _constant_(k) + ; nvifyny yh | . When the rate_expression_for_a_homogenous_ |__| chemical_teaction ts written. inthe form of — kat ca. The |__| dimensions of the rate constant _k forthe nt ordei_ reaction __ are. | rf time)” concentratn | | where_n_is the orda_of tenction | +| for zero ord , n=n _,_unit of k = (4imey" one) | i 1 | For first. oda. tet _, unit of k= time" | * | Units of Rate Constant kel : . ! ~ty_= fate = kA’ Tate = mol lit: sec -jazk [ont of_k2 mol | Vt: see | Iii) Fitst_ordex_teachion (n=) =tne k Ca ~ [runt of k= Gecy!DEVENDRA POONIA (ili) Second. order teaclion (n=2) a an = kee Unit of k= li mol: See i General Equation for_unit of _k : - k= (time)" oa * | Generalised Temperature dependent_of _k : — Yate = -ta = k(t) f Cca, Ce, -..) 1 Li) ms0 _, Athenious Theory : li)_m= Vo 1 Golision Theory ii) mea, aoa ae ea ——— a | Ea = Activation energy — (Bimal) sot R_=_gas_constant ( Slmolk) = g:314 TmolskRate lat TT k= kh, rate 2-tn a hith. - _jat T=T , Keka, tale = -ter ake Cn -lan ke | -ta ki | Now, ks ke Tm e/RT Ink = Inke + mlnT - Ea RT qt T=T | nki_= In ko tmnt - Ea —o0 | Rh i at T=T2 Inka = Inke + mInT2 - Ea ——@ : Rt = min(te) + Ea wd ORTKey a E . pe For Arhenious lao, m2p | 1) + — ke “keg ERT “0 | Ink = Inko - Ea / RT | _| Ae ; nke) I t \ ink | R= LN ge to 2h+B— > C -tr=KkC*Cg__- Find the unil of k- Here ‘ord. =3 nego! Unit of k = time! Conc}! ” i = see (mall 2 +3 Fey tid mol _ Q2 Rate of reactions triples _on_doutling cone: What is_th the lode of reaction. -ta_= KCa® -— 0 - 3(-la) = k (2ta)” —@1 DEVENDRA POONIA, 1 Divide © by O _ | Q:3| At soo k tate_is to_times the tate at 400k - Find the | octivation_energy (Ea) i) By Arrhenius_equation id By collision! Theor Set =F {p> cocook = p3 = Te 2506 ki ~ 1 \-tadl = {ol Gre) 1 (et \ al _ - Te 4ookt 7) A Ads - |) Arhenius Doo ese \ a) Nese err/ a1 ef _ . - \n (a2) fo (1 = jp 4 = seeoNrl ae AT 1) Ef = (tl. _ dn fis) = Es G \ - : Ui’ gaia (400 Tao — __ Ea = 38281: +383 = 38-283 KT/mol ot i Golson. heory =I = in (=a ja h( Ta ) + Ea Ts “ ~ fa Wa) eR wel| aa DEVENDRA POONIA = = L In(10) = 1, soo\ 4 fa, (tut \ . 2 \aoo) aig (40 500/ Ea= 36aa013 7 = 96,432.43 | | mol mel Qa Pyrolysis of ethane. »-acivation_energy Ea = 70000 cal = 6sv'c | T= soo Calculate, e_by transition state theory. u 4 trae ‘ = Eq = e000 cal _, R= 1-98 cal /mol-K: m=4 in {i= mini Te} 2 Bs (1 -v\ Rit nl, In (te) = Uh ixinf 923\ 4 Yoooo, (4 1.) “ aa 198 ( 493 9237 nti) = O-19F35 + 443276 = 4.60998 Y ( = aoie-25 | [eo |DEVENDRA POONIA, A+ 28 — > Ras A+ ® ——» Product Ed1E+0 fod t i Te= Sok , T=400k L Yo = lon i tn {te} as fa (1-1) T a) 29 hentteb et | arise, ra ator oat In (ic) = Ea iz ea Beate \ 406, 500 Timp at! Ta G-\389 ). 102 Ea = 39-29% kI/moleo = ema ¢— so+ fs \n — In_ {ka Uke favbay] ——~ & +A J ko = 2499 % 2-5 iw \rad = fest Xray a 1 |__The tate le t\ 53 = Coal —eai? ne toh = 7 joe = sT = optionzD1 = <1 tye 1 ANp v_dt [tom\ta se-se = 99 | — —J Ea= (84000 J/mol T= 550 k Te =600K joo = sT nm Aook= 7 he) = Eo fi _ 1 Ls R\t snot und aptascivi infte\ = temfo (2 VM 2 fol ag etal] \n/ 8-314 04550 C000 J Vad fo = 9.g9s9de, eee 23 Tt Foxe 4DEVENDRA POONIA + ha [rermes | [=> - om: OF Jog al RO ——— _ | ~—* | Interpretation of kinetic data: ait obto | i Differential meta ili? Method oft_initial_rate [ liv) Melhod= off half-life | - — | All above methods are used tn determine rate from Ca_Vs- data. - * |i? Integral_method: ! 4 |= Assume a ‘order (HXs us ra 4 —. |o rate. expression. | / ith integrated equation. - * ior “is used for simple elementary reackitns { som ~ Tas st _sulfable for fractional ord _ ae) | Zero order reaction: sank be Be ee Aly Product 2 | ____Fractional_conversion (Xa) = Cro~Ca mie Ghd ststel Co_= Cro (i= Xa) Coo (I-Xn) = Cho - ktpeas Wo Cine Nav 2 (roy) (a/v) 2 Niafy (Nae/y) pt | Xn Cho Ca |. — Cfor_constant_yolurne ) L Cho 1 | i E Giaxn= Cho Ca | a =| Gre Cae iexa) | | |_Methed-2!