Identification and Analysis of Operating Modes of

Single-Phase Semi-Converter Fed Battery Charging

Circuits Using Extinction Angle Control Scheme
-A Monograph
R. Karthigaivel, N. Kumaresan, N. Ammasaigounden G. Meena Devi
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
National Institute of Technology, WIT College,
Tiruchirappalli, India. Malaysia.
407107001@nitt.edu, nkumar@nitt.edu, ammas@nitt.edu meenadevime@yahoo.com

M. Subbiah
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Rajalakshmi Engineering College,
Chennai, India.
eeesubbiah@yahoo.co.in

Abstract— A system of 1-phase semi-converter fed battery β' : angle at which battery current comes to zero, rad
charging circuit meant for being supplied from a self-excited θ : instant at which the instantaneous supply voltage is
induction generator is analysed with Extinction Angle Control equal to the battery emf , rad
(EAC) scheme. Several modes of operation of this scheme with
λ : angle at which battery current starts flowing, rad
continuous as well as discontinuous load current have been
identified and the input and output voltage and current wave φ1 : fundamental displacement angle, deg
forms for each one of them have been depicted. Starting from the
circuit equations, all these modes have been studied and I. INTRODUCTION
expressions for the various performance quantities have been Self Excited Induction Generators (SEIGs) are being
derived. Further, software simulation of all these cases have been increasingly used for power generation from renewable energy
carried out and the simulated waveforms are found to coincide sources such as wind, biomass and bio-gas plants. Thyristor
with those calculated from the derived expressions, thereby
converters operated with conventional Phase Angle Control
validating the analysis of the various modes of operation of the
converter-battery charging system. Experimental verifications (PAC) scheme have been used earlier to obtain any desired dc
have also been provided. load voltage from the variable voltage, variable frequency ac
output of these SEIGs [1]. Other control schemes such as
Keywords- mode identification; battery charging; power converter; Extinction Angle Control (EAC) and Symmetrical Angle
1-phase semi-converter; EAC scheme Control (SAC) schemes have been described by Sen et al for
dc drives but they were not adopted widely, due to the
LIST OF SYMBOLS complexity of additional circuits for force commutating the
E : battery emf, V thyristors [2, 3]. Later on, Watanabi proposed a Negative
I : rms ac supply current, A Firing Angle Control scheme (NFAC) with thyristor
I1 : rms fundamental component of ac supply current, A converters, for improving voltage regulation of wind driven
ib : instantaneous battery current (load current), A SEIGs [4]. Subsequently, the present authors adopted EAC,
is : instantaneous supply current, A SAC and NFAC schemes with converters employing self
Lb : battery circuit inductance, H commutating devices such as power MOSFETs and IGBTs
Rb : battery circuit resistance, Ω instead of thyristors and illustrated their usefulness for the
Vb, vb : average and instantaneous dc output voltage of voltage control of SEIGs [5]. Then, in a subsequent paper
converter fed to the battery circuit, V EAC and SAC schemes have again been applied for a
Vm : maximum value of the ac supply voltage, V configuration, where a three-phase SEIG supplies 1-phase ac
vs : instantaneous ac supply voltage, V and dc loads [6]. However, in such systems, only resistive
: angle at which firing pulse ends, deg or rad loads with sufficiently large dc side inductor resulting in
β
continuous dc load current had generally been considered. But
This work was supported in part by the AICTE, India under Grant depending on the supply voltage and circuit parameters, the
“Career Award for Young Teachers”.
978-1-4244-4547-9/09/$26.00 ©2009 IEEE TENCON 2009
1
current may not be constant and may even be discontinuous, At λ (= 0°), since in the steady-state the battery current is
leading to various modes of operation of the converters. So, as flowing, the battery emf does not appear as a reverse bias
a further extension, with a view to make a rigorous analysis, across S1 and therefore it can start conduction at 0° itself, even
the various discontinuous current modes of operation of 1- though the instantaneous ac supply voltage is less than the
phase semi-converters are attempted in the present paper. battery emf. However, the current decreases and becomes zero
Since with SEIGs, battery charging loads are practically more at β' and again S1 starts conduction at θ. So, during the positive
useful, such loads are considered at output of the converter. half cycle, devices S1 and D2 conduct for the periods (0° to β')
The analysis is confined to EAC scheme since it provides a and (θ to β). After β, the current freewheels through DFW up to
leading fundamental displacement angle resulting in a π. To illustrate this operation the source current waveform is
capacitive effect across the terminals of SEIG [7]. Since the also given in Fig. 2 (c).
emphasis is on the application of EAC scheme, the simplest
electrical circuit model of the battery consisting of an emf, E vb
in series with an internal resistance is considered. E

