CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2023

Set 1 (31/6/1) Solutions

SECTION–A

Select and write one most appropriate option out of the four options given for each of the
questions 1–20.

1. Metal oxides generally react with acids, but few oxides of metal also react with bases.
Such metallic oxides are: 1

I. MgO
II. ZnO
III. Al2O3
IV. CaO

(a) I and II
(b) II and III
(c) III and IV
(d) I and IV

Answer: (b) II and III

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2. Few drops of aqueous solution of ammonium chloride are put on a universal
indicator paper. The paper turns pink. Study the following table and choose the correct
option. 1

Nature Ammonium chloride is a salt of ... Range of pH

(a) acidic weak acid and strong base less than 7

(b) basic weak acid and strong base more than 7

(c) acidic strong acid and weak base less than 7

(d) basic strong acid and strong base 7

Answer: (a) acidic | weak acid and strong base | less than 7

3. Select the appropriate state symbols of the products given as X and Y in the following
chemical equation by choosing the correct option from the table given below: 1

Zn ( s ) + H2SO4( aq ) → ZnSO4( X ) + H 2 (Y )

(X) (Y)

(a) (s) (l)

(b) (aq) (g)

(c) (s) (g)

(d) (aq) (l)

Answer: (b) (aq) | (g)

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4. Two salts 'X' and 'Y' are dissolved in water separately. When phenolphthalein is
added to these two solutions, the solution 'X' turns pink and the solution 'Y' does not
show any change in colour, therefore 'X' and 'Y' are 1

(X) (Y)

(a) Na2CO3 NH 4Cl

(b) N 22 SO4 NaHCO3

(c) NH 4Cl Na2 SO4

(d) NaNO3 Na22 SO4

Answer:

(a) Na2CO3 NH 4Cl

5. In the given diagram of a closed stomata: (1), (2), (3) and (4) respectively are 1

(a) nucleus, chloroplast, guard cell, vacuole

(b) nucleus, chloroplast, vacuole, guard cell

(c) chloroplast, nucleus, vacuole, guard cell

(d) vacuole, guard cell, nucleus, chloroplast

Answer: (a) nucleus, chloroplast, guard cell, vacuole

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6. Walking in a straight line and riding a bicycle are the activities which are possible
due to a part of the brain. Choose the correct location and name of this part from the
given table: 1

Part of the Brain Name

(a) Fore brain Cerebrum

(b) Mid brain Hypothalamus

(c) Hind brain Cerebellum

(d) Hind brain Medulla

Answer: (c) Hind brain | Cerebellum

7. A student wants to obtain an erect image of an object using a concave mirror of 10

cm focal length. What will be the distance of the object from mirror? 1

(a) Less than 10 cm

(b) 10 cm
(c) between 10 cm and 20 cm
(d) more than 20 cm

Answer: (a) Less than 10 cm

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8. Bronze is an alloy of 1

(a) Copper and Zinc

(b) Aluminium and Tin
(c) Copper, Tin and Zinc
(d) Copper and Tin

Answer: (d) Copper and Tin

9. In an experiment with pea plants, a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with a pure short
plant (tt). The ratio of pure tall plant to pure short plants in F2_22 generation will be

(a) 1 : 3
(b) 3 : 1
(c) 1 : 1
(d) 2 : 1

Answer: (b) 3 : 1

10. Study the given figure of a Food web and identify the primary consumer in the food
web: 1

(a) Mice and Bear

(b) Rabbit and Cat
(c) Rabbit and Fox
(d) Mice and Rabbit

Answer: (d) Mice and Rabbit

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11. Choose the correct order of the stages of binary fission in Leishmania. 1

(a) I, II, III, IV, V

(b) I, III, II, V, IV
(c) I, III, V, IV, II
(d) I, II, III, V, IV

Answer: (a) I, II, III, IV, V

12. Consider the following chemical equation I and II 1

I. Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2

II. NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

The correct statement about these equations is—

(a) 'I' is a displacement reaction and 'II' is a decomposition reaction.

(b) 'I' is a displacement reaction and 'II' is double displacement reaction.
(c) Both 'I' and 'II' are displacement reactions.
(d) Both 'I' and 'II' are double-displacement reactions.

Answer: (b) 'I' is a displacement reaction and 'II' is double displacement reaction.