__Now, -ta =k to |_To Find Xn _ po] dey ek CC dt T 7 | | ae Ca = Cao - CaeXa | | | | fs dle = oh dn _ — i Therefore eq? becomes,— ° == he @ | Fitst Order Reaction: nota posiapsd + A—> Product | |____Rate expression ~rae kCa_ 1 — oe -dCn = kCqen 0 Gy te dt is - - | (dn. Kk (Mab iar dG 4 oe - - Inf Ca \skt} eA a \Cho as Now , Ca= Cho (\- Xa) xa |. + = In{ Cae CieXa).) = kt fe de Cho - & -In C= Xa) = kt! (nf _\ ake Ee _ (xa! | -In 2) nf) 7 slopes k Inf. Cac’ Slope=k_ / lope = ic ¥ tDEVENDRAPOONIA, 4 = IS | ry —_ |Method-¢ Ca = Cao (i-Xa) |) _Tofind Xa a ee = ade 2s dtm 2 = Coo dXa a _ j= Le adt dE a P| Now, dC KC oe dt i Coo dka = Kk Cho fi-Xa) : [ di a | dXa = k-dt - na i dXa dt \ {tant | | A _ ~Tntcke)], = kt a = In (i-Xe) = Kt _ 4 — Jinfa yk] _ [ 2=) 1-Xa pt _DEVENDRA POONIA, i | Rate expression, Ct) = dC, | Second Order_Reac ions: —— A Prduct —— when __(n=2) =dCa = k ce dt Ca ={ ds 2 k (i'd JG i X- Cho = f-1\ 2 kt Ga eng Leki s kt Ca Cao~ a1 = 4 4 kt Ca Cao Now. Ca = Cao Ci-Xa) ody = = Cho aXe dt dt Chodka = K Cao? Cl-Xale dtDEVENDRA POONIA Page no. \=\+Xn = kCnot \-Xa eA saat Xa = KCrot a I-Xp Tia _ ‘Slope =k Xa 2 Note : | f dXa_— =~ |n (1-Xa) (Ci-Xa)DEVENDRA POONA, as ie a ~—*_| Bimolecular Second Order Reaction: | Product - oa | Hn s aden = dee > Kale 7 at de Cn= Cro (i-ka) dCa_= - Crd Xn dt dt Ce_= Cao = Cao'Xp — (if amount of A_and B fo teacted _equall: =dCa = klale i dt CoodXn = k Cao (i=Xn) (Cas —CrsXa) dt dXa_= Kk Cap (l- Xa) (M-Xa) where Mz G dt Gil XA. dike = kCno {*dt 2 _{I-Xa) (M-Xa) ie “fe ft ae = kena (“at oJ (Mt) L (Xe) (M=Xp) 7 * o \ jae (A= Xa) + In (nea) = kCaot (m=!) a | caelDEVENDRAPOONIA, =e =n (t=) + Inte Xa) — In = (6) KChnt | = tote) nek alicia = | cm ( M=Xe i = (M0) kon 7 Gis Xa) In, (it, \| - M(i-Xe) - E Slope = (M-1) Kho —te = | de — aata = at -—— ca? _ _— ‘Ao _ Catt! -he+l —_._ Th nt order reaction: 9 2 dye kG aSi} | Differential Method. + Step Ci) Assume_the vale Kinetico. — -la_= AG. = kc" = i dt = |______ from experiment» —__flot_curve between _conce:Vs._time | | L Step (i) From conc:_vs._time data hich te have_ebeined {| * cone. time |__| step Cid Draw the tangent at different _concentraign and_flad_the p ngs | ____tate_ of expression (ta) at different Ca | at =a | Ca | mtar_| Cal \ Gta) = dey mThn_| Car atas_| Cry = ( dew wth |G Yer ES i -Taking. the ‘hy df asscimed _kinebies \n Cin) = nko Ch Step (v): From (ta) Vs: Ca data’, plot the curve elu tn Gta) ond In Ca vhete__slope=n_, interceg Find the values of otdet_and tate constant.DEVENDRA POONIA, 4 pegs No: = 4 eve: Ee @ {Method of. Half — . 1 | Half life: Half ife can be_defined as tine required to reduc | _____(0nc-..of_teactond_to half of -its initigl_vdlye. | | if data is given in ima Ave | Cro]. tole = -te = dh GD a adn a kdbsabe ai fila! =| Can &! (Grol). tye, aang Le =| CaP -dCp = { k-dt 0 = as ou | = Kin. =n+l h CF = Gl” 2 Kio) tu Az gibi t= Los Jer eDKDEVENDRA POONIA, Ee ¢——i___4 re >| halflife for nth order reaction. “is function of initial co | |_order and tate constant: | | ty = Cinta cone: order_-rate_tonstant) = ———tahing- “Ing_-on_bath side c In tv, = In Lorn [ost -J 1 ko = Ine” + |n or -| i LoL koe) & Inte = Cen) Inne + In| (os) = i Lktn) | | Plot__Inftin) Vs. In Cao * = _———_| 2 Slope willbe (i-h) be to/ 06/21 + | Half life of zero, first and second order reactions: | @| For_zero order, nzo = rit) te =tas -dCn_ 2ke® =k dt : 4 Chof, - ty, : _ 4 fede = kf at = Cho. oO aDEVENDRA POONA, | For fitst_order =, mst ee | eee ee a : | - dt hae 3 Gaol, ti r | =( da = k( 4 Jt 3 aie ! | ‘ a Z Che 4DEVENDRA POONIA, @.