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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
445 views42 pagesPartial Differentiation
Uploaded by
Vaman AggarwalCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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r 5 >
| 1+ Functions of two or more variables. 2. Partial derivatives. 3. Which variable is to be treated as constant. |
| Homogeneous functions—Euler’s theorem. 5, Total derivative—Ditferentiation of implicit functions. 6. Change |
|
| of variables. 7. Jacobians. 8. Geometrical interpretation—Tangent plane and normal to a surface. 9. Taylor's
theorem for functions of two variables. 10. Errors and approximations; Total differential. 11. Maxima and minima
| of functions of two variables. 12. Lagrange’s method of undetermined multipliers. 13, Differentiation under the |
| integral sign—Lelbnitz Rule, 14, Objective Type of Question |
paste ie eee
(1) FUNCTIONS OF TWO OR MORE VARIABLES
We often come across quantities which depend on two or more variables. For example, the area of a
rectangle of length x and breadth y is given by.A =2y. For a given pair of values of x andy, A has a definite value
Similarly, the volume of a parallelopiped (= xyh) depends on the three variables x(= length), »(= breadth) and
Hcheight).
Def. A symbol z which has a definite value for every pair of values of x and y is called a function of two
independent variables x and y and we write 2 = f (% y) or (x, 9).
We may interpret (x, y) as the coordinates of a point in the X¥-plane and < as the height of the surface
2=f (x,y). We have come across several examples of such surfaces in Chapter 4.
‘The set R of points (x, y) such that any two points P, and P, of R can be so joined that any are P,P, wholly
lies in R, is called as region in the XY-plane. A region is said to be a closed region if it includes all the points of its
boundary, otherwise it is called an open region.
Asset of points lying within a circle having centre at (a, 6) and radius 6 > 0, is said to be neighbourhood of
(a, 6) in the circular region R : (x -a)* + (-b)? < 8.
When z is a function of three or, more variables x, y, f, ... We represent the relation by writing z =
fix,y, , ..). For such functions, no geometrical representation is possible, However, the concepts of a region and
neighbourhood can easily be extended to functions of three or more variables.
(2) Limits. The function f(x, ») is said to tend to the limit las x — a and y ~ b if and only if the limit Lis
independent of the path followed by the point (x, y) as x > a.and y ~b and we write
Lt fix,y=1
p38
In terms of a circular neighbourhood, we have the following definition of the limit +
The function f (x, y) defined in a region R, is said to tend to the limit Las x -» a and y > b if and only if
corresponding to a positive number t, there exists another positive number 8 such that | j (x, y)-1 | <® for
9< (ea)? + (y — bP < 8? for every point (x, y) in R.
(3) Continuity. A function fix, y) is said to be continuous at the point (a, b) if
Lt f(x,y) exists and = f(a, b)
pat
197 re Hicwen ENoneeai
a ion is continuous at all points of a rogion, then it is said to be continuous in thy
A eae Pai eseecHaaas at a point is said to be discontinuous at that point.
‘Obs. Usuaily, the limit isthe same irrespective of the path along which the point (x,y) approaches (a, Band
iso)]= te, { ue} i
Bef esr] Hts fe
But it is not always so, as the following examples show :
1 ($2) as (x, y) > (0, 0) along the line y = mx
xox ea ea
= ot Sone Trae which is different for lines with different slopes.
uu, ($=2)]- Sener (&2)|- ue (@) 1
ae MalsHolSes) [alt (@) <2 wheres Bs zy) |" Holy) 7
138 9) is made to approsch (0, 0) along different paths, (x, 9) approaches different limits, Hence they
repeated limits are not equal and f(x, y) is discontinuous at the origin.
Also the function is not defined at (0, 0) since f (x, ») = 0/0 for x = 0, y = 0.
