VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
DATABASE PROGRAMMING WITH PL/SQL LAB (Lab - II )
Professional Elective - I
M.Tech CSE I Year I Sem. L T P C
0 0 4 2
• Course Objectives:
• 1. Knowledge on significance of SQL fundamentals.
• 2. Evaluate functions and triggers of PL/SQL .
• 3. Knowledge on control structures, packages in PL/SQL and its applications .
• Course Outcomes:
• 1. Understand importance of PL/SQL basics
• 2. Implement functions and procedures using PL/SQL
• 3. Understand the importance of triggers in database.
ListofPrograms
Week 1 : Write a pl/sql program using FOR LOOP to insert ten rows into a database table.
Week 2.Give the table EMPLOYEE (EmpNo,Name,Salary,Designation ,DeptID),write a
cursor to select the three highest paid employees from the table.
Week 3.IILUSTRATE how you can embed PL/SQL in a high level HOST language SUCH AS
C/JAVA AND DEMONSTRATE BANKING DEBIT CARD TRANSACTION might be done.
Week 4.GIVEN AN INTEGER i,write a PL/SQL procedure to insert the tuple (i,'XXX')into a given
relation.
Week 5.Write PL/SQL Program to demonstrate Exceptions.
Week 6.Write PL/SQL queries to demonstrate Cursor.
Week 7.Write PL/SQL Program to demonstrate Functions.
Week 8.Write PL/SQL program to demonstrate Packages.
Week 9.Write PL/SQL queries to create Procedures.
Week 10.Write PL/SQL queries to create Triggers.
INDEX
S.No. Week Experiment PageNo.
1 Week-1 Write a pl/sql program using FOR LOOP to insert ten
rows into a database table
2 Week-2 Give the table EMPLOYEE
(EmpNo,Name,Salary,Designation ,DeptID
),write a cursor to select the three highest
paid employees from the table.
3 Week-3 IILUSTRATE how you can embed PL/SQL in a high
level HOST language SUCH AS C/JAVA AND
DEMONSTRATE BANKING DEBIT CARD
TRANSACTION might be done.
4 Week-4 GIVEN AN INTEGER i,write a PL/SQL procedure to
insert the tuple (i,'XXX')into a given relation.
5 Week-5 Write PL/SQL Program to demonstrate Exceptions
6 Week-6 Write PL/SQL queries to demonstrate Cursor.
7 Week-7 Write PL/SQL Program to demonstrate Functions.
8 Week-8 Write PL/SQL program to demonstrate Packages
9 Week-9 Write PL/SQL queries to create Procedures
10 Week-10 Write PL/SQL queries to create Triggers.
1. Week1. Write a pl/sql program using FOR LOOP to insert ten rows into a database
table.
1. BEGIN
2. FOR k IN 1..10 LOOP
3. -- note that k was not declared
4.DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(k);
5. END LOOP;
6.END;
OUTPUT:
11
1
2
2.Give the table EMPLOYEE (EmpNo,Name,Salary,Designation ,DeptID),write
a cursor to select the three highest paid employees from the table.
createtable employee(
emp_no integerprimary key
,lastname varchar2(20) notnull
,salary number(3)
);
insertinto employee(emp_no,lastname,salary)
values(1,'Tomy',2);
insertinto employee(emp_no,lastname,salary)
values(2,'Jacky',3);
insertinto employee(emp_no,lastname,salary)
values(3,'Joey',4);
insertinto employee(emp_no,lastname,salary)
values(4,'Janey',5);
select lastname, salary
from (SELECT lastname, salary FROM employee ORDERBY salary DESC)
where rownum <=3 ;
OUTPUT :
LASTNAME SALARY
------------------- ----------------------
Janey 5
Joey 4
Jacky 3
3.IILUSTRATE how you can embed PL/SQL in a high level HOST language SUCH AS
C/JAVA AND DEMONSTRATE BANKING DEBIT CARD TRANSACTION might be
done.