| Method of initial_rates: Sivilar _to_differential_method but we | Aang tate ol initial point — i 7 - is =ta= kc | Zs taking lo on both sides — | =the | Cae -| Method__is_usefisl_in_reversible - reactions . In tee) = n incre + Ink Plot InGtae)_Ve- In Che = Slope =n Intercept = Ink \\ \ heyy[rage no: He] [kinetics of. ‘Noncelenentary Reacion = * me fe a Lo | Since, theron: -lementary reactions. are_multi= step «so there! will be C . }-medhanism hich satisfy. the given reaction. = i sfc al | There_ are__tw_types_of mechanism: _(i)_Chain_mechanism Ci) Non=chain mechanism _ | Th _non--chain mechanism, the: reactant: ul convert into intermediate and. then _intermediate.will convert to form: :product- I Reactant ==. intermediate JEii-—> Product Tn_chain_mechanisia:; thereare threes»step: 2 |__| Initiation + Reaclant will convert intermediate. = Reackont ==. (int e) i) Fropagation 1s eer 1 |. Gntermediate)" + Reactant > Pr @ Termination: - Cintermediate)* => RahatDEVENDRA POONIA —___| There _are_ ie ‘rulee to find _ kinetics of non- elementarut-— | Rule=t:_IF any one_intermediale s_agpeatng' nore_than ——__| then Stue_can_take_overall__rate_of _formation_ot_in! —tahich is equal_to suntmation of all_the tales _in_whi ‘onl = intermediate appears: (= Cr) Pet Cin which ; —rtermediote ap pea: =| Rule-2: Accardit ig tule, the net tate_of formation intern is zero because — intermediates _are—hiah ae active _and_they_have_very short MWe time _and_pr —— in_small = quantities - is_calt dy shat approximation. : | Net tate of “frimation of intermediate =-o | CReudo Sten stake Ajpontaton aus Rate_of formation | — ae-aesfpn of intermediate? _\ ‘of intermediate_ G- 2013 ~ 2.212. | The_ gas phase decompostion of czamethane tn giveelhene a ni | takes place acceding to_the_fillowing _sequence_o ment (cHs)aNa + (CHs)2Ne S (os) aNe + LCs Tt [ecisdanc]” + (Cers)ane > Cots)ana + CCtsdana, Ks | [Ces ate J* 9 ca + Ne kL itne _| of ethane, in the -imit- of | high conc» of -azomethane_, i || Using the pseuda- steady - state approaination for [ccts)ano]’, Whe -erder_w:r-t- azomethane in the tate expression for =e iaalin—j Teatie = ke | Rone} — aah | I i PSSA | _ NE rate of enna of sinfermedialg. =o a i Tr i tana =k Leesan ( Cola. — from_rxn o Ld trees ate} == ko [crane [ceta)a Ne — from rxn'@® —teectslewa}*—= =o Leow and = — from. aa) ki Cea.nT( Cin = kal CcHslane “Ticotans} = elton J cada)” = =k icomnaete Cerna" | L (CcHs)2Nel* -= kiLCem) anol ~LEkalCcis)ana}+ks) teste = kak CG) ko [CcHs) Ne) +ks thigh concentration “of azometharia [(cHs)NaJo | ka [Cts)aN2 | >> ke” teate = Kiks Lects)eNeJ™ = kiks LCCHs)2Ne] Ke [Ces Ne) kacc Wea, = DEVENDRA POONIA No0s === Nor + NOs . iba + ost Ke Noe + 0 rNo* (Slowest ka | | - Sines is the_tate tenia Se ——e Not + Nog —— _2Nd2_ a ___Trox = ka Cyo2 Cuos* PSSA_for_ NOs ~ | Net rate of formation _of Nos* = 0 | ki Cuoos = Ke-Cvos Croy* - K3.Cvor Crm? — ka =o Ciingt = “ki Gans “Ka Cyoa-+-kaCnor=+ Ke Chot WLNi0s] Lwos]” = _ka Eno) + ks [No] +kaLnog* aT = ks [wo] kee= es | Ivo eNOS) ae a Ca0g ko wor} +ksCwo} + ee Ks(qon| (Ka. + 2ks) [noa) Ses, a ee a C thos = ka [NO2) x-- kiL Neos] . (kat 2ks) LNOx tno seks Cede). od deans kat 2k) ede Rate = KLES* J aa dtes*) _ Celis —kaLes*) =kLes*) dt alae Steady state assumption: p 2 klE]ES — ke Les) - KLES*] [est] = welts} Kt ko xDEVENDRA POONA, -| Now enzyme balance: ya. Se Ske _ tel =tel+ tes) _ [ee] =[e] + kelly ct ka) TEL = [e) Ca +h) ~Cketk)4 KES [e]_ = {eel {4+ kls} J = (ka+k) | ' vate = k Les]* _| rate = kf k Cells] lz Ltkatk) J Ledis}= 2 a+ kts \ “tate = _kki Ca+k) (ketk)/ . = je Hate = KEI CsI. (kak \ [3] Vike) Yate = Vmax + [5] oo km+ Cs}. do = Vmm- Es] | -. _ km+[s}_]DEVENDRA POONIA jee _km={[s] when. Vo= Vmax 3 2 | Rate of | wees! = nl | Reaction ? Oy «Vmax = k [60 =>" maximum rate o _km= katk = Michalies—Menten constant. y 5 bea | is x estan foe -atlele_satentratin is o-tl0} | The enzyme. catal zed anda de esalishele “al _a5%e| Mica aacen ate er i ane k= 0-035 M Yee 115 xis Met, [TS] = 010M Nmaxwe? 