(A) As in the case of functions of one variable, the following results hold :
I Let fixy and Lt g(x,y) =m,
538 ya8
then (i) Lt Ife, + g(x,y) slam (@) Lt [f(z,y). glx, y)] =F. m
ya8 ss yo
(ii)_Lt (f(x,y) g(x, yy] =m (m#0)
a8
IL Iff(, »),g (x, y) are continuous at (a, b) then so also are the functions
1,9) £8 (x,y), fx, y) -w (x, y) and f (x, yWetx, »)
provided g (x, y) + 0 in the last case.
i
| Byaluate the following limits
discountinuous at the
that thefunction /G, y)=22+2y, (x,y) # (1, 2)
8G; 9) =U, 2) °
inuous at (1, 2),
the continuity of the function
Pay) = all? + 7, 9) # (0, 0)
= (0,0) f
z= f(x,y) be a function of two variables x and y.
py as constant and vary alone, then 2 is a function of only. The derivative of= with re
constant, is called the partial derivative of z with respect to x and is denoted by one of the *
pect ©
bos part DFERENTIATION AND Irs APpLcaTions
a a
SE neypp Thus %_ yp fle+éeqy)- fey)
Similarly, the derivative o oe &
with respect to y and is denoted
ae af
By" LED PF Thus = 14 Moye) fox»)
Similarly, if is a function of inp? 2?
ee fogs Reeping all other variables constant and is written os dela,
In general f, and f, are also functions of x and y an
40
2 with respect toy, keeping x as constant, is called the partial derivative of 2
by one of the symbols
id so these can be differentiated further partially with
respect to x and y.
Thus, Ree ons BBs cops os) ate fae
He) Ss Ef, 22) - 25 oe Fw
O(a) _ az ar O(a) _ oe | a,
li) aae FL ow fend (5) Se EE os,
It can easily be verified ‘that, in all ordinary cases,
We _ Pe
axdy Syae-
Sometimes we use the following notation
eo) Bite Orne te,
oa oon Be a Eee
‘Obs. A function of two variables has 2 first order derivatives, (2%) second order derivatives, (25) third order
derivatives and so on.
Example 5-1. Find the first and second partial derivative of = 9+)! Saxy. yds ty
Solution. We have z= x3 + y*— Saxy.
2 joa 3x2 +0 Say(1) = 3x? - Bay, and 2 = 0+ 3y%— Sax(1) = 392 — Sax |
ox oy
2
9 (8x2 Say) = 6x, 22 = 9 (ger 3a
& Os Say)= Gs, Se =F (ast day |
azo %
jy (09? Bas) = 6, and BE £ (ay? — 30x) = 30,
(UT.U., 2012; Mumbai, 2008 8)
Ba 5 (W.B.TW,, 2012)
a 1 b= fay tant Ey 1 (_2)}
en” Task lots, “LH Gly? Vy.
3 1 z ae
2 ey ey tant 24 andy tant 2,
BaF yey y
SaaS =
’ il e order in which we
subscript notation the subscripts are written in the sam
in that in the int a
er ie enorme Eo
1 1.
“T+ Gly y
Similarly,
anal 5 25 VS ca ale . Hence the result.
v+y
Example 6.3. If 2 =f(« + et) +6 («~ ct), prove that
oe _ eae
a a” ONT ig
Solution. We have 2 =/" (x +et). 2 txt) +9'e—et) Zea af' r+ 9 a
and #2 preset) +0" ed)
ae 4
Again ap G+ct) Ze 4c +0 et) 2 (eet) =f "(x ct) 08! (eat
and & = c8f" (x + ct) +02 6" (x —ct) =? If” (x + ct) +0" ct] 4
From (i) and (i) it follows that 22 = ¢23°2 ,
wo ae
‘Obs. This is an important partial differential equation, known as wave equation (§ 18.4).
ee ill mate 1,2 2) 28,
, what value of n will make 2 S2( 5) 3
‘ esvau, 2011 ; Nagpur, 2009 ; U.P.T.U, 208
Fypty-re
XH
gle se
oe
3 age SE sig
008) deta AY ee ala 4 yg 28
ath ee ah
oy SOUL. GP yt tay
B12) (02 4924 29)-52 244
SGP 924 2ty0n ye !