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13. In the following diagram showing dispersion of white light by a glass prism, the
colours 'P' and 'Q' respectively are— 1

(a) Red and Violet

(b) Violet and Red
(c) Red and Blue
(d) Orange and Green

Answer: (b) Violet and Red

14. Consider the following three flowers namely X, Y and Z. Which flower(s) would
develop into a fruit? 1

(a) 'X' only

(b) 'Z' only
(c) 'X' and 'Y' only
(d) 'Y' and 'Z'

Answer: (d) 'Y' and 'Z'

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15. The magnetic field inside a long straight current carrying solenoid: 1

(a) is zero.
(b) decreases as we move towards its end.
(c) increases as we move towards its end.
(d) is same at all points.

Answer: (d) is same at all points.

16. In human eye the part which allows light to enter into the eye is— 1

(a) Retina
(b) Pupil
(c) Eye lens
(d) Cornea

Answer: (b) Pupil

Q. No. 17 to 20 are Assertion – Reason based questions.

These consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions
selecting the appropriate option given below:

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).

(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A).

(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

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17. Assertion (A): It is advised that while diluting an acid one should add water to acid
and not acid to water keeping the solution continuously stirred.

Reason (R): The process of dissolving an acid into water is highly exothermic. 1

Answer: (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).

18. Assertion (A): The energy which passes to the herbivores does not come back to
autotrophs. 1

Reason (R): The flow of energy in a food chain is unidirectional.

Answer: (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).

19. Assertion (A): Amoeba takes in food using finger-like extensions of the cell surface.

Reason (R): In all unicellular organisms, the food is taken in by the entire cell surface.
1

Answer: (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A).

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20. Assertion (A): Melting point and boiling point of ethanol are lower than that of
sodium chloride.

Reason (R): The forces of attraction between the molecules of ionic compounds are
very strong. 1

Answer: (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).

SECTION–B

Q. No. 21 to 26 are Very Short Answer Questions.

21. State whether the given chemical reaction is a redox reaction or not. Justify your
answer. 2

MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2

Yes, the given reaction is a redox reaction.

Justification:

• In MnO2 , manganese (Mn) has an oxidation state of +4.

• In MnCl2 , manganese (Mn) has an oxidation state of +2.

• In HCl, chlorine (Cl) has an oxidation state of -1.

• In Cl2 , chlorine (Cl) has an oxidation state of 0.

Oxidation State Changes:

• Manganese (Mn) is reduced from +4 to +2 (gain of electrons).

• Chlorine (Cl) is oxidized from -1 to 0 (loss of electrons).

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Since there is both oxidation and reduction occurring, it confirms that the reaction is a redox
reaction.

22. (a) List two differences between the movement of leaves of a sensitive plant and the
movement of a shoot towards light. 2

• Sensitive Plant Movement:

o Rapid movement.

o Does not depend on the direction of stimulus.

• Shoot Movement Towards Light:

o Slow movement.

o Directed towards the source of light (phototropism).

(b) What happens at synapse between two neurons? State briefly.

• The synapse is a junction between two neurons.

• Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal of one neuron.

• These chemicals cross the synaptic gap and bind to receptors on the dendrite of the
next neuron.

• This triggers an electrical signal in the second neuron.

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23. Give the name of the enzyme present in the fluid in our mouth cavity. State the
gland which produces it. What would happen to the digestion process if this gland stops
secreting this enzyme? 2

• Enzyme Name: Salivary amylase.

• Gland: Salivary glands.

• Effect on Digestion: If the salivary glands stop secreting salivary amylase, the
digestion of starch in the mouth would be affected. This would slow down the initial
stage of carbohydrate digestion.

24. Let the resistance of an electrical device remain constant, while the potential
difference across its two ends decreases to one fourth of its initial value. What change
will occur in the current through it? State the law which helps us in solving the above-
stated question. 2

• Change in Current: The current will decrease to one fourth of its initial value.

• Law: Ohm’s Law.

o Ohm’s Law states that the current III through a conductor between two points
is directly proportional to the voltage VVV across the two points and inversely
proportional to the resistance RRR.

V
o Formula: I = .
R

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25. A light ray enters from medium A to medium B as shown in the figure. 2

(a) Which one of the two media is denser w.r.t. other medium? Justify your answer.