5 = 2. = Beles = igswalal Ve = Vmax + Ls] km HES 23382 ene y => DEVENDRA POONIA oe i a — a _ Nmax.% (0:10) = ao] + orllo ee Nimax = 1516 x02 Ms" - - Vmax = 1sie mMst | jaman= 8i6 a - 1 <__come, _——Q._| The slope and intercept obtained fons ~(4/Rate) against (t/ubsny) |of an enzyme catalyzed _ reaclon are_sbo_and 210° respectively. _ _____| The Michaelis - Menten constant nz lah atin bf — 5 x10° M sxe Ar ‘- Os x 108M ATS XI = | = | =a = Vo = -Rate-= Vmax fs]. = = i ken+ 05] i a : - | fo 4 = km 05d gst 4 | TMs ot. mae LS ss ! a. | hte sith aad Hd joe | Loree t(skm \yols pol a | Ve Vmax)” Cs] Vea. | “ ~ pants loons — fick Slope = kin = 300 > km = 300 Vmax = CU Vena Te. = =a <6 uct tercept = = 2xXwS —» Vmgx= 5xI0" Ms | a Z = — 7 Km = 300 X 8 X10! = 5 x12 4Page Na ml | Reaction. ASB. > AB —— k =a i “2A SS a k: Al 40 == AaB | | Rate expression. forthe 1 snd attearyooa _|_9)_ tre = kica® tap = kal Aal* Ce] - ke LAJLAB) Pssa_for_As! : De | Tea = kica® 8) tee = kiks Ca? Ca oP) taps kikaCgt oo» zzz & ni fall” - vain + “kala (asl = =0 ALA te ike Caltaal. Lad Coskte))- - Cal’ = sititng ital? + eLadtanl. (ka + ksted) when ka is ve : small it-can be neglected 2 TAs} = kifA]*4 ke lAJLAB] Wisd= "Teh led = Radageanys Lt — Tet: “put [Aa]™ in equation @.u2 = = Tags ks | KiCAJ2+ KeCADLAR) | coy “ka LAILAB] [oes J iffag = ky CATS eta = Zs. —ketalcapl | tro = KiLAT> | AS ee The decompesition of Nz05_ is is__ postu ulated to occur Following mechanism: _ * ed na re Neds === Now + Nos > G Nost_ —“2> Not + O» Ka No* + Nos* 2 NOs = Ling the fe le opinn fo Late Soe lh aed =fNa0s] in the 7 fie _Actpttaa—p the limi! ic of NOr fs__=? ey = 7 ~The =k LN208] + ka anita |_PSSA for NOs*_: +k, [N205] - kaLNO2IENos)* — ks Los)" — ka LOT Lwogy 20 ] kiLNs0s] = [Nos]* (Kaloo + ka + keLno]") ki CN20s]DEVENDRA POONIA ko LNos}* — ke ENOJ*E Nos =0 y- i _kaSNos]* = ke -Lno)* Los) * ic [No]* = ka = 2. f kq " = aus ida wicca unl »_[Nos]* = ki Ln20s] * Te ik th a CNO2) + kan ks. + ks C ka “ka Lnv0s) ko(nood +2k3 panini. | ai kiLNads)° -Tyrds = —KiLN20s] + k2ENoz] x. ko CNoz} + 2ks hi COF ration of Noo a : a ~ ka ENOeT >>=2ke -. aks can be neg lected Alu = tras = Twos = -KiLN20s] + foFHti).x: ki N205] ko fwer] = =o epl =Iwios = “KiENats] + kiENa0s] ~ Order will _be zero.maa {| =) [os ia = Qe |__Suppase the teaction : A+2B —? ABa occurs. ee Flowing mechanism: << ———_}-—— | stepets a eB My ap slow | | stepea: apt > gp, fast | Overall: A+ 28 E> Ape | The rate _laus_expression_must be, Rate = 4) kad b) kCe] e) KEADEB] _d) kEe]® | __— | Since slowest step is the rate ining_step: | Rate = ta = —kiLasl* PSs for + kLAlLe) - ko Casl*fel= 0 ki LA] fe] = ko [aB)* Ce) Caby* = ki [Al Ka © fate = -m= Kk CA] ka. [rate = ta = KCAJ ee eeDEVENDRA POONIA, | How to write Summary: a Keep Len = ea] expression for various types of teaclane: (fitst_ordex) ste kG _ | ites KCa_| [ t Xe) Ko Cao (1- Xne)DEVENDRA POONIA ass = na | Pkg = ke = CMe Xn) where, M2 Che. ke I~ Xne) 0 _ a J where Xne is the conversfon at equilibrium and is also. 1 ) the maximum. convetsion_that_can_be_achieved_in_any.|__ __\__ reversible reaction ar “Tac = haan (1 Xn) — Ka Cpe + Cao) a =d(a_= kiCao (=X) = Ks Cao {Se + Xa) dt Cho y “ie = Kile (-X0) = koCao (M+ xa) it =dtn_= kiCao(i-Xa) - kv Cro (4 Xa) dt M+Xhe \-Xne Cao dXa = KkiCao(i-Xa) — ki ___ Cro (M+-Xa) dt [MrXne \ \1=xne ] dn = ki (i-Xp) (M+Xne) ~ ki (i-Xne) (M+Xa) at (M+ Xne) din a Fu LA Wi ne — XR Mie oe oe] deh Xn) ed | Xn — Ki L (Xne-Xn) + M(Xne Xn) | dt __ (M+Xne)DEVENDRA POONIA, Ge, Ge ate. ‘concentration of —A_and_R_al_emuilibriw __constant—_ A==R dCp = -dCa = \yCa-koCr dt dt \ Ca = Cao — CaoXa : + Cas CRo + CacXa 3 + \ a Ca = Cao (1- Xa) i doy = Cro