2, + 9% 4 22 = Be) 3 (a8 4 50 4 20 ot che
similarly, Serta aa ere + 287 (et — y2 22)
sie ~aand SOP ay 4 AO ty 4 2)
Hence Sy ay By
GPa y+ 2-020) 9,
:
ou
f Payee tae
= Sat ty? +2? ay
SR yo ves as)
By +23 — Bayz
2
= 86? +9" +2? ~~ ye 20)
(ety+2e tyes
at
@
oie BE i See ns a)
Getyt2 @ryte? Gtyta? Grysee
ie 3
wy-ye-zs) FF y te
Solution. We have 2} (a? +,u)1+y2(b?+ uy! +24(c?-+uyt= 1
ating (i) partially w.r.t, x, we get
Bela? + uyt—a (at + uy? vee » ates uy? Heo
2 as ue
le +u) *e uP url Oe
2x where v =
2
z x
pacts on Gad Beat Gar
differentiating () partially w.rt.y, we got
4 me
i? Z }# Qu.
foe au C+ oY Prue Similarly, differentiating (i) partially w.r.t, z, we get
Qe a aol te Ges ae
Bole +uP ae + wo
2
au)? , (au)* ALVES Sey aes
&) ele) +( ee
2 2
Also, a(R + ys 28) = fe ape }
oy 0, @+wo P+uw (F +uw,
eee
vl@ tu) Cry
Hence the equality of i) and (iti) proves the result,
Example 5.8. 1fu =, show that 2%. Ou__
le 8.2 hw that
Solution. We have Hoe la and Se =y?"! loge +a.
= 2-1 logx +1)
ou
= 21g loge + D)
ax?dy Ox 4
Again Bu 8 y=
& ayx-1 and Fu =1e-t4y (Le tog) =9-10+y logs)
ow
Oe
Brads ~ 9g PO loge +1)
From (i) and (i) follows the required result,
ass
Gi) 2 = log (22 +52;
Gudsey ten loge,
W.TU,, 2012; DTU, 2M
(CS.V.2.u, 2015; v.00,
(atunb, 0
“Verity hat, Moti Mibwiaes 1 (ix); (4) log tan (22 53),
far, os it Rv ao, ‘owen 2088
pe oo runtays | Wy 8
te pus etsiny. TL
‘ )
imei od - na. Pera Derenevmanion ano hs APpucATONS
jon 2
_ | 10. Theequation 2
4x), where A, g, n are positive constants then g = /(n/2H)
| 11, Find the value of n so that the equation V=r" (9 cos? 0 1) satisfies the relation
«| BOD) vara no)
12, Ife log (e* +.°), show that rt—s2= 0 where r= d%/dx%, 8 = D2e/Oxly,¢= 242/092 UN.T.U,, 2015)
u= 42, show that x 2H 4 2, du j
18 Mus 2+ 5 sshow that x32 + yt + 2t =O, ‘ ; fod
1M, Letr? =a +y? +24 and V=7, prove that V,,+V,, + Va,=m(m + 1)r"-2, (P.T.U,, 2010 ; Rohtak, 2008 S)
(Poa ay) #
15. Ifv =log (x? +y? +27), prove that (x? +y?+2%)|2%49U, 90) 9 |
oe at ag? ast) ;
16. Ifv=2 st prove that x3 + y32 =u 49 +logu), FE (Anna, 2005)
‘
1%, Ise <0, show that atx=y=2, 22 (CSY.LU,, 2014 ; Kurukshetra, 2019 ;V.7.U,, 2013)