/* available online in file 'sample5' */
#include <stdio.h>
char buf[20];
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
int acct;
double debit;
double new_bal;
VARCHAR status[65];
VARCHAR uid[20];
VARCHAR pwd[20];
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;
EXEC SQL INCLUDE SQLCA;
main()
{
extern double atof();
strcpy (uid.arr,"scott");
uid.len=strlen(uid.arr);
strcpy (pwd.arr,"tiger");
pwd.len=strlen(pwd.arr);
printf("\n\n\tEmbedded PL/SQL Debit Transaction Demo\n\n");
printf("Trying to connect...");
EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR GOTO errprint;
EXEC SQL CONNECT :uid IDENTIFIED BY :pwd;
printf(" connected.\n");
for (;;) /* Loop infinitely */
{
printf("\n** Debit which account number? (-1 to end) ");
gets(buf);
acct = atoi(buf);
if (acct == -1) /* Need to disconnect from Oracle */
{ /* and exit loop if account is -1 */
EXEC SQL COMMIT RELEASE;
exit(0);
}
printf(" What is the debit amount? ");
gets(buf);
debit = atof(buf);
/* ---------------------------------- */
/* ----- Begin the PL/SQL block ----- */
/* ---------------------------------- */
EXEC SQL EXECUTE
DECLARE
insufficient_funds EXCEPTION;
old_bal NUMBER;
min_bal CONSTANT NUMBER := 500;
BEGIN
SELECT bal INTO old_bal FROM accounts
WHERE account_id = :acct;
-- If the account doesn't exist, the NO_DATA_FOUND
-- exception will be automatically raised.
:new_bal := old_bal - :debit;
IF :new_bal >= min_bal THEN
UPDATE accounts SET bal = :new_bal
WHERE account_id = :acct;
INSERT INTO journal
VALUES (:acct, 'Debit', :debit, SYSDATE);
:status := 'Transaction completed.';
ELSE
RAISE insufficient_funds;
END IF;
COMMIT;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
:status := 'Account not found.';
:new_bal := -1;
WHEN insufficient_funds THEN
:status := 'Insufficient funds.';
:new_bal := old_bal;
WHEN OTHERS THEN
ROLLBACK;
:status := 'Error: ' || SQLERRM(SQLCODE);
:new_bal := -1;
END;
END-EXEC;
/* -------------------------------- */
/* ----- End the PL/SQL block ----- */
/* -------------------------------- */
status.arr[status.len] = '\0'; /* null-terminate */
/* the string */
printf("\n\n Status: %s\n", status.arr);
if (new_bal >= 0)
printf(" Balance is now: $%.2f\n", new_bal);
} /* End of loop */
errprint:
EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR CONTINUE;
printf("\n\n>>>>> Error during execution:\n");
printf("%s\n",sqlca.sqlerrm.sqlerrmc);
EXEC SQL ROLLBACK RELEASE;
exit(1)}
Interactive Session
Embedded PL/SQL Debit Transaction Demo
Trying to connect... connected.
** Debit which account number? (-1 to end) 1
What is the debit amount? 300
Status: Transaction completed.
Balance is now: $700.00
** Debit which account number? (-1 to end) 1
What is the debit amount? 900
Status: Insufficient funds.
Balance is now: $700.00
** Debit which account number? (-1 to end) 2
What is the debit amount? 500
Status: Transaction completed.
Balance is now: $1500.00
** Debit which account number? (-1 to end) 2
What is the debit amount? 100
Status: Transaction completed.
Balance is now: $1400.00
** Debit which account number? (-1 to end) 99
What is the debit amount? 100
Status: Account not found.
** Debit which account number? (-1 to end) -1
Output Tables:
SQL> SELECT * FROM accounts ORDER BY account_id;
ACCOUNT_ID BAL
---------- ------
1 700
2 1400
3 1500
4 6500
5 500
SQL> SELECT * FROM journal ORDER BY date_tag;
ACCOUNT_ID ACTION AMOUNT DATE_TAG
-------------- -------------------- --------- ----------------
1 Debit 300 28-NOV-88
2 Debit 500 28-NOV-88
2 Debit 100 28-NOV-88
4. GIVEN AN INTEGER i,write a PL/SQL procedure to insert the tuple (i,'XXX')into a given relation.
CREATE TABLE T1(
e INTEGER,
f INTEGER
);
DELETE FROM T1;
INSERT INTO T1 VALUES(1, 3);
INSERT INTO T1 VALUES(2, 4);
/* above is plain SQL; below is the PL/SQL statement */
DECLARE
a NUMBER;
b NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT e,f INTO a,b FROM T1 WHERE e>1;
INSERT INTO T1 VALUES(b,a);
END;
.
OUTPUT:
Fortuitously, there is only one tuple of T1 that has first component greater than 1, namely
(2,4). The insert-statement thus inserts (4,2) into T1.
5.Write PL/SQL Program to demonstrate Exceptions.