da i dt dt -dCn_ = Kin — kale dt Cas dkm = KiGre(i-Xn) — ka (Cro + CroXn) dt AK equilibrium : den. dX 20 and Xn = Xne dt dt KGhe (1=¥ne) = ka (Cra CuaXne) | : | ks ki = Cro Cro/Cao + Xne) Ko Cas (1 Xne)DEVENDRA POONA, [Page to: one Ht ky = (M+ Xne)__ where» M2 Cko ka 1 Xne) = Cho the maximum conversion thal canbe achieved in say where Xne ts the conversion at equilibrium and_is tet reversible reaction. = Kila (= Xn) ~ ka Cpe + -GoXn) ~dCq dt =d(a_= kiCeo (i-Xn) = Kaloo (ee + xn) dt =f = Kilo (1-Xa)_— kaCao (M+ Xa) A = den = kiCno (i-Xa) - ki Cao (M+ Xa) dt [M+Xre \ \-Xne, Cao dXa = kiCAo(i-Xa) — kr Cro (M+ Xn) dt [M+%ne | (1-Xhe } dka_= ki (1-Xp) (M+Xne) ~ ki (1-Xne) (M+ Xa). dt (M+ Xne) dka_2 ku [C-MXn + Xne — Xone + MKne SBr—Xe + herie | | _dt (M+ Xne) | ake = kL Cine-Xn) + M(Xne —Xn) | “a (Wtxne)DEVENDRA POONIA >} == er ee ——] kn = ee | 4 a | aXy = (Me). m fa (Xne=Xn) (M+Xne) 3 = (mn) | (M4 Xne) | tn ji al L Xne Xa = (ho =Car Cro Xne = Cno-Cre Cro =In(Ca-Cre\ = (MH) ke | \Gao=Cne) (M4 Xne) -ln ( — Xa XeDEVENDRA POONIA owe: 1¢/06/21 il Assumptions: 1- Constant volume teaclion system 2 3. Irreversible Batch_ reactor 4. Reaction_ate first _ordet- - Ca = kiCa- dt + dca dt = _kiCa= koCe + dCs = ke dt From_equation (i) -dCn- = kiCa at -d(a = kidd Ca Ca - (dca = (a ky | dt ‘t a Cro kit Ci fsa = ) “ar DEVENDRA POONIA ase Ko} 7 y Cas Cueh* kK From_equation_(j) dca 2 kin = kale | dt t da koCa.= kiCa » dt b dy 4 py = eo L pe Ot et Cree = Set hs case BE at = kiChe (SRR Cre 2 keGe ek Sc (ka ki) at t=0 , Caso = = -kiCho (ka-ki) Cheek) Ch) — | wlep= _kicne (ght eke) Cka-k) 2DEVENDRA POONIA, fat Page { cw one pz ———" | By ropatty of constituent taw ¢ a fae t+ Re + Cn = Crt RCs = Cas - Ca- Cr Hes = Co — Cane h!t -KaCre (ot het) (ka-k1) Fiend he mina af die Capek: Hi and __equale to 0 } = dcr = ics (ckett + eM ) oo dt ko-k . kchl . x, cRE po - ky. eckivka)t ka _| sf —(p)-- iysta}t____ Nk | top = tn (hike) ] E) “at _this time, Ce {ull | (kiki) - = b= 4 * ky -ke ___| __Infk (i)DEVENDRA POONIA == TS _ ire! Rien “(eh kt) | 4 ~ Ga-k) a | =i kites (ee t kt (gets k cht = Cab) ka E oe kre kit (kk (ka-ki) ke = kithe a bac (ka-ki) Ce = ki Cae okt Ee ke [ at t= bopt Ca = (max (in Cks/ks)) | Comox = Ki Ce eh eR / ka p Fe mts in( ki/ke) Cmax = Ki Cay e BITRE ka epee) Carman = Ku Cape THe a ky Ce,max = (t: Vicon (eu eR? ka) ka alDEVENDRA POONIA, [=| _ 'sloé/ai__ When kveka =k —_ [Method <4: dca KGa H in (( Cas (ky 827K Cki-ke) a fe k= kak topk = 4 Ca max = Che k e te cone: \ 7 Ne Ca ita - Ki Ka A me Naso £ -DEVENDRA POONIA, =dCn_ = (ki +kz) Ca dt” dp = (kit ka) dt Ca a aere eon “f dca = (Ck +ke) dt | oa Dsl 3 Cao to <2DEVENDRA POONIA 7 sop e(atke) | From _eq? @ ACR = ki Ca dt ACR = kiChe eth ka) dt A + f dca = ( kiCre alkrks) di CR s t | Cann = | ~ kilns @ ET LCase) I | CR- Cro = —kiCho tke + hth i Cki+k2) thie) Cr = Ro + kiCro frac rer] (ki +ke) | } | From equation. @DEVENDRA POONIA he ‘des 2 kaCne otk tke) t - —— ~ : Ge Cn =| hat Action (hth) o Cs~ Cse = [-kaCne _ atk) kale UGkitk) Terk) Cs = Ce + kaCpo (i- per Cku tk) J Gn:s Cao: ae bkitkel t Cre kiCre [ee] (ki +ka) cone. Cs= kiCao [i- g Carboy l! Ces ke) Le > ta | at t-—»w , Cr and Cs becomes constant and maximum inn Cpmax = _kiCho Chit ke) Cs,max_= KaChe Chitke)DEVENDRA POONIA, Poe Ho at _anytine_t, — 7 _ te 7 ki —s _ ts ok : ae | 3 | di = kia | dCs ko Ca _| at - dtp = ki _ des ke 7 Ca-Cro = ki Cs-Cso ke a “Ty Caen] es Selectiviy in_case_of parallel reactions =| ___ if R_is desire 4,DEVENDRA POONIA, = TI —————— =(kv+ke)t | =Ta = kiCa + koCa_ Canta eke} | TrR= kica ift=o , Ca=Cao , CRa=Csy=0 ts= ke Ca Cre kiCae (rasa) Kitke Css K2Cas (cee) ki+ke ¥ gone. ki > Ka. Ke= time:DEVENDRA POONIA, on: (106/211 al | Stoichiometry: ff [t_is_the_branch_of science _that_deals sf —_3 | relative — quantit 4 of __teadants _and__products in _chemicc | used for calculations >| For_cxample ,considen the chemical _reaction, cachions. =| white opfying the_shichiomeliy 1. balanced chemi cal_teaction_is A+ 2p ——? 