ae
18. Iu =e, find the value of 2.
aayar
‘ (Delhi, 2018; Rohtak, 2012 ;U.P.7., 2009)
WHICH VARIABLE IS TO BE TREATED AS CONSTANT
(a) Consider the equation x =r €08 6, y=r sin @ =)
To find dri, we need a relation between r and x. Such a relation will contain oné more variable @ ory, for
vrecan eliminate only one variable out of four from the relations (1), Thus the two possible relations are
r= xsecd nl2)
wd Petey 8)
Now we can find ar/ax either from (2) by treating @ as constant or ftom (3) by regarding y as constant. And
there is no reason to suppose that the two values of dr/dx so found, are equal. To avoid confusion as to which
variable is regarded constant, we introduce the following =
Notation : (@r/dx), means the partial derivative of r with respect to x keeping ® constant in a relation
expressing r as a function of and 6
‘Thus from (2), (rx), = sec 8.
When no indication is given regarding the variable to be kept constant, then according to convention (@/de)
always means (af), and d/dy means (oy), Similarly, Ar means (Or, and 3/0 means (0/0),
(2) In thermodynamies, we come across ten variables such as p (pressure), v (volume), T (temperature), W
(work), @ entropy) ete. Any one of these can be expressed as a function of other two variables et. T = f(P, Uy
1D, 0)
As we shall see, these respectively give rise to the following results :
T ay
aw
ap 4
ee i)
dp + Be a
Now, d7/@p appearing in (i), has been obtained from 7’ as function of p and v, treating v as constant, we
Mrite it as (@7/9p),.
Similarly, 7/@p occurring in (ii), is written as (07/p),,
Example 6.9. If u = flr) and x =r cos 8, y =r sin 8, prove that Pan Hak Pe oe
% ‘ POLO Sy sea het bk 2 i ,
aie te aris 2 fo. CORE pee
p= OF
aT = 5 dp +
aT
ar Solution. We have
Similarly,
Pu
at
nel ete w Eas
Now to find xx ete, we write r = (x2 +9"
rd-x.drlix _r-x*h
Similarly,
Substituting the values of dr/dx ete. in (i), we get
2 2 43 in
Baltes |e
[= +4] +f ofS + ;| =f + FO.
r B
Example 5.10, If =e cos (sin ants) = e"% sin (r sin 9), prove that 2 :
BY Ox, ae 2 ox x aoe »
that +r <= =0.. pe bg ihe
Ba ere med Widens, 4
Solution. We have x =e" cos (r sin 8)
v8 (gin 8) . cos (r sin 0) +e" ® [—sin (r sin 8)] .r cos ©
ref ° [sin @ cos (r sin @) + cos @ sin (r sin ®)]
ret ® sin (@ +r sin 8)
68 cos 8. cos (r sin ) — e"™° sin @ (r sin @) sin @
7 9 cos (0 +r sin 8)
Similarly, y =e" sin (r sin @) gives
8 cos (8 +7 sin 8)
and
From (v),
From (vi), past DIFFERENTIATION AND ITS ApPLicaTions F205]
PROBLEMS5.3 [iy Hae a E
1. Ifx=r cos 0,9 = fn 0, show that (i) 9. * orv, 2013) (NTU, 2015)
(iy (2)* , (ar)?
(yes
2, Iix?=au+bv,y"= au bv, prove that (UPTV, 2013)
Mule +my,v =x —Iy, show that ('
4 If x=7.008 8, y=rsin 6, prove that
ar)? (ar)?
3) +8)
ou | Fu _a [fau? y
Ifu=e®, show that 7%, Hw 1) (du)? (au) ;
‘ SS(ey ay} db sedis
6 z=xlog(e+)—r,where, r?a2? +52, prove that Fe, 2.
(Mumbai, 2008)
Mu=f()where,r = V(x? + y? 4.2), show that 24 49M, Hu poly 2 prep
(n) 4,
EBB (1) HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS
An expression of the form age" + a,x"~1y +a,x"-? + ... +a,,y" in which every term is of the nth degree,
iscalled a homogeneous function of degree n. This can be rewritten as
2"lag +.a,(/x) + a,/x)? + ... +a, (yix)"].
