9.1/ BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTIONS A. Discrete random varlables 1, Given an experiment with a sample space S, the variable X which is assigned to each outcome is called a random variable. 2. A random variable X that has finite and takes countable values is called a discrete random variable, For example, two coins are tossed. The sample space is S = ((H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (1, T)). Let X be the discrete random variable which is defined on the sample space S such that X represents the number of heads obtained for each outcome. The table below summarises the results. [Outcome ! (HH) CLT) (LH) (7) Xux ] 2 1 1 0 In set notation, X = (0, 1, 2). [EXAMPLE CT) A dice is rolled 3 times. If X represents the number of times a number 2 appears, list all possible values of X. Solution The tree diagram shows all the possible outcomes. 2 a roe 2 2 x 2 Not 2 Not 2 Not 2, Not 2,2 Not 2, Not 2, Not 2 Thus, X = (0, 1, 2, 3) Do It Now 7 Progressive SPM Practice 19.1: Question 1 3 2 2, Not 2, 2 2 2, Not 2, Not 2 1 Not 2, 2, 2 2 Not 2, 2, Not 2 1 1 0 1 B' Probability of an event In a binomial distribution 1. In an experiment, a trial that produces the outcomes of either “success” or “failure” is known as a Bernoulli trial. 2. If a Bernoulli trial is repeated » independent times, then the experiment is known as a binomial experiment. 3. For a binomial experiment, the probability that x takes a certain value, say r is denoted by P(X = 7), 4. The distribution of the probabilities of all the values of X is called the binomial distribution. 5. The probability of getting r successes when a binomial experiment is repeated times is defined as P(X = 1) ="C,pig'" r= 0, 1,2, where p q robability of success robability of failure umber of trials ! EXAMPLE (2 A fair dice is rolled 3 times, one after the other. If X represents the number of times the number 6 appears, find (a) the probability of success p for each roll. (b) the probability distribution of X. Solution (a) Since it is a fair dice, the probability of getting the number 6 is 4. ‘Thus, p = + (&) X represents the discrete random variable for the binomial distribution with n = 3, p = t andq= 3 PU =1) = Cg r= 0,1,2,3 . c{4)(S) = 0.5787 P= 1)= (2) P(X = ala = 0.3472 PX = 2) = 2c = 0.0694 sie ote of} J jn P(X = 3) = ref. = 0.0046 Note that the total probat Do ltNow 2 Progressive SPM Practice 19.1: Questions 2 & 3¢' Binomial distribution graphs n can be illustrated by a graph. ‘Abinomial distrib ' EXAMPLE Dy praw a graph for the following binomial distribution: PX=n=‘Cpg'r=0, 1,2, 3,4, where p = 4. Solution Given n = 4, p = px=0)=*¢-1) PX = 1) = Cl mal por= 2) = 401) pox = 3) =*c(4} POX = 4) = 4c PxK=0) £ 04 03: 02. on 9 Ro itNow 7 Progressive SPM Practice 19.1: Questions 4 d 5 D "Mean, variance and standard deviation of a binomial distribution For a binomial distribution, if X is a random variable expressed by X ~ B(r, p), then mean = np variance = npq standard deviation = Viipq EXAMPLE (Jy ilies in a district, it is found that wo out of three families have a computer at home. Find the mean and standard deviation for the number of families having a computer at home. Solution Let X be the number of families who have a computer at home. P(having a computer) = p = 4 qe + n= 6000 Mean =p = 6 000% 3 = 4000 Standard deviation Do itNaw 7 Progressive SPM Practice 19.1: Questions 6 - & E "Solve problems involving binomial distributions EXAMPLE (yj A school teacher found that 90% of the students who took Additional Mathematics in SPM passed. If 30 students are chosen at random, find the probability that not more than 2 students failed the Additional Mathematics. Solution Let X be the number of students who passed Additional Mathematics in SPM. Given p = 0.9, q = 0.1, = 30 P(not more than 2 students failed) = P(at least 28 students passed) = P(X > 28) = P(X = 28) + P(X = 29) + P(X = 30) = *C, (0.90.17 + *C,(0.97°(0.1)' + = 0.2277 + 0.1413 + 0.0424 = 04114 (0-9) 0.1) ANOTHER WAY Let X be the number of students who failed Additional Mathematics in SPM. p=0.1,q=09,n=30 P(not more than 2 students failed) = P(X <2) = P(X =0) + PX = 1) + PX = 2) = *C,(0.1)10.9)" + *C,(0.1)'(0.9)" + C,0.1)0.9)" 0424 + 0.1413 + 0.2277 4114 Do itNow 7 Progressive SPM Practice 19.1: Question 9EXAMPLE a ‘The probability that an employee in a company takes the bus to work is 2. If there are 15 employees in the company, what is the probability that on a cer day, (a) all of them take the bus to work? (b) more than 3 employees take the bus to work? (©) nobody takes the bus to work? Solution et X be the number of employees taking the bus to work. (a) P(all of them take the bus to work) = P(X = 15) rele) (3) = 0.00047 (b) P(more than 3 employees take the bus to work) = P(X > 3) = 1- P(X 3) = 1 [P(X = 0) + PIX = 1) + POX = 2) + PIX = 3)] =1-fros SUE)" + re G)EG)" + veya) +03) (3) = 1 - (0.000001 + 0.000024 + 0.000254 + 0.001649) = 0.9981 (c) P(nobody takes the bus to work) = P(X = 0) ~r 5) = [PX = 6) + (X= 7)] 5 (213). 10 (2)(3¥ -belg)ta) ole)t8)] = (0.0172 + 0.0016) 9812 SPM FORMAT (Sapte 3, The probability that a baby born is a girl is. and thatit is a boy is also the same. (a) If Puan Aida has 3 children, find the probabili she has at least a boy and a girl, (b) In Puan Aida's village, there are 20 families that have 3 children each. Find the mean and standard deviation for the families that have at least a boy and a girl. that Solution (a) The tree diagram shows all the possible outcomes. 8 o aE wie 3 he fe “he oerplat least a boy and a girl) Pele. B.G) + PB, G, B) + P(B, G, G) + P(G, B, B) + PG, B, G) + PG, G, B) = 1-[P(, B, B) + PG, G, G)] -1-[@)-G)] Standard deviation pq = fox Sxl = Oxtxz = 1.936 Ah eam NTI PROGRESSIVE 43- /_spm practice 19-0, 1. 2 balls are chosen at random with replacement from a bag that contains 4 red balls and 5 blue balls. If X represents the number of red balls chosen, list all possible values of X. 2. Abox contains four cards with a number written on each of them, The numbers are 1, 2, 3 and 4. A card is drawn from the box and the number on it is noted. Then, it is returned to the box before the next card is drawn. This is repeated 4 times. Find the binomial distribution for the card with the number 4 written on it being drawn from the box. 3, On a Sunday, the probability of getting a car parking lot in ‘a certain town is 0.2. If Ahmad were to go to the town on four Sundays in a row, determine the binomial distribution for the number of times he will find a car parking lot. 4. In a blood donation drive, it was found that 20% of the -1.3) Solution (a) P(Z > 0.2) = 0.4207 P(Z» 02) 02 (b) PZ < -0.6) = P(Z > 0.6) PIZ<-08) 60 (©) P@ >-1.3)=1-P(Z> 1.3) Pi2>-13) = 1 - 0.0968 = 0.9032 aro (d) P(-0.3 = Z < 0.3) P(-03. 0.2) 1 - 0.1587 - 0.4207 0.4206 =1 002 CHE P> i '* It is always helpful to indicate the area in a diagram. * The area obtained from the standard normal distribution table is always below the right tail of the curve. = Pla z) = 0.3464 (b) P@ < 2) = 0.0532 (©) PZ = 2) = 0.6704 (d) PZ <2) = 0.5383lution rai > 2) = 0.3464 value = 0.3950 PIZ> a = 0.3488 0.0532 (b) P@ <2) zvalu (PZ >2) = 0.6704 1-PZ <2) = 0.6704 PZ <2) = 1 - 0.6704 = 0.3296 zvalue = -0.441 zo P(z> 2) = 0.6708 5383 5383 ~ 0.5383 1.4617 .096 o © P(Z>0)= P(Z< 0) =05 ‘= When the value given is more than 0.5, be sure to shade the re coverog mote than +o te cave. Do ItNow 7 + Progressive SPM Practice 19.2: Question 3 i C* Convert a random variable X to a standardised variable Z A random variable X (x-value) in any normal distribution can be converted into a standardised variable Z (z-value) by using the following formula. goat o where j1 = mean of a normal distribution o = standard deviation of a normal distribution [EXAMPLE (79, Given X has a normal distribution with a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 3. Find the z-value for,each of the following. (a) X= 12 (b) X=85 Solution Given p= 10 and o = 3. (@)Z= mito Zz = 85210 = 0.6867 =-05 Do It Now 7 Progressive SPM Practice 19.2: Question 4 _D" Represent probability of an event using set notation 1, The probability of a random variable X of a normal distribution for which a < x 50) (b) P40 < X < 55) Solution Given = 45 and o = 7. (@) POX > 50) = P(XSH > 50-1) =*(z> 50-45) = PZ > 0.714) = 