CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
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ANALYZE
• Families of Variation
• Pareto Diagram
• Box Plots GRAPHICAL Data for Hypothesis Testing
ANALYSIS Diagram to Analyze FOV’s
• Correlation Studies
• Multi-Vari Charts
• Interaction Plots
• Hypothesis Testing Data Collection Plan
• Sampling Size & Classification STATISTICAL FOV Comparisons Analyzed
• Alpha/Beta Risks Selection ANALYSIS
Variation by FOV is Quantified
• Descriptive Statistics Non-Significant FOV’s Removed
• Regression Analysis
• Detailed Process Map
• Striving for Ideal State Map
• Yield Statistics PROCESS MAP Wastes Identified
ANALYSIS
• Mistake Proofing
• 7- Wastes
Central Limit Theorem
What is it technically?
If random samples of n observations are drawn from a population with a finite mean, μ, and
standard deviation, σ; then when n is large, the sample mean, x, will be approximately
normally distributed with mean equal to μ and standard deviation equal to σ/√n . This
approximation becomes more and more accurate as the sample size, n, increases
This theory is the backbone of inferential statistics which are used to generalization,
predictions (inferences) about the population.
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Central Limit Theorem
Explaining the CLT
CLT states that the distribution of sample means approximates a normal distribution as the sample size gets larger,
regardless of the population's distribution.
Furthermore, these samples approximate a normal
distribution, with their variances being approximately
equal to the variance of the population as the sample
size gets larger.
The CLT states that if you take sufficiently
large samples from a population, the means of each of
those samples will be form a normal distribution, even
if the population isn’t normally distributed.
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Central Limit Theorem
Explaining the CLT
Sample sizes ≥ 30 are often considered sufficient for the CLT to hold. The more samples that are taken, the more
data distribution takes the shape of a bell curve (normal distribution).
The average of the sample means and standard deviations will equal the population mean and standard deviation.
Larger sample sizes can predict the characteristics of a population more accurately. As the sample size approaches
the size of the population, the sample behaves more like the population.
• The CLT becomes more relevant as the sample size increases.
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Central Limit Theorem
Below are two SPC charts showing the same data in two different ways
Individual Data Plot of each sample’s mean
(30 samples of 5 samples each)
The mean of the population is the same the samples’ means
The control limits are tighter on the samples’ means
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Central Limit Theorem
Summary
The mean of the distribution of samples’ means is very close to the population mean.
The standard deviation of the distribution of sample means is the population standard
deviation reduced by a function of the square root of the sample size.
The distribution of samples’ means is close to a normal distribution.
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