P.I.

1OO Opposition to the bill Senator Francisco “Soc”

Rodrigo stood up and delivered his speech
LESSON 1
 Let us not create a conflict between nationalism and
 Republic Act 1425 (Rizal Law) religion; the government and the church (Laurel, Jr.,
Rizal’s heroism as sponsored by the nation 132).
through Republic Act 1425 (Rizal Law) of June 12,
1956 Senator Claro M. Recto exclaimed that the novels
 In studying history, it is necessary to find the have no intentions of discrediting the Church
MEANING (significance) and FUNCTION
(application) behind an OBJECT (facts, details,  Rizal did not pretend to teach religion or theology
descriptive information like names, places, dates, when he wrote those books. He aimed at inculcating
etc.) civic consciousness in the Filipinos, national dignity,
 Policy-makers made sure that the words of Rizal personal pride, and patriotism…
will be materialized through state-sponsored  House Bill No. 5561- filed by Congressman Jacobo Z.
education of his life, works, and writings Gonzales in the House of Representatives. the bill
was attacked based on its constitutionality and
The Birth of the Rizal Law religiosity.
 Senator Laurel proposed a substitute bill. The
 World War II, the people saw the need to rebuild inclusion of all works and writings of Jose Rizal, not
the Filipino identity which was equally affected by just the two novels, was the main feature of this bill.
the war.  last amendment was proposed–the provisions
 Education became the primary weapon of regarding the “exemption” of students from reading
reorientation while prioritizing the youth as the the two novels on certain conditions. With this, on May
bearers of the country’s future. 12, 1956, Senate Bill No. 438 was unanimously
 On April 3, 1956, Senate Bill No. 438 (An Act to approved on second reading. The Lower House
Make Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo imitated the Senate and on May 14, 1956, the bill was
Compulsory Reading Matter in All Public and approved unanimously in the House of
Private Colleges and Universities and for Other Representatives.
Purposes) was submitted to the Senate  The trial of the Rizal Law in Congress (Senate and
Committee on Education. House of Representatives) is clearly a triumph of
 Senator Jose P. Laurel, the Chairman of the democracy
Committee, sponsored and presented the bill to  On June 12, 1956, President Ramon Magsaysay
the members of the Upper House on April 17, signed the bill to make it a law, thus giving birth to
1956. Republic Act 1425 also known as the Rizal Law
 The main purpose of the bill according to Senator REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
Laurel was to disseminate the ideas and ideals of AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA
Jose Rizal through the reading of his works OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS,
 Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo must be COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES
read by all Filipinos. They must be taken to heart, ON THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF
for in their pages we see ourselves as in a mirror, JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS
our defects as well our strength, our virtues as well NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL
as our vices. Only then would we become FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE
conscious as a people, and so learn to prepare PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF,
ourselves for painful sacrifices that ultimately lead AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
to self-reliance, self-respect and freedom. (Laurel,  SECTION 1.
Jr., 131) Courses on the life, works and writings of
 Debates for the bill in aid of legislation ensued Jose Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me
next, albeit not smooth sailing.: Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be
1. The bill was an attempt to discredit the included in the curricula of all schools,
Catholic religion. colleges and universities, public or private:
2. Inimical to the tenets of the faith to which 170  SECTION 2.
lines in Noli Me Tangere and 50 lines in El It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges
Filibusterismo were offensive to the Church and universities to keep in their libraries an
doctrine. adequate number of copies of the original
3. The bill might divide the nation. and unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me
4. Compulsion to read something against one’s Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as of
faith impaired freedom of speech and Rizal’s other works and biography
religious freedom  SECTION 3.
The Board of National Education shall cause
the translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El
 Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Rizal's Chinese ancestor Domingo Lam-co
Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and the
principal Philippine dialects o When he had come to the Binan hacienda in 18th
century, the average holding of an inquilino was
2.9 hectares • after Rizal's father had moved to the
 SECTION 4. Calamba hacienda, the Rizal family in the 1890s
Nothing in this Act shall be construed as rented from the hacienda over 390 hectares.
amendment or repealing section nine o Friction between inquilinos and friar haciendas
hundred twentyseven of the Administrative a. lands grew in value and rents were raised
Code, prohibiting the discussion of religious b. who should reap the larger part of the
doctrines by public school teachers and other fruits of the economic boom?
person engaged in any public school. c. questioning of the friars' rights to the
 SECTION 5. haciendas.
The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is
hereby authorized to be appropriated out of Not an "agrarian revolt”
any fund not otherwise appropriated in the • not the kasama who would challenge friar
National Treasury to carry out the purposes ownership, but the prosperous inquilinos
of this Act. • political motive to weaken the friars' influence
 SECTION 6.
This Act shall take effect upon its approval.  Political Developments
Approved: June 12, 1956 o Filipinos were deprived of those few
Published in the Official Gazette, Vol. 52, No. positions they had formerly held in the
6, p. 2971 in June 1956. bureaucracy
o Spanish bureaucracy had always been
LESSON 2: The Philippines In The Nineteenth Century As characterized by graft and corruption
Rizal's Context o Had not been completely indifferent to
the welfare of the Philippines
RENATO- Veneration without understanding," hence, no
veneration at all.  Opening of the Suez Canal (1869)
 relatively easy passage between Spain and the
 Economic Development Philippines (from 3 months naging 1 month nalang
Nationalist movement through economic ang travel)
growth (after about 1830s) Guardia Civil
Export economy • created to rid of the bands of tulisanes
- Filipino middle and upper classes o -British (failed)
and American-merchants • became an oppressive force • harassing
• brought into the Philippines both the farmers
machinery and the consumer goods • using their position for personal profit