Fig.1 shows the power circuit of 1-phase semi-converter ib

battery charging system considered in the present paper for
further investigation. The two diodes shown in series with the 0
IGBTs are meant for blocking the reverse current flow through θ π−θ βπ π+θ 2π ω t
β′ π + β′ π + β
the inbuilt IGBT diode i.e., to provide unidirectional
conduction. Through a detailed analysis, the expressions for the (a) Mode I
average output dc voltage, Fourier coefficients (a1 and b1) for vb
the calculation of the fundamental component of the supply E
current (I1) and rms ac supply current have been systematically
derived and tabulated for all the modes of operation. ib
Extensive simulated and experimental results are also presented
in the succeeding sections thereby validating the identification 0
θ π−θ π π+θ π + β 2π ωt
of the various modes of operation and their analysis. A similar β β′
analysis by the present authors, made for the 1-phase thyristor
(b) Mode II
converters with PAC scheme and R-L-E load, had been
recently presented as a monograph [8]. vb
ib E
E E
G1 G2 Rb ib
S1 C S2 C 0
θ β π π+θ π + β 2 π ωt
Lb
vb β′ π + β′
is D'1 D'2 DFW
+ is is
vs π+θ
E π π+β
0
_ θ β ωt
D1 D2 2π
β′ π + β′
Source current
Fig. 1: 1-phase semi-converter using IGBTs supplying a Battery load (c) Mode III
vb
II. MODES OF OPERATION E
In the analysis of these converters, there is a duty interval ib
in which the ac source is connected to the load through a set of
power devices. In addition, there could be a free-wheeling 0
interval in which load current flows only through the devices, θ β π π+θ π + β 2π ωt
the source current being zero and also durations of both source (d) Mode IV
and load current being zero. Based on these, the various modes
Fig. 2: Output voltage and output current waveforms for EAC scheme
have been identified for the EAC scheme and they are
illustrated in Fig.2, which show the pattern of the waveforms III. STEADY STATE ANALYSIS
for battery voltage and current for each mode. It can be
In any mode of operation, considering one-half cycle i.e.,
observed that in mode III alone there are two duty intervals
starting from the instant of firing of S1 to the instant of firing
illustrated as follows:
of S2, the input and output voltage and current equations of the
converter circuit are:

2
Duty interval: T1 (is = ib) : A. Duty interval (T1)
vb = vs = Vm Sin ωt (1) In this interval the output voltage follows the input voltage
R b i b + L b (dib / dt ) + E = vs (2) and the circuit operation is described by the following
Free-wheeling interval : T2 (is = 0) : equation:
vb = 0 (3) vb = R b ib + L b (dib / dt ) + E = Vm sin ωt (9)
R b i b + L b (dib / dt ) + E = 0 (4) Solution of (9), considering both steady-state and transient
Zero current interval : T3 (is = ib = 0) : components can be shown to be
vb = E (5) ib = (Vm /Z)sin(ω t − φ ) − (E/Rb ) + K1e −ωt cotφ (10)
Instants of starting and ending of each interval are given in where Z and φ are the battery circuit impedance in Ω and
Table 1 for all the four modes. For each mode using (1), (3) phase angle in rad, respectively at supply frequency.
and (5), the expression for average dc voltage (Vb) is derived
employing appropriate limits for the various intervals and It is to be noted that in this interval battery current is
these are also listed in Table 1. Similarly, for each case, same as the supply current. Constant K1 can be evaluated from
solving (2) and (4) and using the boundary conditions for each (10) by applying the initial condition at ωt = θ, ib = 0.
interval, the expression for the instantaneous battery current is (V m / Z ) sin θ 1 − ( E / Rb ) + K 1e −θ cot φ = 0 (11)
obtained. Then, the fundamental component of source current θ cot φ
(I1) and Displacement Factor (DF) are calculated using Fourier ⇒ K 1 = { (E/R b ) − (Vm /Z)sinθ1}e
series and they are where θ1 =θ − φ .
I1 = (a12 + b12 )/2 (6) B. Zero current interval: (T2)
DF = cosφ1 (7) In this interval since the battery current is zero, the devices
-1
where φ1 = tan (a1/b1), a1 and b1 are fundamental Fourier will not conduct and the emf E appears across the output
coefficients and φ1 is fundamental displacement angle. These terminals i.e., vb = E and ib = 0 . Substituting the condition of
coefficients a1 and b1 are listed in Table 2 for all modes of ib = 0 at ωt = β' in (10) we get
operation. (Vm / Z) sin(β ′ − φ ) − (E/R b ) + K 1 e −β′cotφ = 0 (12)
'
For each case, the rms source current (I) can also be Then the angle β can be calculated by iterative solution of
derived using the corresponding instantaneous expression and (12). It is to be noted that there is no freewheeling interval in
its limits. These expressions for the current (I) are given in this mode.
Table 3.
C. Average output voltage (Vb):
The Power Factor (PF) for each case is then
P F = (I1/I) cosφ1 (8) 1 ⎡β ′ π +θ ⎤
Vb = ⎢ ∫ Vm sin ωt d (ωt ) + ∫ E d (ωt )⎥
TABLE 1 π ⎣⎢ θ β′ ⎦⎥
Pattern of various modes of operation and the expression for the average dc
output voltage for 1-phase IGBT semi-converter fed battery load
= (1/π)[Vm K 2 + E(π + θ 2 )] (13)
where K 2 = cosθ − cosβ′ and θ2 =θ − β′
Operating modes Vb
λ =θ; T1: θ to β′ D. rms fundamental current (I1):
1 ⎡Vm K 2 ⎤
I (π − θ) < β′ < β T2: 0 ⎢ ⎥
π ⎣+ E(π + θ − β′)⎦ Fourier coefficients a1 and b1for the supply current are:
T3: β′ to (π + θ) 2 β′
T1: θ to β a1 = ∫ is cos ωt d (ωt )
λ=θ 1 ⎡Vm (cosθ − cosβ)⎤ πθ
II T2: β to β′ ⎢ ⎥
β < β′ < π π ⎣+ E(π + θ 2 ) ⎦ 2 ⎡(Vm /4Z){2θ 2sinφ − cosθ 3 + cosθ 4 } − (E/Rb )(sinβ′ - sinθ)⎤
= ⎢ ⎥ (14)
T3: β′ to (π + θ)
[
π ⎣+ K1 sin2 φ e −β′ cotφ (− cotφ cosβ′ + sinβ′) + K3 e −θ cotφ ⎦ ]
T1: 0 to β′ ; θ to β 1 ⎡Vm (1 + K 2 − cos β )⎤
λ=0 2 β′
III T2: β to π ⎢ ⎥ b1 = ∫ is sin ωt d (ωt )
0 < β′ < θ π ⎣ + Eθ 2 ⎦ πθ
T3: β′ to θ
T1: 0 to β 2 ⎡(Vm /4Z){−2 θ 2 cosφ − sinθ 3 + sinθ 4 } − (E/R b )K 2 ⎤
= ⎢ ⎥ (15)
IV λ=0 T2: β to π
Vm
(1 − cos β) [
π ⎣− K 1 sin 2 φ e −β′ cot φ (cot φ sin β ′ + cosβ ′) − K 4 e −θ cot φ ⎦ ]
π where K 3 = cot φ cos θ − sin θ, K 4 = cot φ sin θ + cos θ,
T3: 0
Note : β < π θ3 = 2β′ − φ and θ4 = θ1 + θ = 2θ − φ
As an example, the method of deriving the various Expressions for fundamental component of the supply
expressions for Mode I is illustrated as follows: current, displacement factor and power factor can be
The output voltage and output current waveforms are shown calculated using (6), (7) and (8).
in Fig. 2 (a).

3
E. rms source current (I): where θ5 = β′ − φ .
β′ Similarly, expressions given in Tables 1 to 3 can be
I = {(1/ π) ∫ is2 d (ωt )}1 / 2 derived.
θ
1
IV. ALGORITHM FOR MODE IDENTIFICATION
⎡(1/2)(Vm /Z) 2 {−θ 2 − (1 / 2) sin 2θ 5 + (1 / 2) sin 2θ1}⎤ 2
IN THE EAC SCHEME
⎢ ⎥
⎢ − θ 2 ( E/R b ) + (1 / 2) K 1 tan φ (e
2 2 − 2 θ cot φ
− e 2 β ′ cot φ ) ⎥ To predetermine the performance of the converter-battery
⎢ ⎥
1 ⎢ + ( 2Vm E/ZR b )(cos θ 5 − cos θ1 ) ⎥ (16) charging circuit in the EAC scheme, the first step is to identify
=
π ⎢ + ( 2Vm K 1sin φ / Z){e
2 −θ cot φ
(cot φ sin θ1 + cos θ1 ) ⎥ in which mode the system operates, through the calculation of
⎢ ⎥ the angle at which the battery current comes to zero. For this
⎢ − e −β′ cot φ (cot φ sin θ 5 + cos θ 5 )} ⎥
⎢ ⎥ identification an algorithm has been developed and the flow
−β′ cot φ −θ cot φ
⎣⎢ + ( 2K 1E tan φ / R b )(e −e ) ⎦⎥ chart for the same is given in Fig. 3. This algorithm requires the
solution of the implicit equation for β' {similar to (12)} for the