0.2377 Cor(b) P(40 < X < 55) = (Man < Xow < S5=H) 3 «<6 55-45 > 7 = P(-0.714 < Z < 1.429) = P(Z = 0.714) - P(Z > 1.429) - 0.2377 - 0.0765 = 0.6858 Do It Now 7 Progressive SPM Practice 19.2: Question & ~o7i4 0 1.429 F | Solve problems involving normal distributions EXAMPLE 73, ‘The marks of 9000 candidates in an examination are normally distributed with a mean of 51 and a standard deviation of 10. (a) If 70 marks or more is necessary for distinction, estimate the number of candidates who will get distinction. (b) If 30% of the candidates failed in the examination, find the minimum passing mark. (c) Find the probability that a candidate chosen at random get marks between 48 and 68. Solution Let X be the marks of a candidate. Given = 51 and o = 10. 70-51 (@) P(X > 70) = P(z = 2=51) PZ > 1.9) .0287 oT Number of candidates who will get distinction = 0,0287 x 9 000 = 258 (b) Let the minimum passing mark be k. POX 03)-P@> 1.7) = 103821 - 0.0446 = 05733 Do It Now 2 Progressive SPM Practice 19.2: Questions 9-14 SPM FORMAT ; SAV/PLE 4 The chickens in a farm have masses which are normally distributed with a mean of 700 g and a standard deviation of 200 g. (a) Ifa chicken is chosen at random, find the probability that its mass is between 300 g and 800 g. (b) If there are 983 chickens have masses between 300 g and 800 g, find the total number of chickens in the farm. Solution Let X be the mass of a chicken. Given 1 = 700 and o = 200. (a) P(300 < X < 800) 300 = 700 800 - 700 = (Sage <2 < Sy ) PC2 <2 < 05) 1- PZ > 2)-P@> 05) 1 - 0.0228 - 0.3085 0.6687 (b) Percentage of the chickens that have masses between 300 g and 800 g = 0.6687 x 100% 16.87% 100 Total number of chickens = Zoey x 983 = 1470 SPM FORMAT (SalpLe 5 ‘The masses of a group of students are normally distributed with mean jt kg and standard deviation o kg. It is known that 10.56% of the students have masses more than 50 kg and 15.87% have masses less than 32 kg. Find the values of rand &. Solution Let X be the mass of a student. Given mean = and standard deviation = o. P(X > 50) = 0.1056 se ® P(X < 32) = 0.1587 we From @: P(X > 50) = 0.1056 fz > 2=H) - 0.1056 o S0=8. jas o 50-p= 1.256 P(X < 32) = 0.1587 (2 < 32H) - 01587 3 32H a 32-p=-0 250 From @: o-@: Substitute o 32-p u Thus, 4 = 40 and o= 8.(E>PROGRESSIVE 7525)" /_ SPM PRACTICE 19), 4. Express the following continuous random variables using set notation. (@) X represents the time taken by a taxi to travel from KLCC to Putrajaya, which is between 30 minutes and 60 minutes. (0) X represents the age of a person to enter university, which is 16 years and above, (6) X represents the number of hours a student spends in front of a television, which varies from 1 hour to 4 hours. (@) X represents the passing mark of the Additional Mathematics paper which is not less than 55 marks, (e) X represents the mass of a newborn baby which is between 2 kg and 4 kg, 2. Given Z is the standard normal distribution variable. Find the values of the following, (@) P(Z> 25) (b) P(Z<-25) (©) P(l 2) = 0.052 (0) P(Z< 2 = 0.225 (©) P(Z< 2) = 0.732 ( P07 48) (©) PQS. < x < 45) (d) P(41 = Xs 47) (0) PQS < X< 99) 9, The time taken by the students to solve a mathematics problem is normally distributed with a mean of 30 minutes and a standard deviation of 3 minutes. Ifa student is chosen at random, find the probability that the time taken by the Student to solve the problem is between 28 minutes and 35 minutes. 10. Asiah found that the time taken to travel from her house toher office is normally distributed with a mean of 40 minutes and a variance of 64 minutes?, If she leaves home at 7:[Link], find the probability that she will arive after 8: 15am, 11, In the standard sports of a school, all students took part in the 100 m race. The time taken to fish the race by a Form 2 student is normally dstibuted with a mean of 15 seconds and a variance of 25 seconds’. For a student who 100k less than 16 seconds, 1 mark was awarded and for one who took less than 14 seconds, 2 marks were awarded. (@) Find the percentage of Form 2 students wino got 1 mark each © the number of Form 2 students who got 2 marks if 200 Form 2 students took