PHILIPPINE FOREIGN TRADE The antiquated system of taxation

YEAR EXPORTS IMPORTS TOTAL 1. taxes never found their way

TRADE 2. highly protective tariffs forced Filipinos to buy
1825 1,000,000 1,800,000 2,800,000 expensive Spanish textiles and other products.
1875 18,900,000 12,200,000 31,1000,000 3. Exploitative and incapable of producing benefits
1995 36,600,000 25,4000,000 62,000,000 4. Liberal nationalists and even conservative upper-
 Philippine exports: agricultural products • those
class Filipinos increasingly no longer found any
who controlled large rice-, sugar-, and abaca-
compelling motive for maintaining the Spanish
growing lands in Central Luzon, Batangas, parts of
colonial regime.
the Bikol region, Negros, and Panay profited the
5. To a nationalist like Rizal the decision to
most.
separate from Spain had been made long since.
 Filipino hacenderos of Pampanga, Batangas,
and Western Visayas
 Friar orders owning the large haciendas of
Bulacan, Laguna, and Cavite.  CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
 Examples: Augustinian, Francisscan, Jesuits,
rapid spread of education from about 1860
Dominicans, Recollects, Benedictines.
(emergence of nationalism)
 Inquilinos – equivalently hacenderos /tenant
farmers (rented from the friar hacienda) the spread of higher education among middle-
 Kasama – farming lands and lower-middle-class Filipinos who could not
afford to go abroad was more important for
 propagating the liberal and progressive ideas Paradox of Philippine Catholicism
written about from Europe by Rizal or Del Pilar
• ordinary Filipino
 Return of the Jesuits o No critical thinking / under the
Expelled (1768) influence of friars.
returned (1859) for the evangelization of • Filipino ilustrado
Mindanao o Anti catholic/ against the priest.
returned with ideas and methods new to the
Philippine educational system Filipino clergy
take over the municipal primary school (1859)
and renamed it, Ateneo Municipal • conflict between Filipino secular priests and
By 1865, it had been transformed into a Spanish friars led to martyrdom of Fathers Burgos,
secondary school Gomez, and Zamora (1872).
Latin and Spanish, Greek, French and • one cannot understand Rizal without knowing the
English were studied. influence of Burgos on him
Natural Sciences • Burgos clear assertion of Filipino equality with the
 Escuela Normal de Maestros (1865) • provide Spaniard, into a demand for justice to the Filipino
Spanish-speaking teachers for the projected • 19th century -lack of friars
new primary school system. • 1825 friars began to increase again
• a series of moves to deprive the Filipinos of the
Dominican – UST parishes once more (fifty years)