‘Thus any function ftx, y) which can be expressed in the form x" oy [x), is called a homogeneous function
ofdegree n in x and y.
For instance, x° cos (y/x) is a homogeneous function of degree 3, in x and y.
Ingeneral, a function f(x, y, zt, ...) is said to be a homogeneous function of degree n in x,y,2, , .,ifitean
be expressed in the form x" (y/x, z/, tht, ..)
(2) Euler’s theorem on homogeneous funetions*. If u be a homogeneous function of degree n in wand y,
then
du _
x Mey =n.
Since u is a homogeneous function of degree n in x and y, therefore,
u=x" f (yx)
nf? enxt-1p(2) —yen-2p (2
xem (Q rer (Qy(-3)-e rr
an (2) 1 prt pf Ou ae #2) = _
ond nat (2).2<# 1 (2), Hence SE +95 nstp[2) = nw
In general, if u be a homogeneous function of degree n in x, y, z, t, .., then,
Bi , Ot, 2, p,m nu,
at
f se snony aa pa
j Example 6:11. Show that 22+ yi = 2u log u where og & = (8 YUE ey,
h Cit? a One Sa PAP ba MIE eo 8 y
1+ (y/x)??
Bat 4y B+4(y/ x)!
Solution, Since z=log
{After an enormously creative Swiss
beam
tame a professor of mathematics in
ost all branches of mathematics.
ernoulli and
athematician Leonhard Euler (1707-1783), He studied under Jobn 3
4B. Petersburg, Russia, Even after becoming totally blind in 1771, he contributed to Hiker hen
+. Zis a homogeneous function of degree 2 in x and y. ~
By Euler's theorem, we get
But
gine) Et Dt Se au
Example 5.12. Ifu=sin-! 5 find the value of «2% sy i
(VT, 2016 ; UK,
Solution. Here u is not a homogeneous function. We therefore, write
xt By +82 1+ y/x) + 32/2)
xayre® 1+ (y/x)* + (z/x
‘Thus @ is a homogeneous function of degree — 7 in x, y, 2. Hence by Euler's theorem
o=sinu=
But . su
(i) becomes xeon uM 6 yoon +2 conn St =— Tin or as a
3323 4 7
Example 5.13. [fu = "2? + log| 22+ 28 find the value of x2
epee ty +z
Solution. Let v=
ay tye ex
pasiyia log | VA + ee
sothat usv+w
(y/a(e/x)*
ye
Ree eee ale
nee = * Ty (v/a) + e/a
therefore v is a homogeneous funetion of degree 6 in x,¥.2.
Hence by Euler’s theorem = +y = wie 2 =6 a
Since, w = log therefore w is a homogeneous function of degree zero in *>
ay de
Hence by Euler's theorem me +y
Addint (ii) and (iii), we obtain
AeS)G +5) 42-2)
7 ty, ae porta DIFFERENTIATON AND Is AppLcanions
Bxample 5.14. If is @ homogéneo
ey us function of degree n in x and y, show that D>
Bor ere ? ‘ oO
= dy +9 SF = ln = De, (Anna, 2009 ; V.T.U., 2007 ; U.P.T.U., 2006)
Solution. By Euler's theorem, x% 4 %
Soy “
Differentiating (i) partially wur.t.x,we get, x22 42%, 0% de
at ae Pagay = ay
ltt)
iii)
ae a
[xB +5) eAbesiyet [By ()
Example 5.15. Ifu = sin? 2+ that-not 5 ower
Tes iy Pre tat ae + SoS tan u
(P.T.U., 2013 ; Rajasthan, 2 '; Calicut, 2005)
ba 20u 5 Ou, 28 u__ sinucos2u ae a
x ba aay, a = eee (D.T.U., 2012 ; Rohtak, 2012 ; P.T.U., 2006)
Solution. Here u is not a homogencous function but 2 = sin u = FE s e is a homogeneous function of
Ix + Jy
degree V/2 in x and y.