part. 12, The diameter of a certain wire is normally distributed with ‘a mean of 3.1 mm and a standard deviation of ¢ mm. (@) If 5% of the wires have diameters less than 2.91 mm, find the value of (b) Find the percentage of the wires that have diameters more than 3.2 mm, 13. The lifespan of a bulb is normally distributed with a mean of 100 hours and a standard deviation of 5 hours. If 5% of the bulbs lasted more than p hours and 10% of the bulbs lasted less than q hours, find the values of p and q. 14, The mass of a packet of biscuit is normally distributed with a mean of 125 g and a variance of 16 g?. (@) Find the probability that a packet of biscuit chosen at random from a sample will have mass (not less than 128 g. (i) between 123 g and 127 g (0) If 70% of the packets chosen at random have masses less than m g, find the value of m.4a Noor uk Soe oe CLONED PAST YEARS’ SPIMI QUESTIONS Cloned SPM Question | 1 YY 03 Paper 1) | ‘ebitie a The diagram shows a standard 2) ee ben ire eee ee normal distribution graph. WPO 50) = o(z > 2-35.) = PZ > 048s) = 1=P(Z = 0.455) = 1 - 0.3246 t = 0.6754 eee The percentage of the children with masses more than 50 kg is 67.54%.Cloned SPM Question A 03 Paper? | 2 Cee — Sy Ina certain residential area, 80% of the people own cars, (® (hI 7 of the people are randomly i Pl Jeast three of them own cars. I * Since P(X » 1) in part (a) involves an ly selected, find the probability that at aston ot sents dsl protaity ‘of each case, it is easier to do the (ii) If the variance of the people who own cars is 16, find th complement of it. That is P(X i 1) = people in that residential area, had tReet Oe Tee ie (0) The masses of the senior students ina school have a normal distribution _* Convert the normal distribution in with a mean ie 55.8 kg and a variance of 380 kg?. 200 of the students Part (2) toa standard normal ceskibution have masses between 50 kg and 60 kg. Find the total ing Z = Za, Daye masts Detnean E. number of senior using Z = X=. Use a graph to determine the required probabil. Solution {a) () Let X be the number of people owning cars. Given n= 7, p= 0.8, q= 0.2. Plat least three of them own cars) = P(X > 3) =1-P(X < 3) = 1- P(X = 0) - P(X = 1) ~ P(X = 2) = 1 ~7C,(0.8)%0.2)" - °C,(0.8)'(0.2)8 - 7C,(0.8)(0.2)* = 1 - 0.000013 - 0.00036 - 0.0043 = 0.9953 (ii) p= 0.8, q = 0.2, o? = 16 o = npg 16 = (0.80.2) n= 100 The number of people in that residential area is 100. (b) Let X be the mass of a senior student. Given p= 55.8 and o? = 380. PS0 1) = 1-P(X< 1). (b) Ina restaurant, the amount of a plate of fried mee follows a normal change the normal distibuton to distribution with a mean of 95 g and a standard deviation 25 g. standard normal disibution using the (i) Ifa plate of fried mee is chosen at random, find the probability that the mass is less than 80 g. (ii) Given that 15% of the fried mee has masses more than m g, find the value of m. value, where Z= =H, Solution (a) (i) Given n= 7 and p= 3.2 For a binomial distribution, » = np 3.2=7p p= 0.457(ii) Let X be the number of times a player hitting the bull's eye. P(at least once) = P(X = 1) =1-PIX<1) =1-PXX=0) = 1 - 'C,(0.457)%0.543)" 1- 0.0139 = 0.9861 (b) Let X be the mass of a plate of fried mee. Given 1 = 95 and o= 25. i) Ux < 80) A(z < 20595) Gi) PX> m= 015 -9) = PZ <~-0.6) H(z >595)~ as = P(Z > 0.6) m-95 ; m8 ~ 1.037 = 0.2743 Ls 6 0 ° m= 120.93 Cloned SPM Question /; 6 | ‘05 Paper 2] & ined + Part (a) isa binomial distribution where (a) The result of a study shows that 40% of the workers in a factory take the nd pare given. train to work. If 10 workers from the factory are chosen at random, Piva 1)= Cpa" calculate the probability that ‘+ Anormal distribution is symmetry about (i) exactly 3 of them take the train to work. (ii) less than 2 of them take the train to work. (b) The mass of a loaf of bread produced in a bakery has a normal distribution with a mean of 800 g and a standard deviation of 95 g. Find (i) the probability that a loaf of bread chosen at random from the bakery has a mass of not more than 820 g. (ii) the value of m if 73% of the loaves of bread have masses of more than m g. 20, Hence, P(Z > a) = P(Z 0.2105) =1- 0.4166 = 0.5834 (ii) P(X > m) = 0.73 oz > m= 800) - 0.73 1-o(z< 3800) -.0.73 O o2105 2< age) = 027 age m 11, a The diagram shows a standard normal & distribution graph. If { P20 < Zz < k= Shs 7 0,958, find P(Z< k). 