TABLE 2
Fourier coefficients (a1 and b1) for fundamental component of ac supply current for modes II – IV of 1-phase IGBT semi-converter with RLE load

Modes a1 b1
⎡(Vm /2Z){−θ 6 sin φ − (1/2)cosθ 7 + (1/2)cosθ 4 }⎤ ⎡(Vm /2Z){θ 6 cos φ − (1/2)sin θ 7 + (1/2)sin θ 4 }⎤
2⎢ ⎥ 2⎢ ⎥
II ⎢ − (E/R b )(sinβ − sinθ ) ⎥ ⎢ − (E/R b )(cosθ − cosβ ) ⎥
π⎢ -βcot φ -θcot φ ⎥ π⎢ -βcot φ -θcot φ ⎥
⎣ + K 1 sin 2
φ (K 7 e − K 8 e ) ⎦ ⎣ − K 1 sin 2
φ (K 9 e − K 4 e ) ⎦
⎡(Vm /2Z){sinφ (θ 2 − β) − (1/ 2) cos θ 7 + (1/ 2) cos θ 4 ⎤ ⎡(Vm /2Z){cosφ (θ 6 + β′) − (1 / 2) sin θ 7 + (1 / 2) sin θ 4 ⎤
⎢ ′ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ + (1/ 2) cosφ − (1/ 2) cos(2( π + β ) − φ )} ⎥ ⎢ − (1/ 2) sin φ − (1 / 2) sin( 2( π + β′) − φ )} ⎥
2 ⎢− (E/R )(sinβ − sinθ + sinβ′) ⎥ 2 ⎢− (E/R )(1 + cos θ − cos β + cos β′) ⎥
III b b
π⎢ ⎥ π⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎡ K 1 ( K 7 e −β cot φ
− K 8 e −θ cot φ
) + K 6
⎤ ⎥ ⎢ ⎡ K 1 ( K 9 e −β cot φ
− K 4 e −θ cot φ
) − K 6
⎤ ⎥
⎢+ sin φ ⎢ −( π +β′ ) cot φ ⎢− sin φ ⎢ −( π +β′ ) cot φ
2 2
− π cot φ
⎥⎥ − π cot φ
⎥⎥
⎢⎣ ⎢⎣{e (cos β′ cot φ − sinβ′) − e cot φ}⎥⎦ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎢⎣{e (− sin β′ cot φ − cosβ′) + e }⎥⎦ ⎥⎦

2 ⎡(Vm /2Z){−βsinφ − (1/2)cosθ 7 + (1/ 2) cosφ } ⎤ 2 ⎡(Vm /2Z){β cos φ − (1/2)sinθ 7 − (1/ 2) sin φ } ⎤
IV ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
π ⎣− (E/R b ) sin β + K10 sin 2 φ (cot φ + K 7 e −β cot φ )⎦ π ⎣− (E/R b )(1 − cos β) + K 10 sin 2 φ (1 − K 9 e −β cot φ )⎦