By Buler's theorem, x2 + y
ae
oy
« cos u + y cos ut
ae
oy
Thus eM yt “
Bie ee, Ors Net ye or. ge
Bae ae axty 2° ani
y partially, we get
ee (i)
soliit)
‘Multiplying (éi) by x and (iii) by y and adding, we obtain
Pa aay 22 (2 tt) yt)
PEP aay age (2 MIN Yay
)2 a
® au oy Ou , ypu 2 soe! u-1)( 3 tana) By@)
PoE ay BE a (5 ei
sinu _1sinu __ sinu(2cos* u-1)
cos? u 4 cos" u
sin u cos 2u
4 cos® u Ea Hoh Eheneng
° ae eee “~
1. Verify Euler's theorem, when (i) f(x, y)= ax" + 2hxy + by”
Gif, y)=22 G2 yt + y*?-
Gi) f(x, 9) = B82 yz + Buys + 44
2. uss! tant 2. prove tat ey cd =0. Anna, 2013; Rohtak, 20118, Pn
Bee tarp le py cake ran
frases EP ett By aan Ong
5 fu = cor? wpe that = a 20, yg
ayy
6 eas tant te show that be he ; in Qu W220. m5
1. Show thet fea ial = 2u log u, where, 10,9
8 Ifu= e+", then prove that aes yt —sutogu 1,295
8. Ifz=fyis)+ Vix? + y2), show that ee (fay (tumba, 205
ae
10. Ifw=log ***" , show that x24 4 y 4
ety ae,
ay
(DTU, 2012; UKT.U,, 2012; UP-T.U, 209
2 5 fou), Vawlh Dai
Bie ea ees SPREE A ge oe cee
ye2 zte Bays ee ar ray? ae
e42y +32
12, Ifsinu= sshow thatau, +yu, +2u,+8tanu=0. (C.S.V.T.U,, 2009; UT, 2008
ix? + 9% + 24)
ie az eu
13, t= s9(2)+ ( 2] provethat #25 + 29 224 5* 28 20, (cS v-1.7, 2009; Kerala, 2008; UPTU, 8
(2 we ae 2 oy 7 > « y 3 2 a
f+y® ou ou
14, Ifu stan? **2 prove that +24 + y % using chain rule, (K.7.U.,2016)
1 Musai ty! + etands <0 y= eos 1, =e sin 3, Find 4H asatotal derivative and verify the result by direct
substitution, WT.U,, 2016)
aie _ be
8. If (cx ~az, ey -bz) = 0, show that,
4% Ifix,y)=0, 60,2) =0, show that 2%, d= _ af 28 |
10. lithe curves /lz,y)=0 and 9, =) = 0 touch, show that athe point of contact,
11. Ifftz,»)=0, show that 2-90 S) Stee :
IEG CHANGE OF VARIABLES
ge fay)
where 0(s, #) and y = Ws, £) 2)
‘is often necessary to change expressions involving u, x, du/dx, uldy ete. to expressions involving wu 5, ¢, du/
, dulat ete,
‘The necessary formulae for the change of variables are easily obtained. Ift is regarded as a'constant,
then s,, u will be functions of s alone. Therefore, by (i) of page 208, we have
oan (3)
ds Ox" ds” dy’ Os
where the ordinary derivatives have been replaced by the partial derivatives because x, y are functions of two
Variables s and ¢,
an ou ax
Similarly, regarding » as constant, we obtain 24.24 Ox , du ay a)
Ot Ax” at” ay * at
On solving (3) and (4) as simultaneous equations in du/ax and duly, we get their values in terms of du/ds,
uit, w, 8, t.