Answer:

• Medium B is denser compared to Medium A.

• Justification: The light ray bends towards the normal when it enters Medium B from
Medium A. This indicates that Medium B is optically denser than Medium A.

(b) If the speed of light in medium A is Va and in medium B is Vb , what is the refractive
index of B with respect to A.

The refractive index of medium B with respect to medium A (nBA ) is given by the ratio of the
speed of light in medium A to the speed of light in medium B.

va
nBA =
vb

OR

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(a) A ray of light starting from diamond is incident on the interface separating diamond
and water. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the refraction of light in this case.

Labelled Ray Diagram

(b) Absolute refractive indices of diamond and water are 2.42 and 1.33 respectively.
Find the value of refractive index of water w.r.t. diamond.

The refractive index of water with respect to diamond (nWD ) is the ratio of the absolute
refractive index of water to that of diamond.

Refractive index of water 1.33

nWD = =
Refractive index of diamond 2.42

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26. State the rule to determine the direction of a (a) magnetic field produced around a
straight conductor carrying current and (b) force experienced by a current carrying
straight conductor placed in a magnetic field which is perpendicular to it. 2

(a) Magnetic Field Direction:

• Right-Hand Thumb Rule:

o Hold the straight conductor in your right hand with your thumb pointing in the
direction of the current.

o The direction in which your fingers curl around the conductor represents the
direction of the magnetic field lines around the conductor.

(b) Force Direction:

• Fleming's Left-Hand Rule:

o Hold your left hand with the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger mutually
perpendicular to each other.

o Point your forefinger in the direction of the magnetic field.

o Point your middle finger in the direction of the current.

o Your thumb will point in the direction of the force experienced by the
conductor.

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 Section C

[Link] 27 to 33 are Short answer Questions

27. Explain the process of transport of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in a human
body. 3

• Oxygenated Blood:

o Blood is oxygenated in the lungs.

o It is carried from the lungs to the heart via the pulmonary veins.

o The left side of the heart pumps this oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
through the aorta.

o Oxygen is delivered to tissues and cells.

• Deoxygenated Blood:

o Blood picks up carbon dioxide and other wastes from cells and tissues.

o It is carried back to the heart via veins.

o The right side of the heart pumps this deoxygenated blood to the lungs through
the pulmonary arteries.

o In the lungs, carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen.

28. (a) A substance ‘X’ is used as a building material and is insoluble in water. When it
reacts with dil. HCl, it produces a gas which turns lime water milky. 3

(i) Write the chemical name and formula of ‘X’.

• Chemical Name: Calcium carbonate.

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 • Formula: CaCO3 .

(ii) Write the chemical equations for the chemical reactions involved in the above
statements.

• Reaction with HCl:

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

• Reaction with lime water:

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + H2O

(b) A metal ‘M’ on reacting with dilute acid liberates a gas ‘G’. The same metal also
liberates gas ‘G’ when reacts with a base. 3

(i) Write the name of gas ‘G’.

• Gas G: Hydrogen (H₂)

(ii) How will you test the presence of this gas?

• Bring a burning matchstick near the mouth of the test tube containing the gas.

• If the gas burns with a 'pop' sound, it confirms the presence of hydrogen gas.

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(iii) Write chemical equations for the reactions of the metal with (1) an acid and (2) a
base.

1. Reaction with an Acid:

M + 2HCl → MCl2 + H2

2. Reaction with a Base:

M + 2NaOH + 2H2O → 2NaMO2 + 3H2

29. (a) Name the gland and the hormone secreted by it in scary situations in human
beings. List any two responses shown by our body when this hormone is secreted into
the blood. 3

• Gland: Adrenal gland

• Hormone: Adrenaline

Responses:

1. Increase in heart rate.

2. Increase in blood sugar level.

OR

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(b) In the given diagram: 3

(i) Name the parts labelled A, B, and C.

• A: Spinal cord

• B: Motor neuron

• C: Sensory neuron

(ii) Write the functions of A and C.

• Function of A (Spinal cord):

o Transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body.

o Controls reflex actions.

• Function of C (Sensory neuron):

o Carries sensory information from receptors to the central nervous system.

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(iii) Reflex arcs have evolved in animals. Why?

• Reflex arcs have evolved to enable quick responses to stimuli without the delay of
routing signals through the brain.