3c > | In_this_reaction_, 1 molecule of A teacks with 2 molecules! lof B and__produce 3 molecule of c. =| the A+, Band C__qre_in the stoichiometric proportion oF 4, oo | the amount of products thal can be produced with the | | quantity —teaebambs = |The _ stoichiometry _of _a_chemical_teaction _can_be_used_fo_calculate given |For example, if too kool _of A and_200 kmal of B is given_as reactants, wwe can_produce 300 mol _of ammonia. | The stoichiometry _can_help_in ions retical percentage ield of the — products: | It works on the basis of the law of conservation of _mas!® | | = = ee { = — x | stoichiomehic Coefficient = = Example: Nz + 3H2 === 2NHs | The — ratio of \ stnichiomettic: number of {10__component._{n |a. | balanced chemical reaction is called __stoichiometric_ratio- Example i Noo 3H2 === 2NH3 | Stoichionnebic Proportion | The » numba that proceeds “with the molecular formula_of ___ each__component involved ina chemical reaction iscalleh_ |_stoichiomebric__ coefficient. = | Int i_ctin 5te_slinei_ocfn__No ie —— |_ stoichiometric coefficient of Ha is three, and_that of NHs_is twp. | Stoichiometric Ratio = , | | In this reackion_, the stoichiometric ratio of Ho and Nao is 3:4 A+8—~P |_component 8 is equal _to the stoichiometric tahiao oblained {from | ty be in stoichiometric proportion. | When the ratio of males of component A tn the moles of — | balanced chemical_reackion_, then the chemical reaction is /sqid___—DEVENDRA POONIA, E | If the _reactan | there _is_a possibility of reaction goes t»_completion._| fed_to_the _reaclor_in_stoichiom i¢_proportion, _| * imiting _Reactants: ___= | If two or more reactants are fed to a chemical_reactor, then reaction is called hinting reactanl - | the reactant that would disappear_first__at completion of = | The limiting reactant is always present in lesser quantity than the other “reactants. iu — | Example + A + 28 ——» 3c | \_o and 2 fF to of c. limiting reoctantant = less af (initial moles of reackants Cottesponding stoichiomebe « maa) -a Nhe tes fosshaonde ti deschiorte {veohothmnderttomtoatbnatdatatden/Yoatettactte tunta 's la be=pcome rage ios o> =H a one: 1§[06[2) |S *_| Variable volume reactor (Gas system) + ; Reaction: aA + bB ——> cC_ + dD Xa A_+/b\p ——»>/c\c +fd\p (24 \a) \a/] initially — Nas Neo Ncw No Na = Na — Neo: Xp Ne = Neo -/b) NacXa a Ne = Noo + fs | Nno-XA a No= Np. + {d \ Nao Xa a rs oles: i 1e Nr = Na + Na + Ne + Np Nr = (Npo + Neo +N» +Nos) +/d + Cb alt) NaeXa . . A@.oa a |) - § = Change in_no- of meles moles _of A reacted Nr = No + 5 NhoXeNt Ne No Nr =4+ enka} where | Ea = §-Yro | + Ideal_gas equation _: _PV = Nr RT | Py = R = Povo NvT NTT CGM Peso + if f and_T_are anal V= Vo (i+ Eq Xa)— DEVENDRA POONIA =< Poe 0 4+ Constant Valume N= Vo __Na = Nav (i-Ka)_ Nariable Valutne —__| Vs Vo Cit Ena) Ca= Na = Nho(I-xn) ca = Na. “Nae CX) _ - te ed Vv Vo v Vo (i+ Ea kn) | Ca = Cro (1- Xa) Ca = Cho (1- Xa) \t€n Xa) ve tthe fi je. | low | volumetric flow tate (yy) = We (i+ €axa) Ca= Na/t = molar Howrate = Fa _V/t volumetric lowrate _ | Cas Fao (i-Xn) Vo (I+ EaXa) = tania) | Cit€nxa) | _where _, Che = Fro VoDEVENDRA POONIA, Analysis of variable volume teactor (das) yate = Gta) = k Ca" o Cit EnXa) Se “Vo How. volume. changes —* initial_volume__. Ea = Vxaei — Vxq=0 Vxa= 0 actional_change_in_volume a_teackion: é Liu aA + bB-— >cC + dD sha “p= (Gf “Oe S=/da-c hb =). a aia -Defnikion_of €a Frdtonal change in wlanabehoucs i 00 conversion and 0 7 conversion M=Ne_(1+€aXa) + _V= vo aye -XA= VeVo |DEVENDRA POONIA _ =the ka _ ~Yas -1 dla vo dt No = Nao (= xa) dNa_= —Nao Xp dt dt