Tfinstead of the equations (2), # and ¢ are given in terms of x and y, say: » = (x,y) and ¢= n(x, ),
Pe cin pte formulas 6 =O be, OF ;
itis easier to-use the formulae St = Sh. 4 oo = + (e% sin veto set sinw |
ox
= (€% cos? v + e% sin® v) =
Now squaring (i) and (ii) and adding, we get
(2) +(R) e* (ono sino J + et(-aino sv)
SG) we (gf trot
az ae
seit (2} soo) -aetnveme #2
% = (cos? v + sin? v) (2) +(@) “Beto
os 9 2H sin 0 du
arr ap
7 pap Reap Pry
' Transform the equation 5 + = 0 into polar oor
% — WBTU,, 2016 ; Delhi, 2013 ; P.T.U., 2013)
inate:
+ y*),0 = tan (y/e)
AD
rF |AND ITS APPLICATIONS.
pau Derrooron
ay ay (a)?
woe (5) -(B)- (S-@)).
‘Example 5.23. Ifx+y = c0e @ and x—y = 2ie¥ sin 6, show that Rah ane Be
pS soya PP ALARA Ashita (Nagpur, 2009)
Solution. We have x =e"(cos 6 + i sin ¢) ef [See p. 657]
ed y=e* (cos —i ee
Here u is a composite function of @ and 6,
Pier) coe Be
eh) ey
“
= eo ict) 4M O60 igri) py UO
© ste?) +—e' ie Daa aor
tii)
D(a du
a) aay
(ya). O(a), a ( aw
ala) s(-B)-93 (3)
eu eu eu du
vB oe BE (Pew
iit)
liv)
el
dg 5 ir tt a a a
ie, 2 = cose 2-0 Similarly, 2 =sin 92 + 288 9
3 cone OO similarly, a sin Ot S130 |
peer exe a)
or r 08, or r 08.
au _2sin@ cos Ou
ord0
20 du sin? 0 du | 2sin
8
ae rr ar
2sin Ocos@ du , cos’ O d*u | cos’ O du _ 2sin Geos 9,
aes Gees Pe Or a
Hu atu Hu 1 du 1 du
1. Ife=f(x,y) andx=0" +e, y=" o*, prove that % — 2
= (V.7.U,, 2016; D.00, a
2, Mu=f(r,s),r=2+at,s=y +bt andx,y, tare independent variables
8B, Wale, 3/2)= 0, prove that = + y= =e (atu: 2
&
2 GG) 38).
WLU, 2016;V.
WU, 2014; PTV, 2011 Kee
(tums 208
ey eS
1 flrsyPandr=xly = sole eae prov that y i
uh WU, 2016; UK TU, 20!
= +0 wy =o + uu + ud, 2=uvw and Pisa function ofx,9,2, show that
1g ame
cos Osingandz =rsin®, find and 3”
Cite Tare connected by a relation f(P, V, T) = 0, show that
Bee woe
we DDrFERENTIATON AND ITS APPLICATIONS : —Ty
1) JACOBIANS.
fu and v are functions of two independent variables x and y, then the determinant
auld Aula
aul Duley
4) oy (we)
os writben 8 9C5, y) Uy)”
similarly the Jacobian of w, v, w with respect to.x, y,2 is
aula duly dulde
=| avvex Av/ay dv/de
dwlax awly Alas
Likewise, we can define Jacobians of four or more variables. An important application of Jacobians is in connection
spthe change of variables in multiple integrals (§ 7.7).
(2) Properties of Jacobians. We give below two of the important properties of Jacobians. For simplicity,
se properties are stated in terms of two variables only, but these are evidently true in general.
© 1 itd = au, vVAlx, y) and J’ = a(x, yWA(u, v) then JI’ = 1.
Let u =f (x,y) and v = g(x,y).
Suppose, on solving for x and y, we get x = Q(u, v) andy = yu, v).
au
ou
au
ns
oo,
au
av
is called the Jacobian* of u, v with respect tox, 9
atu, v, w)
aCe, 2)
De tin a du
@
ai
0 x Gv” ay a’
yur n| 2wOe uly |, |deldu axlov|_| dul wl Aclou aylau
Bula Av/dy || ayfou ayiev|™ | ay/ex dvlay |" | axlaw aylav
(Interchanging rows and columns of the 2nd determinant).