• This helps in protecting the body from immediate harm and allows for faster reaction
times in dangerous situations.

30. With the help of an appropriate example, justify that some of the chemical reactions
are determined by 3

(a) Change in temperature,

• Example: Decomposition of calcium carbonate.


CaCO3 ⎯⎯ → CaO + CO2

When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide gas. This reaction is endothermic and requires a change in temperature.

(b) Evolution of a gas,

• Example: Reaction of zinc with hydrochloric acid.

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

When zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, hydrogen gas is evolved. This reaction can
be used to justify the evolution of a gas.

(c) Change in colour,

• Example: Reaction of potassium permanganate with glycerol.

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 KMnO4 + C3H8O3 → MnO2 + CO2 + H2O

Potassium permanganate is purple in colour, and it changes to brown manganese

dioxide during the reaction, indicating a change in colour.

31. State reasons for Myopia. With the help of ray diagrams, show the 3

(a) image formation by a myopic eye, and

• Reason for Myopia: Myopia or nearsightedness occurs when the eyeball is too long
or the cornea is too curved. This causes light rays to focus at a point in front of the
retina instead of directly on its surface.

(b) correction of myopia using an appropriate lens.

• Correction: Myopia can be corrected using concave lenses, which diverge the light
rays before they enter the eye, ensuring that the image is focused on the retina.

Ray Diagrams:

1. Image Formation by Myopic Eye:

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 2. Correction Using Concave Lens:

32. What is a solenoid? When does a solenoid behave as a magnet? Draw the pattern of
the magnetic field produced inside it showing the directions of the magnetic field lines.
3

• Solenoid: A solenoid is a long coil of wire with many turns, which produces a
magnetic field when an electric current passes through it.

• Solenoid as a Magnet: A solenoid behaves as a magnet when an electric current

passes through it, creating a uniform magnetic field inside the coil.

Magnetic Field Pattern:

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33. (a) Write the percentage of (i) solar energy captured by the autotrophs and (ii)
energy transferred from autotrophs to the next level in a food chain. 3

• (i) Solar energy captured by autotrophs: Approximately 1% of the solar energy that
reaches the Earth’s surface is captured by autotrophs through photosynthesis.

• (ii) Energy transferred from autotrophs to the next level: About 10% of the energy
captured by autotrophs is transferred to the next trophic level in a food chain.

(b) What are trophic levels? Why do different food chains in an ecosystem not have
more than four to five trophic levels? Give reason.

• Trophic Levels: Trophic levels represent the different levels in a food chain where
organisms obtain their energy. The primary producers (autotrophs) form the first
level, herbivores (primary consumers) form the second, and so on.

• Reason for Limited Trophic Levels: Most ecosystems do not have more than four to
five trophic levels because energy transfer between levels is inefficient. Only about
10% of energy is transferred from one level to the next, leading to significant energy
loss at each step. This limits the number of trophic levels that can be supported.

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 Section D

[Link] 34 to 36 are long answer questions

34. (a) (i) A compound ‘A’ with a molecular formula of C2 H4O2 reacts with a base to
give salt and water. Identify ‘A’, state its nature and the name of the functional group it
possesses. Write chemical equation for the reaction involved. 5

• Identification of ‘A’: Acetic acid

• Nature: Acidic

• Functional Group: Carboxyl group (COOH)

Chemical Equation:

CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O

(ii) When the above stated compound ‘A’ reacts with another compound ‘B’ having
molecular formula C2 H6O in the presence of an acid, a sweet smelling compound ‘C’ is
formed.

1. Identify ‘B’ and ‘C’.

o ‘B’: Ethanol (C2H5OH\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{OH}C2H5OH)

o ‘C’: Ethyl acetate

(CH3COOCH2CH3\text{CH}_3\text{COOCH}_2\text{CH}_3CH3COOCH2
CH3)

2. State the role of acid in this reaction.

o Role of Acid: The acid acts as a catalyst in the esterification reaction.

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 3. Write chemical equation for the reaction involved.

CH3COOH + C2 H5OH ⎯⎯⎯

H2SO4
→ CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O

OR

(b) (i) Name the compound formed when ethanol is heated at 443 K in the presence of
conc. H2SO4 and draw its electron dot structure. State the role of conc. H2SO4 in this
reaction. 5

• Compound Formed: Ethene (C2 H4 )

• Role of Conc. H2SO4 : Acts as a dehydrating agent.

