Biol 11

Module 1 Lesson 1.3 (Part 2)

Cell structure
and function
Cheryl C. Batistel
PhD Ecology
Dept. of Biological Sciences
Visayas State University

13 September 2023

1
 Learning Outcomes
1. differentiate a prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells,
2. determine the parts of the cell & their
functions,
3. compare plant & animal cells, and
4. explain the mechanisms for transport across
cell/plasma membrane (TODAY)

Lesson 1.3 Cell structure and function 2

 Review

Lesson 1.3 Cell structure and function 3

The levels of organization of living
organisms

Organ
Cells Tissues Organs Organism
Systems

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The Modern CELL Theory
1. Every living cell is made up of
one or more cells.
Unicellular (Euglena) Multicellular Lion
2. Cells are the smallest complete
living organisms →the basic unit
of organization of multicellular
organisms.

3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells

through the process of cell division.

https://ontrack-media.net/gateway/biology/g_bm4l4as1.html
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Cell: Shapes & Sizes

https://classnotes123.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/diffrent-size-and-shape-of-the-cell.png
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Cell: Shapes & Sizes

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/04%3A_Cell_Structure/4.04%3A_Studying_Cells_-_Cell_Size 7
Cell: Types based on structure
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
• simple, one cell
o plasma • complex, many cells
• very small
membrane • larger
(bacteria) o cytosol
• few organelles (plants and animals)
o genetic • lots of organelles
• lacks membrane- material
bound nucleus • membrane-bound
o ribosome nucleus present
• DNA not protected
• DNA protected

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 Cell: Types based on structure

Genetic material
Genetic material

cytoplasm
ribosome
plasma
*found
membrane
in both
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 PANORAMIC VIEW OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Flagellum Vacuole

Centriole Cytoskeleton

Plasma
Membrane

Mitochondrion

Nucleus

Rough ER

Smooth ER
Lysosome Ribosome Chloroplast
Golgi Body

Vesicle Cell Wall

Animal Cell Plant Cell 10
Cell: MOVEMENT * & PROTISTS

❑ through locomotory structures

- long-hairlike
protrusions from - arm-like projection - propels the cells
the cell membrane for moving & feeding - e.g., sperm cell

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Cellular Organelles (little organs)
1. Mitochondria Function: energy suppliers
2. Chloroplasts
3. Ribosomes Function: manufacturers
4. Endoplasmic reticulum
5. Golgi complex or apparatus
6. Lysosomes Function: digestion
7. Vacuoles Functions: storage and
9. Nucleus elimination
Function: control/regulation

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 Learning Outcomes
1. differentiate a prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells,
2. determine the parts of the cell & their
functions,
3. compare plant & animal cells, and
4. explain the mechanisms for transport across
cell/plasma membrane (TODAY)

Lesson 1.3 Cell structure and function 14

Plasma Membrane
Plant flagella

Animal
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Plasma Membrane: STRUCTURE

watery external environment

phosphate head
(polar, hydroPHILIC)
(water-LOVING)
fatty acid tails
(non-polar, hydroPHOBIC)
(water-FEARING) watery internal environment

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Plasma Membrane: STRUCTURE
Fluid Mosaic Model

Phospholipid
bilayer

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Plasma Membrane: FUNCTIONS

1. It protects cell
contents.

2. Regulates entrance & exit of

molecules in & out of the cell.

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Plasma Membrane: SELECTIVE PERMIABILITY
- only specific substances can move
across the membrane while others
cannot
- some molecules can freely pass
across the membrane following their
concentration gradient (high to low)
- large molecules & some ions &
charged molecules are unable to
freely cross the membrane BUT may
move using channel proteins, carrier
proteins, or by vesicle formation

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Plasma Membrane: SELECTIVE PERMIABILITY
- large molecules may move using
channel proteins, carrier proteins, or
by vesicle formation

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Plasma Membrane: PROTEINS
a. Channel protein
- has a channel allowing substance to move
through the membrane

b. Carrier protein (gated protein)

- combines with a substance & help it move
through the membrane

c. Cell recognition protein

- glycoproteins helping the body recognize
when invaded by pathogens so that the
immune reaction can occur

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Plasma Membrane: PROTEINS
d. Receptor protein
- have a shape which allows certain
molecules to bind to it

e. Enzymatic Proteins (transport)

- combines with a substance & help
it move through the membrane

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Plasma Membrane: PROTEINS

Movement of substance inside the cell differ

– passive (free) or active (needs energy)
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Plasma Membrane: MECHANISM of TRANSPORT

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Plasma Membrane: MECHANISM of TRANSPORT
A. Passive transport
- does not require energy as substances move across the membrane
down a concentration gradient

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Plasma Membrane: MECHANISM of TRANSPORT
A. Passive transport
- does not require energy as substances move across the membrane
down a concentration gradient

▪ diffusion of water across a

differentially permeable
membrane due to concentration
difference

▪ osmotic pressure develops

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Plasma Membrane: MECHANISM of TRANSPORT
A. Passive transport

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Plasma Membrane: MECHANISM of TRANSPORT

B. Active transport
- requires energy to transport molecules
across the plasma membrane and against
a concentration gradient

▪ e.g., vesicle formation

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Plasma Membrane: MECHANISM of TRANSPORT
B. Active transport
B1. Vesicle formation
- molecules are too large to be transported by carrier proteins in
& out of the cell

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Plasma Membrane: MECHANISM of TRANSPORT
B. Active transport
B1. Vesicle formation
a. Exocytosis
- cell release substances, a vesicle fuses with the plasma
membrane as secretion occurs

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Plasma Membrane: MECHANISM of TRANSPORT
B. Active transport
B1. Vesicle formation
b. Endocytosis
- cells take in substances by vesicle formation
- portion of the cell membrane invaginates to envelope the
substance, followed by pinching of the plasma membrane

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Plasma Membrane: MECHANISM of TRANSPORT
B. Active transport
B1. Vesicle formation
b. Endocytosis
1.Phagocytosis
2.Pinocytosis
3.Receptor-mediated

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Plasma Membrane: MECHANISM of TRANSPORT
B. Active transport
B1. Vesicle formation
b. Endocytosis
1.Phagocytosis
▪ also known as “cell eating”
▪ occurs when substances
taken in by endocytosis is
large, such as food particle
or another cell

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Plasma Membrane: MECHANISM of TRANSPORT
B. Active transport
B1. Vesicle formation
b. Endocytosis
2. Pinocytosis
▪ also known as “cell drinking”
▪ occurs when vesicles form
around liquid or very small
particles

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Plasma Membrane: MECHANISM of TRANSPORT
B. Active transport
B1. Vesicle formation
b. Endocytosis
3. Receptor-mediated
▪ form of pinocytosis that
uses a receptor protein
found within coated pits on
the plasma membrane

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Plasma Membrane: MECHANISM of TRANSPORT

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