2. Given Xis a random variable of a normal distribution GB wit. a'mean of 49 and a vatianco of 1.69, Find (@) the zvalue if X = 45.2. (0) P(41.0 < X< 45.2). 3, The mass of a fish caught in a pond has a normal Gp distibution with a mean of 300 g and a standard deviation of 50 g. Find (a) the mass of a fish which gives a standard score of 0.45. (©) the percentage of fish with masses less than 275 g. ‘The probability that a car meets with an accident on a highway is 0.3. If there are 1 000 cars involved in the survey, find the mean, variance and standard deviation for the number of cars that meets with accidents. 5. Ina quiz, 20 objective questions each with 5 choices of answers are given. If Xis a random variable that represents the number of questions that are guessed correctly, find the mean and standard deviation of this probability distribution. SPM FORMAT PRACT! ICE ay - - The probability that a durian picked at random is rotten is 0.2. Ali picked 4 durians randomly from a basket. Find the probability that 2 out of the 4 durians chosen are rotten. Given 20% of a consignment of computer components are faulty. If 7 pieces of the computer components are selected at random, find the Probability that at most 2 of them are faulty. From a survey in a certain district, the probability of a family having two television sets is 0.12. If 500 families are chosen at random, find the mean and standard deviation of the number of families that have two television sets. Itis found that 5% of the pairs of gloves produced by a manufacturer are faulty. If 400 pairs are chosen at random, find the mean and standard deviation of the number of pairs of gloves that are faulty. 10. Abag contains 3 white balls, 4 black balls and 2 red balls. A ball is taken out at random, the colour of the ball is noted and returned to the bag before the next ball is taken out. Find the probability of taking out a black ball each time if the process is repeated 5 times. PAPER 2 |. (a) Ina certain area, 30% of the trees are rubber wl 2 (i) Find the value of p. ()) If8 trees in the area are chosen at random, find the probability that at least two of the trees are rubber trees. (id) Ifthe variance of the rubber trees is 315, find the number of rubber trees in the area. {b) The masses of children in Primary One in a school have a normal distribution with mean 33.5 kg and variance 25 kg’. 150 of the children have masses between 30 kg and 36.5 kg. Calculate the total number of children in Primary One in that school, @ 2. (a) Abasketball club trains its players to shoot. Each cay player was given 7 chances to shoot. Alter the > Practice, it was found that the probabilty that a player is successful in getting a goal is p and the mean of the number of goals is 3.5. (i) fa player is chosen at random, find the probability that he is successful at least once in getting a goal. (b) It is found that the masses of babies born in @ hospital have a normal distribution with ‘@ mean of 3.3 kg and a standard deviation of 0.9 kg. (i) If @ baby is chosen at random, find the probability that the mass is less than 2.9 kg. (ii) Given that 15% of the babies have masses more than m kg, calculate the value of m. 3. (a) The result of a study shows that 25% of the & secondary students know how to send emails. If 9 students are chosen at random from the group. of secondary students, calculate the probability ‘that(i) exactly 3 of them know how to send emails. (ii) less than 3 of them know how to send emails, (b) The masses of a certain brand of handphones have a normal distribution with a mean of 210 g and a standard deviation of 20 g. Find () the probability that a handphone chosen at random has a mass of not more than 228 g. (i) the value of m if 73% of the handphones have masses of less than m g. 4. (a) From the records of a driving school, 35% of the people who took the driving test on any day failed the test. If 10 persons were chosen at random, find the probability that (i) exactly 2 of them failed the test. (i) at least 8 of them passed the test. (b) 500 officers in an institution took a proficiency examination. The marks they obtained are normally distributed with a mean of 45 marks and a standard deviation of 10 marks. The institution is to promote those whose marks are above 60 and retrain others whose marks are below 39. Find the probability that an officer chosen at random (i) will be promoted. (ii) will be retrained. Hence, find the number of officers that will be retrained. 