Chemical Equation:

C2 H5OH ⎯⎯⎯
H2SO4
→ C2 H 4 + H 2 O

Electron Dot Structure of Ethene:

H:C::C:H

(ii) What is hydrogenation? Explain it with the help of a chemical equation. State the
role of this reaction in industry.

• Hydrogenation: Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated

compounds in the presence of a catalyst.

• Chemical Equation:

C2 H4 + H2 ⎯⎯
Ni
→ C2 H 6

• Role in Industry: Hydrogenation is used in the food industry to convert vegetable

oils (unsaturated fats) into margarine (saturated fats).

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35. Give reason for the following: 5

(a) During reproduction inheritance of different proteins will lead to altered body
designs.

• Reason: Different proteins coded by different genes can result in varied body
structures and functions due to the specific roles that proteins play in growth and
development.

(b) Fertilization cannot take place in flowers if pollination does not occur.

• Reason: Pollination is the process of transferring pollen grains from the male anther
to the female stigma. Without pollination, fertilization cannot occur as the male
gametes will not reach the female gametes.

(c) All multicellular organisms cannot give rise to new individuals through
fragmentation or regeneration.

• Reason: Fragmentation and regeneration are simple asexual reproduction methods

that only some organisms, like certain invertebrates (e.g., starfish) and plants (e.g.,
algae), can perform. Most multicellular organisms require more complex reproductive
processes, such as sexual reproduction, to produce new individuals due to their more
complex body structures and specialized cells.

(d) Vegetative propagation is practised for growing only some types of plants.

• Reason: Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction used to grow plants

that can reproduce from vegetative parts like stems, roots, or leaves. This method is
effective for plants that do not produce viable seeds, have desirable traits that need to
be preserved, or for crops that require rapid multiplication.

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(e) The parents and off-springs of organisms reproducing sexually have the same
number of chromosomes.

• Reason: In sexual reproduction, each parent contributes half of their chromosomes to

the offspring through gametes (sperm and egg). The fusion of these gametes during
fertilization restores the full number of chromosomes in the offspring, ensuring they
have the same total number of chromosomes as the parents. This maintains genetic
continuity across generations.

36. (a) (i) What is meant by resistance of a conductor? Define its SI unit. 5

• Resistance: Resistance is the property of a conductor that opposes the flow of electric
current through it.

• SI Unit: The SI unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω).

(ii) List two factors on which the resistance of a rectangular conductor depends.

1. Length of the conductor (L): Resistance is directly proportional to the length of the
conductor.

2. Cross-sectional area (A): Resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional

area of the conductor.

(iii) How will the resistance of a wire be affected if its

1. Length is doubled, and

o Justification: If the length of the wire is doubled, the resistance will also
double because resistance is directly proportional to length.

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 R∝L ⟹ R′=2R

2. Radius is also doubled.

o Justification: If the radius of the wire is doubled, the cross-sectional area will
increase by a factor of four (since area A∝r2A \propto r^2A∝r2), and
resistance will decrease by a factor of four because resistance is inversely
proportional to the cross-sectional area.

R∝A1⟹A′=4A⟹R′=4R

OR

(b) In an electric circuit three bulbs of 100 W each are connected in series to a source.
In another circuit, three bulbs of the same wattage are connected in parallel to the same
source. 5

(i) Will the bulb in the two circuits glow with the same brightness? Justify your answer.

• Series Circuit: In a series circuit, the same current flows through all the bulbs. Since
the voltage is divided among the bulbs, each bulb will receive less voltage and hence
will glow dimmer.

• Parallel Circuit: In a parallel circuit, each bulb receives the full voltage of the
source. Therefore, each bulb will glow with its full brightness.

(ii) Now, let one bulb in both the circuits get fused. Will the rest of the bulbs continue to
glow in each circuit? Give reason for your answer.

• Series Circuit: If one bulb fuses in a series circuit, the entire circuit is broken, and
none of the bulbs will glow.

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 • Parallel Circuit: If one bulb fuses in a parallel circuit, the other bulbs will continue
to glow because each bulb is independently connected to the power source.

Section E

[Link] 37 to 39 are case based /data based questions with 2 to3 short sub- parts. Internal
choice provides in one of these sub parts.