Jesuits – Ateneo De Municipal Fr. Pedro Pelaez

PENINSULA: EVOKE TO HAVE • showed that they were equal in ability to the friars
NATIONALISM • Pelaez died in the earthquake of 1863, accused as
Fr. Jose Burgos had already a subversive
emphasized the need for Filipinos to
look to their heritage • JOSE BURGOS
Rizal outlines the process by which he
had come to seek a foundation for his • Published an anonymous pamphlet, defending the
nationalism in the historical past and memory of Pelaez and calling for justice to the
emphasizes the importance of history to Filipino clergy
the national task. • defend the rights of the secular clergy in his
a) show how the intervening Manifiesto
three centuries have meant • With Burgos we see the first articulation of national
decline rather than feeling, of a sense of national identity
progress • no evidence that Burgos ever aimed at separation
b) Filipino values of the Philippines from Spain.
c) national consciousness and • sense of those born in the Philippines being one
pride in the race people, with a national identity national rights,
• propaganda movement- recognize the
 RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT nationality/ national identity
CAVITE MUTINY/MOTIN DE CAVITE- happen 1
month before the execution of gomburza. Paciano- brother of rizal and favorite student of Fr.Burgos
1872
1/20/1872
Liberal reformists (1860s) -"modernizers” men desired to
2 VERSION bring to the Philippines economic progress, a modern legal
1. SPANISH- PLANNED system and, the "modern liberties”
2. FILIPINO- REVELION/ REVOLUTION
Criollos -Spaniards born in the Philippines
SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT- Locality/ Filipino friars to
lead religion

Ilustrados - antifriar, at times even anticlerical, or anti- Gov. CARLOS MA. DELATORRE
Catholic
 Manila governor 1869
anticlerical of Spanish governors maintained that it was  anti-clerical liberals who had made the Revolution
necessary to support the friars by every means. of 1868 in Spain.
  opened to Manila some of the freedom of Jose Manifesto Basa - among the first to petition the
expression American consul in Hong Kong for an American
 liberty and equality protectorate over the Philippines.
 justice for Filipino priest
Rizal favored reforms in Philippine society
Gen. Rafael Izquierdo
• opposed the influence of the friars
 friars were a necessary political instrument for • modernization of his country
maintaining the loyalty of the Filipinos to Spain • Free from tyrants
 Filipino priests who might replace them in the • growth of a free people
parishes must be eliminated.
 Ended the liberty of expression
 Ordered the execution of the gomburza
 FRANCISCO ZALDUA- Executed before the
GOMBURZA- betrayed/traitor the GOMBURZA
THE THREE GREAT REVOLUTION
 Fr. Pedro Dandan and Fr. Mariano Sevilla
reappear in the public eye. Industrial Revolution-
 Father Dandan would die fighting in the
mountains in 1897. • Europe from feudalism to capitalism
 Father Sevilla would work to rally Filipinos to • Spain in 1834 to open the Philippine economy to
resist the Americans, and once more be world commerce
condemned. • rise to a new breed of wealthy and influential
 Many of the liberal reformists of 1872 no Filipino middle class Spanish and Chinese
longer returned to the Philippines once they mestizos
were free. • Ilustrados enabled them to send their sons to
Spain and Europe for higher studies
GOMBURZA • Interaction between the Philippines and Spain

MARIANO GOMEZ- 72 yrs old The French Revolution

JOSE BURGOS- 35 yrs old
JACINTO ZAMORA- 56 YRS OLD • transformed from absolute monarchy to a more
democratic government
Guerrilla war (1901) -priests were imprisoned, suffered • inspired colonies under Spain and Portugal to
torture and even death. revolt in order to gain independence

SECULARIZATION: equal right The American Revolution

PRINCIPLIA: Rich/ family of Rizal • the 13 colonies of North America overthrew the
rule of the British Empire and rejected the British
REFORMIST: want change in economic and government monarchy to make the United States of America a
sovereign nation
Main Currents of the Nationalist Movement • overthrow their British colonial masters to gain
independence
Reformists -most Filipinos, certainly all thinking ones, and
even Spaniards with any interest in the country

All reformists were liberals -Freedom could only be

obtained with major reforms in the existing colonial
government.

Liberal very often meant to be anticlerical or at least anti-

friar

Modernization was a desire of all liberals, as it would be of

nationalists in general.

Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera - among the first

to accept a position in the American government