DECLARE
salary_too_high EXCEPTION;
current_salary NUMBER := 20000;
max_salary NUMBER := 10000;
erroneous_salary NUMBER;
BEGIN
BEGIN
IF current_salary > max_salary THEN
RAISE salary_too_high; -- raise exception
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN salary_too_high THEN -- start handling exception
erroneous_salary := current_salary;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary ' || erroneous_salary ||' is out of range.');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Maximum salary is ' || max_salary || '.');
RAISE; -- reraise current exception (exception name is optional)
END;
EXCEPTION
WHEN salary_too_high THEN -- finish handling exception
current_salary := max_salary;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (
'Revising salary from ' || erroneous_salary ||
' to ' || current_salary || '.'
);
END;
OUTPUT :
Salary 20000 is out of range.
Maximum salary is 10000.
Revising salary from 20000 to 10000.
6.Write PL/SQL queries to demonstrate Cursor.
1. DECLARE
2. total_rows number(2);
3. BEGIN
4. UPDATE customers
5. SET salary = salary + 5000;
6. IF sql%notfound THEN
7. dbms_output.put_line('no customers updated');
8. ELSIF sql%found THEN
9. total_rows := sql%rowcount;
10. dbms_output.put_line( total_rows || ' customers updated ');
11. END IF;
12. END;
13. /
Output:
6 customers updated.
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
7.Write PL/SQL Program to demonstrate Functions.
DECLARE
x INTEGER;
FUNCTION f (n INTEGER)
RETURN INTEGER
IS
BEGIN
RETURN (n*n);
END;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (
'f returns ' || f(2) || '. Execution returns here (1).'
);
x := f(2);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Execution returns here (2).');
END;
OUTPUT :
f returns 4. Execution returns here (1).Execution returns here (2).
8.Write PL/SQL program to demonstrate Packages.
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE aa_pkg AUTHID DEFINER IS
TYPE aa_type IS TABLE OF INTEGER INDEX BY VARCHAR2(15);
END;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE print_aa (
aa aa_pkg.aa_type
) AUTHID DEFINER IS
i VARCHAR2(15);
BEGIN
i := aa.FIRST;
WHILE i IS NOT NULL LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (aa(i) || ' ' || i);
i := aa.NEXT(i);
END LOOP;
END;
DECLARE
aa_var aa_pkg.aa_type;
BEGIN
aa_var('zero') := 0;
aa_var('one') := 1;
aa_var('two') := 2;
print_aa(aa_var);
END;
/
OUTPUT :
1 one
2 two
0 zero
9.Write PL/SQL queries to create Procedures.
DECLARE
first_name employees.first_name%TYPE;
last_name employees.last_name%TYPE;
email employees.email%TYPE;
employer VARCHAR2(8) := 'AcmeCorp';
-- Declare and define procedure
PROCEDURE create_email ( -- Subprogram heading begins
name1 VARCHAR2,
name2 VARCHAR2,
company VARCHAR2
) -- Subprogram heading ends
IS
-- Declarative part begins
error_message VARCHAR2(30) := 'Email address is too long.';
BEGIN -- Executable part begins
email := name1 || '.' || name2 || '@' || company;
EXCEPTION -- Exception-handling part begins
WHEN VALUE_ERROR THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(error_message);
END create_email;
BEGIN
first_name := 'John';
last_name := 'Doe';
create_email(first_name, last_name, employer); -- invocation
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('With first name first, email is: ' || email);
create_email(last_name, first_name, employer); -- invocation
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('With last name first, email is: ' || email);
first_name := 'Elizabeth';
last_name := 'MacDonald';
create_email(first_name, last_name, employer); -- invocation
END;
OUTPUT:
With first name first, email is: John.Doe@AcmeCorp
With last name first, email is: Doe.John@AcmeCorp
Email address is too long.
10.Write PL/SQL queries to create Triggers.
1. CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER display_salary_changes
2. BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON customers
3. FOR EACH ROW
4. WHEN (NEW.ID > 0)
5. DECLARE
6. sal_diff number;
7. BEGIN
8. sal_diff := :NEW.salary - :OLD.salary;
9. dbms_output.put_line('Old salary: ' || :OLD.salary);
10. dbms_output.put_line('New salary: ' || :NEW.salary);
11. dbms_output.put_line('Salary difference: ' || sal_diff);
12. END;
13. /
OUTPUT:
Trigger created.
