TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG

KM. 14 EAST SERVICE RD. WESTERN BICUTAN, TAGUIG CITY

INTRODUCTION TO
STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
BSCESEP-2B

-RCD
INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Structural Analysis is the prediction of the performance of a given structure under prescribed
loads and/or other external effects, such as support movements, and temperature changes.
The performance characteristics commonly of interest in the design of structures are (1)
stresses or stress resultants, such as axial forces, shear forces, and bending moments; (2)
deflections; and (3) support reactions.
Thus, the analysis of a structure usually involves determination of these quantities as caused
by a given loading condition.
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURE

TENSION STRUCTURES
Tension Structures are subjected to pure tension
under the action of external loads. Because the
tensile stress is distributed uniformly over the
cross-sectional areas of members, the materials of
such a structure is utilized in the most efficient
manner.
Tension structures composed of flexible steel
cables are frequently employed to support bridges
and long span roofs because of their flexibility.
Cables have negligible bending stiffness and can
develop only tension.
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURE

COMPRESSION STRUCTURES
Compression structures develop mainly
compressive stresses under the action of external
loads. Two common examples of such structures are
columns and arches.
An arch is a curved structure which is frequently
used to support bridges. Arches develop mainly
compressive stresses when subjected to loads and
are usually designed so that they will develop only
compression under a major design loading.
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURE

TRUSSES
Trusses are composed of straight members
connected at their ends by hinged connections
to form a stable configuration. When the
loads are applied to a truss only at the joints,
its members either elongate or shorten.
Real trusses are usually constructed by
connecting members to gusset plates by bolted
or welded connections.
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURE

BENDING STRUCTURES
Bending structures develop manly bending
shear stresses under the action of external
loads. In some structures, the shear stresses
associated with the changing in bending
moments may also be significant and should be
considered in their designs.
Some of the most commonly used
structures, such as beams, rigid frames, and
plates can be classified as bending structures.
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – TAGUIG
KM. 14 EAST SERVICE RD. WESTERN BICUTAN, TAGUIG CITY

EQUILIBRIUM AND
SUPPORT REACTIONS
BSCESEP-2B

-RCD
 EQUILIBRIUM OF STRUCTURES
A structure is considered to be in equilibrium if, initially at rest, it remains at rest when
subjected to a system of forces and couples. If a structure is in equilibrium, then all its members
and parts are also in equilibrium.
In order for a structure to be in equilibrium, all the forces and couples (including support
reactions) acting on it must balance each other, and there must neither be a resultant force nor
a resultant couple acting on a structure.

ΣFx = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣM= 0

 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES
External forces are the actions of other bodies on the structure under consideration. For the
purposes of analysis, it is usually convenient to further classify these forces as applied forces and
reaction forces.
Applied forces, usually refereed to as loads, have a tendency to move the structure and are
usually known in the analysis.
Reaction Forces, or reactions, are the forces exerted by supports on the structure and have a
tendency to prevent its motion and keep it in equilibrium. The reactions are usually among the
unknowns to be determined by the analysis.
 TYPES OF LOAD
1. According to Nature
- Dead load
Dead loads consist of the weights of the various structural members and the weights of any objects that
are permanently attached to the structure. Hence, for a building, the dead loads include the weights of
the columns, beams, and girders, the floor slab, roofing, walls, windows, plumbing, electrical fixtures, and
other miscellaneous attachments.
- Live load
Live Loads can vary both in their magnitude and location. They may be caused by the weights of objects
temporarily placed on a structure, moving vehicles, or natural forces. The minimum live loads specified in
codes are determined from studying the history of their effects on existing structures.
- Wind load
- Snow load
- Earthquake load
 TYPES OF LOAD
2. According to Application
- Point/Concentrated
- Non-Uniform
- Triangular
- Trapezoidal
- Uniform Load
3. Structural Design Method
- ACI (WSD & SD)
- AISC (ASD & LRFD)
 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES
Internal forces are the forces and coupes exerted on a member or portion of the structure by
the rest of the structure. These forces develop within the structure and hold the various
portions of it together.
The internal forces always occur in equal but opposite pairs, because each member or portion
exerts back on the rest of the structure the same forces acting upon it but in opposite
directions, according to Newton’s third law.
The internal forces are also among the unknowns in the analysis and are determined by applying
the equations of equilibrium to the individual members or portions of the structure.
TYPES OF SUPPORTS FOR PLANE STRUCTURES
Supports are used to attach structures to the ground or other bodies, thereby restricting
their movements under the action of applied loads.
The loads tend to move the structures; but supports prevent the movements by exerting
opposing forces, or reactions, to neutralize the effects of loads, thereby keeping the structures in
equilibrium.
The type of reaction a support exerts on a structure depends on the type of supporting device
used and the type of movement it prevents. A support that prevents translation of the
structure in a particular direction exerts a reaction force on the structure in that direction.
Similarly, a support that prevents rotation of the structure about a particular axis exerts a
reaction couple on the structure about that axis.
TYPES OF SUPPORTS FOR PLANE STRUCTURES
TYPES OF SUPPORTS FOR PLANE STRUCTURES
TYPES OF SUPPORTS FOR PLANE STRUCTURES

ROLLER SUPPORT HINGED SUPPORT

ROCKER SUPPORT
 STAT IC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY, AND
INSTABILITY
Determinacy
The equilibrium equations provide both the necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium.
When all the forces in a structure can be determined strictly from these equations, the structure
is referred to as statically determinate. Structures having more unknown forces than available
equilibrium equations are called statically indeterminate.
As a general rule, a structure can be identified as being either statically determinate or
statically indeterminate by drawing the free-body diagrams of all its members, or selective parts
of its members and then comparing the total number of unknown reactive force and moment
components with the total number of available equations.
For a coplanar structure there are at most three equilibrium equations for each part, so that
if there is a total of n parts and r force and moment reaction components, we have

𝑟 = 3𝑛, 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑟 > 3𝑛, 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
STAT IC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY, AND
INSTABILITY
𝑛 = 1 3𝑛 = 3 1 = 3 𝑟 = 3𝑛
𝑟=3
STATICALLY DETERMINATE

𝑛=1 3𝑛 = 3 1 = 3 𝑟 > 3𝑛
𝑟=5
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE TO
THE SECOND DEGREE

𝑛=2 3𝑛 = 3 2 = 6 𝑟 = 3𝑛
𝑟=6
STATICALLY DETERMINATE
STAT IC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY, AND
INSTABILITY
STAT IC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY, AND
INSTABILITY
STAT IC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY, AND
INSTABILITY
STAT IC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY, AND
INSTABILITY
 STAT IC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY, AND
INSTABILITY
Stability
To ensure the equilibrium of a structure or its members, it is not only necessary to satisfy
the equations of equilibrium, but the members must also be properly held or constrained by
their supports. Two situations may occur where the conditions for proper constraint have not
been met.
Partial Constraints
In some cases, a structure or one of its members may have fewer reactive forces than
equations of equilibrium that must be satisfied. The structure then becomes only partially
constrained.
Improper Constraints
In some cases, there may be as many unknown forces as there are equations of equilibrium;
however, instability or movement of a structure or its members can develop because of improper
constraining by the supports. This can occur if all the support reactions are concurrent at a
point.
Another way in which improper constraining leads to instability occurs when the reactive
forces are all parallel
 STAT IC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY, AND
INSTABILITY
Partial Constraints
 STAT IC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY, AND
INSTABILITY
Improper Constraints
 STAT IC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY, AND
INSTABILITY
Improper Constraints
STAT IC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY, AND
INSTABILITY
END