cTa = Neos d¥n 5 ooo Vi dt -Tp = Nao dXa VoCl+enXe) dt {r= Cao dXn Ci+€nxa) dt - -lh= = [-Nno die \ VA aD ~~ (From (ii) -tn= Nao 4 dV - -Y EaNo dt s+» (From @) -tn = Cao dV av dt | ee ld sd hla lle.DEVENDRA POONIA | For_variable_ volume : ——_ — Ce = Cro C= Xo ~ | a C+ énXa) fi Ca_in_terms_of V, sp we put Xn = _V-Vo Ene Ca= Col '- | Cave) ‘| = It €q (v-Vo EAVe / Ca = Cho rere (EnV. -\V -Vo 7 En Vo + av - EaNe [en ste welitegy= =) pant Env Q- Gas phase teaction, A 4B , Cre= 2 mol /Lit . Feed is pure A. D=3V0 . Calculate Ca Cas Cao [Meel-o 2 2 | Veliva) — | €av 3X BVe Ca = 2/a = 0-222 mol/ it OR 7 v= Ve(It EnXa) Now, Cy = Cao (i=Xa)_ BVo = Vo (1+ 3 Xa) Cit €aXa) =_3Xa = 2(\- 2/3) _ [24 le 3x27, 3= — * | Nariable volume analysis For zeto orders | In (Ve (14 EaXa)) = ken t Vo 7 She \n (1+ €aXa) = ka t Cao [ _ t= Cro _In(it€aXa) L K-€a | t _ \n vy Z _| Vo, Sy Slope = ken or Cho Tait €0%a) _- DEVENDRA POONIA FI pee ey ernative: va 5 i -ta=k : Cu Xn = k C+ €axa) dt tie += | dXa = a sa Gr enxa) \n Gee) | ps Croei" — | — + | Navable volume analysis “for Rtst_order reaction: —__}— ins - 4 _ — —="a_s_kCa 4 | Coo 1 dV = kCn (Vo (it én)-V : ~ €a_v at Env - y ‘ t —_—| f (__a =k [dt | J (vo (ien)-VJ J | Ve 3 - | if (iten)-vV] = -kt__ | Vo (1+ 6a) Ve | PES] EnVo plat a veh el | nf a oF Slope =k =n Xe) _|= ee an few yew) aE nono | =e | in Gee : | 4 —This_shows thatthe first _orda_reaction —is_independent_iof type | of reaction. system. out first order reaction _ either in constant voluwie — or_uatiable volume system. | We can carry | Alternative : ~ta = kCa fe dXa_ = Kk Lap(t-xa)_ Lr berray_dt Lt nny Xa { t - (aXe = k| dt ) G=Xa) ren oO 1 [ -In (\-Xa) = ktDEVENDRA POONIA iF a fal | Total Pressute Analysis: aA + hB —»cC +dD | if xis the _mumber of moles of A thal has reacled| Na 2 Nao= x No = N= (A) Ne= Neo +(e) a Np = Nobo -+/d \ x. Xa] + Np = Nféo + NBo + Neo + Ndo + x (dtG-b-a) a Nt =-Nte + % (on), t fart i a ; = wee NT=Nte oa) an | Concentration canbe definedias. e NA = Nae=*% _Ceonstant Volume) | Vo. 77 | Cas Nao — a (Nt - Nto sweat) ie | fo an Vo Vo Cy= Ca =a (Cr ~ Cre) _ Oh _ y= _Cro— (Ct Cy) ; i ib: | Ta = Pho a a _ tn) RT RT an \RT RT Pa_= Pho - 0 (Pr'~ Pro) An 3 = tm = (er= Pre) | Cquation valid_fat $ constant volume Q Consider a zero order eaction , A ——> 4R takes place_ip a | constant volume reactor. Pure A is fed to the reactor! It is. | given that at t=0, the initial total pressure is 1 latm. after 1 min the total _presstite increased to 4:5 atm| |(i) Calculate _k' = K (RT) in (atm) — | Constant volume system and zero 0} - Cho - Gy = kt | tho = Pa = kt _ ATTDEVENDRA POONIA Few, Ihe. 5 Pra: Spo i “In £ = 1x eee ee tre 1 (15-1) 3 fas 1-05 3 4 | Pa = 0-833_alm |. kis kRT = (fho-Pa) 2 1- 0-833 + 1 [kis kRT = o16¢ alm/min J | clion ing eal composition « and| same _ L (scaled i nt_ pressure land it is_given_ that al £=0. Vo = 4.1il find the’ volume afte, 4 min. In(v) = kéa + PN Vel Che In()= kK (RT) Ent i Pao in (v) = O64 xaxt as ye er"? T V= 1-65 fit c———_I+= -DEVENDRAPOONIA. — == —S io * troduction__to Reactor _Design.: — _ =| Calculation of time (batch) jt = =| Calelation _ of volume (low) | ~~ | There_are three types of reactors i. | Batch Reactor: ————_-—________No_input , no output ) ~ Semi_batch reactor , a ———__|-—____either_ input, no_o i a —No_inpat = = | Batch reactor is simple = : Hideal.for small scale experimental 5 dies !,Gi) | Continuous —stitred tank reactor CSTR)! OR Mixed flow reactor CMFR) + Feed inn 1 _ Product __ output | Ideal ¢STRi )_Concentration _ and_tejetlae_i js_uniform _inside_the reactor. G_Ca_or. Ta inside _the_reaclr_= 22/oc/21 _exit_Ca_or Ta ii)__Dispersion no. for. ideal_csTR_ Gt te ___Giit)|_ Plug flow reactor (PER) * gon | = _—! | y = — [a Catan y—> Ve t tela Flow reactor? Nol back diffusion | =| @ L __No_axial mixing =N RA _Mole_Balance_: | (Mote in)_ =(mole_out) + (mole gen) _- (cnole cons.) =(m) le gcc") For_A: s. = +0 ° - Cta)v =/dne\ Vat) [-(ta) = -1 dNa | v dt = (General_design for constant _and_vatiable _volume_system.) D case of constant volume: V_= constant evi dNa = d(Ne/y) 2 dtp Vv dt dt dt J pa ta = =e _ pgS=F OO om : Atea= f y-se i 4 Sr A no ‘ & t=-( dea 2 Cte) + Ae + : time 5 ie | Cra) 0 t= - t\. dG = i TA Sein) LL Ca Ca CG | t= ("1 dnDEVENDRA POONIA Nature of (&) Vs. Ca curve + Gta) Case id if nea for eq. n=2 i __=ta_= kent . x yFe [ xb) | st) hk i HAT Cet foe in If _n= 0 at -ta=k L ob fie\es a ay | . fa constant 9) ~ 4 fap / 1-\ Gt) et \ Ca (ats/ | case iii) \ TR nic \arh . eg ne-2 -tr= kCs! : Era) — ere A(aj4 i ofDEVENDRA POONIA | In terms of conversion, - oO Cn = Ce C= Xn) {oo dts =e ake | limit_z__Cr_= Cre _xnze Ca = Ca »_Xn = XA Ca Xp t=-(d& = ~(Cr)(dXa ) Gta) J Cra) Cho ry Xa t= Cro ( dXa Paap) L A tr >1 Tr Tea = apt) a <— 7 te ~ RS iDEVENDRA POONIA Nature of (Cy) Ve Xn curves Case i} ND1 | example: fas kent 7 - oe ee H |G) kat Gi | i~ | as_xat tn | a= gt |DEVENDRA POONIA in ee 0) dNa = “-Nno dX mI t= Nao fs dXn 3} Gtr) t= Nhe f 4 dXn L of _VoCi+€nXa) Gta) —* * We know (ta) in terms of Cy and__Ca= Cho (\-Xa) | Cit €nXa) oe os te Nne_{ tz dxn - ai vy Veit eaxa) Kk | Noo (aXea ss heal |-——_—____- | ~~ Neste = Cao In (1+ EnXn) se atepe ui fj éak _ _ to bee ts on For_first order: -Ta_= kCa_ ——|—___ |e tn fh vax __ Ve (i+éaXa) Kr Xa t= Nno ( \ dXe Ve (4 Xn) Kk Coo Ci Xa) Cit€a Xa) = Nao (* dXn, Kve 2 Ci-Xa) [kk = In (1-xa)DEVENDRA POONIA - Space time Ct): + Time required to process one reactor volume. i ts T= __Volurne : - ve Volumetric flowrate —DEVENDRA POONIA, IS Fae —» molar flow tate (tnol /time | Mate_balance: 7 Ye — Volumettic flow rate (voburne / Hie) Fro - Fa_+ ~Cta)v = Ae (steady state) mole in_— mole oul + tole gen_= mole cons. _= mmole Ace ’ Fa= Fhe (i- Xa) General design ~ equation_for TR iene glenye __ - T Cta)= Cra) =f (ca) 5 Cr Cee (i-Xa) - Ete Cony aie tals (4EnXa) | For _conskint volume C€n=0) liquid _phose reaction | Xq_=_Cao- Ca 4 icy T= Cro-Ca Ctr) fi N= xa L Fao Cra) _ ' Vig Gente] Fro Cho€ta) | _ Plot of (Ytq) Vs: Ca: T= Cro-Ca 2 (a) “x Cnaleca) exit I ec (ta) | Case i? ny 1 Aca. length Breadth(i | Case id - Neo Lt | Yy rT Lu | VILLL/ Ca L L Case iii? n1 b ce-ii) n=0 | PCase - Wid n Vv Xp 3 V =. Xa Fao Cra) Cao: Ve kCaeCi-Xa) = Vo ___k(t-Xa)) “~ NV= 4X08 = 4X8- 2. leofit ot x (1-0-8) OD ._| Gas_phase_clementary reaction 28 »—pure_A is fed —j iF a | Vo = 4 lit{min _, k= ot mint a = Xas Boy. »ve8 Tsothermal cstR at const: P Enz Yno'S = 1x (2) = a] Vv = AA mV Xa Fro -tn KCh v= Ka 5 Ve Kate 2 0-8x4 x (iro) = leoxrg KoroG-Xo) K(X) OL Kod _= a. tk (Cit Gan) (EAxn) —DEVENDRA POONA ~~~ Smait-valume element AB Mole balance : Mole in - mole out + mole gens — mole cons. = mole_ace” Fa -(Fa+ dfn) + 0 -Gtm)dy = 0 - dfx_= (fm) dv Fa_= Fho(1-Xa) _ dFa = -FredXa FaodXa = (ta) dv v kr (av. dke 1 _ J Fro Ct) : oh > “—_ General equation for _consta} — and variable volume ate — —=—- _ 4 adDEVENDRA POONIA fe—— wn — ne (dkny o Ctr) Cho a AXa += General_equation_for_constant and och) Variable volume system +_| Equations _for_constant_density system Cénso) Xn = Cao—Ca Cre Cys Cao (l~ Xa) dCa = -CrodXa dXp = -dCn Cho 20 Ca= Cro Xn= Xa Cae Cr | Sc + Cr 7 | Ts Che (— -dea , 4. | cae CIA) “Che i I | | 4 1DEVENDRA POONIA, For constant densily system , mth = = dco For PPR — a ate | ae For_ constant vslumne system. »-design equation of Batch_teactor —and__PFR_teactor_is samme - Replace t—>T _, solve simply | kinetics _with_integral_method _and_get desired results. |_~ 2s/oc/a1 + Plot of ("Ate) Ve. Ce: Cro Com | ts fay 9 ts [ate cy = | oe Ns x-anis \ Seaxis ‘Area. under the-curve. Case =i9 N>1 a cil |