TABLE 3
rms ac supply current for modes II – IV of 1-phase IGBT semi-converter with RLE load
Modes rms ac supply current (I) (EAC)
1
⎡(1/2)(Vm /Z) 2 {θ 6 − (1 / 2) sin 2θ 8 + (1/ 2) sin 2θ1} + (E/R b ) 2 θ 6 + (1 / 2) K12 tan φ (e −2θ cot φ − e −2β cot φ )⎤ 2
II 1 ⎢ −β cot φ
⎥
⎢+ (2Vm E/ZR b )(cos θ 8 − cos θ1 ) + (2K1E tan φ / R b )(e − e −θ cot φ ) ⎥
π⎢ −θ cot φ −β cot φ ⎥
⎣⎢+ (2Vm K1 sin φ / Z){e (cot φ sin θ1 + cos θ1 ) − e (cot φ sin θ 8 + cos θ 8 )}
2
⎦⎥
1
⎡(1/2)(Vm /Z) 2 {β − θ 2 − (1/ 2) sin 2θ 8 + (1 / 2) sin 2θ1 − (1/ 2) sin(2( π + β′) − φ ) − (1/ 2) sin 2φ} ⎤2
⎢ − 2 θ cot φ ′
⎥
⎢+ (E/R b ) (θ 6 − β′ − 2π + ( tanφ /2){K1 (e
2 2
− e −2β cot φ ) + K 62 (e −2π cot φ − e −2( π +β ) cot φ )} ⎥
1 ⎢ −β cot φ −θ cot φ −( π +β′) cot φ −π cot φ ⎥
⎢+ (2Vm E/ZR b )(cos θ 8 − cos θ1 + cos θ 5 − cos φ ) + (2E tan φ / R b ){K1 (e
III −e ) + K 6 (e −e )}⎥
π⎢ ⎥
+ (2Vm sin 2 φ / Z){K1 (e −θ cot φ (cot φ sin θ1 + cos θ1 ) − e −β cot φ (− cot φ sin θ 5 − cos θ 5 ))
⎢ ⎥
⎢ + K 6 e −( π +β′) cot φ (− sin θ 5 cot φ − cos θ 5 )} ⎥
⎣ ⎦
1

1 ⎡(1/2)(Vm /Z) {β − (1 / 2) sin 2φ − (1 / 2) sin 2θ 8 } + (E/R b ) β + (1 / 2) K10 tanφ (1 − e ) + (2Vm E/ZR b )(cos θ 8 − cosφ )⎤ 2
2 2 2 − 2β cot φ
IV ⎢ ⎥
−β cot φ −β cot φ
π ⎣⎢+ (2Vm K10 sin φ / Z){e
2
(− cot φ sin θ 8 − cos θ 8 )} + (2K10 Etanφ/R b )(e − 1) ⎦⎥
where K 7 = (− cot φ cos β + sin β ) ; K 8 = (− cot φ cos θ + sin θ) ; K 9 = (cot φ sin β + cos β) ; K10 = I0 + (Vm /Z) sin φ + (E/R b ) ,
θ 6 = β − θ , θ 7 = 2β − φ , θ 8 = β − φ and I 0 = (Vm /Z){sin θ 8 e −( π−β ) cot φ + sin φ e − π cot φ } / (1 - e − π cot φ ) − (E/R b )

