 Invasions:

Iran
1. Pahlavi Dynasty

Anglo-Soviet invasion (part of World War 2) -> Between Iran and Soviet
Union, UK, India -> abdication of Reza Shah, occupation of Iran

Iran Crisis of 1946 -> between Iran and Mahabad, Azebaijan an supported by
Soviet Union -> dissolution of Mahabad and Azerbaijan

Dhofar Rebellion -> between Iran, Oman and PELOAG, PFLO -> defeat of
insurgents, modernization of Oman

Arvand Conflict -> between Iran and Iraq -> Iran consolidates control over the
Shatt al-Arab/Arvand Rud waterway

2. Islamic Republic of Iran

Iranian Revolution and Consolidation -> Rival political factions and separatist
movements crushed.

Multinational Force in Lebanon -> between Islamic Jahad Organization and

UK, France, US, Italy -> Multinational forces fail to prevent collapse of
Lebanese Army into Syrian- or Israeli- supported militias
and Multinational forces evacuated after the Us embassy and US marine
barracks are bombed by the Islamic Jahad Organization President Hafez al-
Assad continues his occupation of Lebanon until his son and later
president Bashar al-Assad orders a withdrawal from the country

Iran-Iraq war -> both accepted UNSC Resolution 598

Lebanon war -> between Iran, Hezbollah and Israel in 2006

Iran-PJAK Conflict -> between Iran, Turkey and PJAK -> PJAK withdraw from
Iranian territory

Syrian Civil war -> between Iran, Hezbollah, Syria, Russia and Free Syrian
Army, Islamic Front, al-Nusra Front -> Rebel and Islamist uprisings quelled in
much of Syria and most of Syria now controlled by Syrian Government, which
is supported by Iran. Islamic State in Syria defeated near the end of 2017.
 UAE

Gulf Campaign -> between Al Qawasim and UK, East India -> Shaikh Sultan bin
Saqr al-Qasimi restored

Qatar-Bahraini War -> between House of Khalifa, Abu Dhabi and House of Thani
-> Bahraini renounced claims on Qatar

Libyan Civil War -> between Libyan, Egypt, UAE, US and GNC, Islamic States ->
Muammar Gaddafi was killed, NTC assumed control of Libya, Egyptian military
intervention

War on ISIS -> unilateral US-Arab intervention against Syrian Islamists

Yemeni War -> Houthis dissolve Yemeni government, war between the Hadi
government and the STC

 Independence

Iran

The Islamic Revolution began in January 1978 with the first major
demonstrations against Shah and after a year, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi fled to
the US and Ruhollah Khomeini returned from exile to Tehran in February 1979,
forming a new government. After a referendum, Iran officially became an Islamic
republic in April 1979.

UAE

Formation of the Federation. The UAE is a constitutional federation. On 2

December 1971, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was declared as an
independent, sovereign and federal state. The UAE comprises seven emirates:
Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain and Fujaira.
 Different eras

Iran

1. Paleolithic period

Only stone-made artifacts were found in three provinces: Khorasan, Azerbaijan,

and Sistan & Baluchestan (Acheulean Culture).
Artifacts were found in the following Provinces: Luristan, Elam, Kermanshahan,
Golestan, and Tehran.
Artifacts were found in the following Provinces: Luristan, Kermanshahan, and
Ilam provinces.

2. Neolithic period

Artifacts were found in many historical sites, mounds, and caves.

The flourishing period of techniques in such fields as pottery and metalwork. The
invention of the pottery wheel and copper-made tools.

Clay tablets in early and later Elamite writing systems; Gorgan culture, and Gian
IV & III cultures In Luristan province.

3. Pre-Islam

The beginning of the Elamite dynasty- Awan kings, and the war against
Mesopotamia.
Middle Elamites; the war between Elamites and Mesopotamia still went on.

After lots of destruction as a result of wars, Cyrus the great introduced himself
from Anshan and took control of Elam in around 558 B.C.

4. Islamic Republic of Iran

 The nation voted for the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s
government under the leadership of the late Ayatollah Khomeini.
Iraq attacked Iran.
Both parties accepted 1988 UN resolution 598. A final cease-fire proclaimed by
Iran. (An 8-year-long war).
Ayatollah Khomeini passed away and Ayatollah Khamenei was elected as the
new spiritual leader of the country.

UAE

1. Civilisation in the Paleolithic Age (6000 B.C. - 3500 B.C.)

In this period, there were Bedouin communities, which lived on fishing and plant
collecting. This era was characterised by the emergence of pottery, evidence of
which was found in Sharjah, Umm Al Quwain, Ras Al Khaimah and Abu Dhabi.
The evidences could be traced back to the Ubaid period, part of the Paleolithic
Age, dating back to the sixth millennium B.C.

2. Civilisation in the Bronze Age (3200 B.C. - 1300 B.C.)

This age is divided into three periods:
 Jebel Hafeet period
This period extends from 3200 B.C. to 2500 B.C. and was named so
because of the tombs found in Jebel Hafeet near Al Ain city in the
emirate of Abu Dhabi.
 Umm Al Nar period
This period extends from 2500 B.C. to 2000 B.C. It was named so after
the discovery of the monuments on Umm al Nar Island in Abu Dhabi
in the mid-nineteen fifties.
 Wadi Suq period

3. Civilisation in the Iron Age (1300 B.C. - 300 B.C.)

This age extends from 1300 B.C. to 300 B.C. The archaeological finds show
the emergence of the first use of falaj irrigation systems that enabled the
extraction of groundwater for continuous cultivation in the dry climate.

4. Arrival of Islam
 Islam arrived in the UAE after the opening of Mecca. Envoys from Prophet
Mohammed (PBUH) arrived in the UAE in A.D. 630 and introduced Islam.
Thus, a new era began in the region during the emergence of Islam.

5. European interest

Several European countries arrived in the Arabian Peninsula; some to explore

and others to seek control of the coasts.

6. The Portuguese era

The Portuguese were amongst the first Europeans to arrive on the Arabian
Peninsula. After Vasco de Gamma's successful circumnavigation of the Cape
of Good Hope, the Portuguese arrived in the Arabian Gulf in 1498.

7. The Dutch era

The loss of Hormuz by the Portuguese in 1622 marked the entry of the Dutch
and the English to the Middle Eastern markets.

8. The British era

By 1720s, trade by the British in the gulf had grown. The British were
primarily concerned with asserting their naval power to safeguard trade links
to India and keeping any European competitors out.

9. Formation of the Federation

The UAE is a constitutional federation. On 2 December 1971, the United Arab

Emirates (UAE) was declared as an independent, sovereign and federal state.
The UAE comprises seven emirates: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ras Al
Khaimah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain and Fujairah.