37. On the basis of reactivity metals are grouped into three categories: 4

(i) Metals of low reactivity

(ii) Metals of medium reactivity
(iii) Metals of high reactivity

Therefore metals are extracted in pure form from their ores on the basis of their
chemical properties.

Metals of high reactivity are extracted from their ores by electrolysis of the molten ore.

Metals of low reactivity are extracted from their sulphide ores, which are converted
into their oxides. The oxides of these metals are reduced to metals by simple heating.

(a) Name the process of reduction used for a metal that gives vigorous reaction with air
and water both.

• Answer: Electrolysis

(b) Carbon cannot be used as a reducing agent to obtain aluminium from its oxide.
Why?

• Answer: Carbon cannot be used as a reducing agent for aluminium oxide because
aluminium has a higher affinity for oxygen than carbon. Therefore, carbon cannot
reduce aluminium oxide to aluminium.

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(c) Describe briefly the method to obtain mercury from cinnabar. Write the chemical
equation for the reactions involved in the process.

• Answer: Mercury is obtained from cinnabar ( HgS ) by roasting. During roasting,

cinnabar is heated in the presence of oxygen to form mercury and sulfur dioxide.
HgS + O2 → Hg + SO2

OR

(c) Differentiate between roasting and calcination giving chemical equation for each.

• Roasting: Roasting is the process of heating a sulphide ore in the presence of excess
air to convert it into its oxide. This is used for sulphide ores.

ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2

• Calcination: Calcination is the process of heating an ore in the absence or limited

supply of air to remove volatile impurities. This is used for carbonate and hydrated
ores.

CaCO3 ⎯⎯ → CaO + CO2

38. All human chromosomes are not paired. Most human chromosomes have a
maternal and a paternal copy, and we have 22 such pairs. But one pair called the sex
chromosomes is odd in not always being a perfect pair. Women have a perfect pair of
sex chromosomes. But men have a mismatched pair in which one is normal sized while
the other is a short one. 4

(a) In humans, how many chromosomes are present in a zygote and in each gamete?

• Zygote: 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

• Gamete: 23 chromosomes

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(b) A few reptiles rely entirely on environmental cues for sex determination. Comment.

• Answer: In some reptiles, the temperature at which the eggs are incubated determines
the sex of the offspring. This environmental sex determination system means that
factors like climate change can potentially affect the sex ratio of these species.

(c) “The sex of a child is a matter of chance and none of the parents are considered to
be responsible for it.” Justify it through a flow chart only.

Father (XY) + Mother (XX)→Child

Father→X (girl) or Y (boy)

Mother→X Mother

Combination: →XX (girl) or XY (boy)

OR

(c) Why do all the gametes formed in human females have an X chromosome?

• Answer: Human females have two X chromosomes (XX). During meiosis, each egg
receives one X chromosome. Since females do not have a Y chromosome, all gametes
they produce contain an X chromosome.

39. A student took three concave mirrors of different focal lengths and performed the
experiment to see the image formation by placing an object at different distances with
these mirrors as shown in the following table. 4

Case No Object-distance Focal length

I 45 cm 20 cm

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Case No Object-distance Focal length

II 30 cm 15 cm

III 20 cm 30 cm

Now answer the following questions:

(a) List two properties of the image formed in Case I.

• Properties:

1. The image is real and inverted.

2. The image is smaller than the object (diminished).

(b) In which one of the cases given in the table, the mirror will form a real image of
same size and why?

• Answer: In Case II, the object is placed at twice the focal length (2f). When an object
is placed at 2f in front of a concave mirror, a real, inverted image of the same size is
formed at 2f on the other side.

(c) Name the type of mirror used by dentists. Give reason why they use such type of
mirrors.

• Answer: Dentists use concave mirrors. They use them because concave mirrors can
form a magnified image of the teeth, which helps in better examination and diagnosis.

OR

Class X Science [Link] 32

Look at the table and identify the situation (object distance and focal length) which
resembles the situation in which concave mirrors are used as shaving mirrors. Draw a
ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.

• Answer: Case III resembles the situation of a shaving mirror. In this case, the object
is placed within the focal length of the concave mirror, which forms a virtual, erect,
and magnified image.

Ray Diagram:

Class X Science [Link] 33