4
discontinuous conduction modes I to III. These expressions corresponding simulated waveforms are also shown in Fig. 4.
have been derived and they are as follows: Using the appropriate equations given in Tables 1 to 3, the
Mode II : β′ − tanφ An(K 5 R b /E) = 0 (17) waveforms as well as other performance quantities were
computed. It may be noted that the emf and internal resistance
ModeIII : (Vm /Z) sin( π + θ 5 ) + (E/R b ) − K 6 e −( π+β′) cot φ = 0 (18) of the battery change with charging source and time [9, 10]. So,
where K 5 = (Vm /Z) sin(β − φ )e β cot φ
+ K1 , the current values of the parameters present at any given time
π cot φ
should be taken for mode identification, simulation and
K 6 = (Vm /Z) sin φ e + K5 computation. In this present paper, such values obtained
Start experimentally have been used. The operating modes will
obviously change with charging time. The experimental,
Read Rb, Lb, ω, β , Vm, and E simulated and the computed results thus obtained are in
agreement.
Calculate θ = sin-1(E/Vm) VI. CONCLUSIONS
Set β′ = π − θ 1-phase, phase controlled converters have been analysed
Is with Extinction Angle Control (EAC) scheme with IGBTs as
Yes power devices. All the possible modes of operation have been
equation (12) Mode I
Satisfied? identified. The occurrence of these various modes is illustrated
using the waveforms of instantaneous dc output voltage and
No current for a battery charging load. All the performance
Is equations have been derived for each of these modes.
equation (17) Yes
Mode II Software simulation tools are very helpful in the
Satisfied?
predetermination of the voltage and current waveforms of the
No converter circuits and in obtaining the net values of the
β′ = β′ + Δβ′ performance quantities. However, the closed form expressions
derived herein would give a better insight in to the working of
Is such systems and would be valuable in assessing the effect of
Yes No
Set β′ = Δβ′ any variable parameter of the system on the various
β′ ≤ π ?
performance quantities.
The monograph presented herein would serve as a ready
Is reckoner, in the context of employing this converter with EAC
Yes
equation (18) Mode III scheme which provides the leading fundamental displacement
Satisfied? angle, useful for the control of SEIGs supplying battery
No
charging loads, an important application in the development of
β′ = β′ + Δβ′ renewable energy sources.
Mode IV
No REFERENCES
Yes Is
Stop [1] B. Watson, J. Arrillaga, and T. Densem, “Controllable d.c. power supply
β′ ≤ θ ?
from wind-driven self-excited induction machines”, Proc. of IEE,
Vol.126, No. 12, pp 1245-1248, December 1979.
Calculate the performance quantities by using [2] P.C. Sen and S.R. Doradla, “Symmetrical and Extinction Angle Control
equations corresponding to the identified mode of Solid-State Series Motor Drive”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics
and control instrumentation, Vol. IECI-23, N0. 1, pp. 31- 38, Feb. 1976.
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corresponding performance of the converter-battery charging system. Thyristoe-Controlled DC Motors”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics
and control instrumentation, Vol. IECI-25, N0. 3, pp. 247- 255, August
1978.
V. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION AND SIMULATION [4] C. H. Watanabe and A.N. Barreto, “Self-excited induction generator/
For the validation of performance expressions given in force-commutated rectifier system operating as a DC power supply’’, IEE
Tables 1 to 3, a 1-phase semi-converter as shown in Fig.1 was Proc., Vol.134, pt. B, No. 5, September 1987.
[5] N. Kumaresan, N. Ammasaigounden, and M. Subbiah, “Certain control
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consisting of 12 V batteries in series was used. A induction generators”, Proc. of the IEEE ICIT’ 02, Vol.2, pp. 986-991,
microcontroller (PIC16F876) was programmed to generate gate December 11-14, 2002.
pulses for the IGBTs as per the requirement of the EAC firing [6] N. Kumaresan, “Analysis and control of three-phase self-excited
induction generators supplying 1-phase AC and DC loads”, IEE Proc.
scheme. The waveforms of input and output voltages and Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 152, No.3, pp. 739-747, May 2005.
currents were recorded experimentally for certain settings of [7] N. Kumaresan, “Analysis, Design and Testing of Electrical Generators
input voltage and certain number of batteries in series for each and Power Electronic Controllers for Certain Renewable Energy
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Tiruchirappalli, August 2004.
operating points, simulations were also carried out and the

5
[8] R. Poornima, P.Suganya, N. Kumaresan, and M. Subbiah, “Operating acid battery used in a dynamic voltage restorer”, IEE Proc. Gener.
modes of 1-phase thyristor converter fed dc drives using Phase Angle Transm. Distrib. Vol. I50, No. 2, pp-175-182, March 2003.
Control scheme - A monograph”, Proc. of 2006 IEEE International [10]R. Giglioli, A. Buaonarota and P.Cerolo, “Charge and discharge fourth
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[9] C.J. Zhan, X.G. Wu, S. Kromlidis, V.K. Ramachandaramurthy, M. [11] MICROCHIP PIC16F87X Datasheet, 28/40-pin-Bit CMOS FLASH
Barnes, N. Jenkins and A.J. Ruddell, “Two electrical models of the lead- Micro-controllers, copy right 2001 Michrochip Technology Inc.

vs
vs vs
vs
is
0 0
is is
is

vb vb
vb vb

0 0
ib ib ib ib
0
0

(i) (ii) (i) (ii)

(a) Mode I : Vm = 100√2 V, Rb = 5.5Ω, Lb =10 mH, E = 102 V (b) Mode II : Vm = 100√2 V, Rb = 4.5Ω, Lb =10 mH, E = 75 V
I1 = 2.43 A, φ1= -18.49° I1 = 6.33 A, φ1= -23.33°

vs
vs vs vs

0
0
is is is
0 is

vb vb vb
vb

0 0
ib ib ib
ib
0
0

(i) (ii) (i) (ii)

(c) Mode III : Vm = 67√2 V, Rb = 5.5Ω, Lb =20 mH, E = 46 V (d) Mode IV : Vm = 100√2 V, Rb = 5.5Ω, Lb =20 mH, E = 47 V
I1 = 3.20 A, φ1= -25.6° I1 = 7.72 A, φ1= -15.64°

Fig. 4 Experimental and Simulated waveforms for β = 170° {(i) Experimental waveforms (ii) Simulated waveforms}
For Experimental waveforms: Voltage axis : 50 V/div, Current axis : 5 A/div and time axis : 5 ms/div
Note : The computed waveforms when shown along with simulated waveforms were found to be indistinguishable from one another.