5. (a) 80% of the students chosen to enter the Science ‘stream in an institution have distinctions in their Mathematics. (i) 15 students are chosen at random, find the probability that all of them have distinctions in their Mathematics. (ji) If there are 2 000 students, find the mean and standard deviation of the number of students who got distinctions in their mathematics. (b) The masses of fish reared by a farmer follows anormal distribution with mean yg and standard deviation o g. If 10% of the fish have masses less than 700 g and 25% of the fish have masses more than 850 g, find the values of and o. 6. (a) The mass of a loaf of bread from a bakery is normally distributed with mean yg and ‘standard deviation o g. If 18% of the loaves of bread chosen at random have masses less than 350 g and 14% of the loaves of bread chosen at random have masses more than 430 g, find the values of wand o. (b) The heights of the trees in a certain forest follow ‘a normal distribution. If 16% of the trees have heights more than 35 m and 8.2% of the trees have heights less than 21.5 m, find the mean and variance for the heights of the trees. 7. (a) The mass of a box of chocolate has a normal distribution with a mean of 60 g and a standard deviation of og. If the probability that a box of chocolate has mass more than 52 g is 0.352, find (i) the value of o. (i) the probability that the mass of a box of chocolate is less than 48 g. (b) The mass of a bar of soap produced by a factory has a normal distribution with mean pg and standard deviation § g. If 2.28% of the bars of soap have masses more than 150 g, find (i) the value of p. (ii) the probability that the mass of a bar of soap chosen at random is less than 125 g. 8. (a) The heights of a group of students in a school have a normal distribution with a mean of 182 cm and a standard deviation of 10 em. (i). Find the percentage of the students that are taller than 185 cm. (li) Given that 50% of the students have heights between h, cm and h, cm. Find the values of hh, and h, So that the range between h, and hy, is the smallest possible. (b) The diameter of a golf ball produced by a factory is normally distributed with a mean of 4 em and a standard deviation of 0.2 cm. (i) Find the percentage of the golf balls with diameters more than 4.1 cm or less than 3.9 cm. (ii) If n golf balls are chosen at random, find the value of n if the number of golf balls with diameters between 3.95 cm and 4.15 cm is about 400, 9. (a) In a school trial examination, the marks for the English paper are normally distributed with a mean of 60 marks and a standard deviation of 5 marks, (i) Find the probability that a student chosen at random has more than 63 marks. (i) If students are chosen at random, find the probability that at least 2 of them have more than 63 marks. (b) A random variable X has a normal distribution with a mean of 9 and a standard deviation of 3. Find the value of k if the probability that X is between k and 12 is 0.13. 10. (a) In a residential area, 35% of the residents are children below the age of 12. (i) If 10 residents are chosen at random from the area, find the probability that at least 8 of them are more than 12 years old. (ii) If the variance for the number of residents below 12 years old is 192, find the number of residents in this residential area. (b) The length of a brick from a factory is normally distributed with a mean of 25 cm and a standard deviation of 1.5 om. It 2.5% of the bricks are rejected either because they are too long or too short, find the minimum and maximum lengths that can be accepted.