10
[By virtue of (i)]
ou
1l Chain rule for Jacobians. If u, v are functions of r, s and r, are functions of x, y, then
u,v) _ u,v) alr, 8)
G9) ar, 8)" Oz, y)
9) _ | aur Sal; arlax asia:
‘avlar avfas || arfay astay
Unterchanging rows and columns of the 2nd det.)
Hu, v) alr, 8)
‘Or, 8) Ox, 9)
du or , du ds du ar, du as
Ora” Os ax Ar’ Dy” Os dy
av ar dv as du Or av as
oe ar ay * as ay
uldx auldy
au/ae Avlay
atu, »)
Ax, »)
Ba cars ~ snchs Cel Cuan sl Yar ot ant hs OEE eed cs
‘butions to fa
-
In eylindrical coordinates (Fig. 8.28), x =p cos $, y= sic ie inched at 9
cr Sh
Solution. (i) We have oro, eran and »
cos@ —rsin®
sin@ cos
a ae
Gi) We have sang, F =p sing, & =0,
sing, % =p cose, 2 =o and F
cos -psin® 0
sing pcos 0| =p.
# Sapte &
(iii) We have Geos ¢, 55 =—r sin O sin ,
=rsin @ cos 6,
sin @cos@ rcos@cos@ -rsin@sin 6
sin@sin reos@sing rsinOcoso
=r?sin@,
pe,
Oxy” Xp” Oxy
Bs 2, Os
5" Oy
am my “hh mm
a oo
a rX4%
Fd ao a
ee %
% A asl] a ae yy
1a
-1
Kay XyX ky 22g?
1 xp aly SB
Fag) on tm |= Be] 1
ae ee ae epee 19%) 1 1 -1
~10-1)- 1-1-1) 410.41) 20424284.
1 evaluate Ou, v, w)/Alx, y, 2) at (1, -1, 0)
ai 43) Mi (V.T.U,, 2006)
eee o
a ® Re) 11 ey —a2
jon, Av | 8 WW) lore gary agt
Setations 39,0) [ery ae | [Oe ae no
a ali od | Bea
oe dy oe
aturw) |» —§ °
At the point (1, ~1, 0) SAU 0 0 -4)=40146)=20.
Pi Heal ensta
x
Solution. We have ayy)
ar,0
Since u = 2?—y?, w= 2xy
(u,v)
G9) | av
ae
-2
2-402 +9) ii)
Since x =r cos @, y =r sin 8,
cos@ -rsing
sin®@ rcos@ oS
Se a ets nA (7 cst 0+ int), r= a8 {Using (i) & Gi)
) Jacobian of Implicit functions. If u,, usu, instead of being given explicitly in terms Xp Xy Xy be
‘with them equations such as
ay Way gy 2g) = O, f(y Ugy Way yyy) = Os Fy (yy Uy Uy X40
1p Mfio far fa), Ms fa fa)
Wey, Hp, Hy) Oey thy, iy) Hoth Eraneeg
We hans) (x, 94 2) ys Ais far fa), Wis fos fa)
au, v,w) Au, v.20)” aCt, ¥2)
se [Ale ay afiee| |= =
Now’ (fi fs fa) © Afylx Afyfdy Ayldz|=|-2x —2y ~2e
Ax,
(92) | ap rae afyfey afiae| | 1-1-1]
— Ax — yy - 22 -*)
100
and Mfr) 19 1 0} #1
Au, v, w)
oo1
Substituting values from (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get
8592) 4) x Be -yNly - 202 — I] = VAG - yy - 22 -»)
Au, v, w)
(4) Functional relationship. If u,, u,, u, be functions of xy X Xy then the necessary and mp,
condition for the existence of a functional relationship of the form fluy ty Uy) = 9, (ie, t0 be furcig
dependent) is
u (tutes) 5d
30%
If J #0, then the functions u, v, w are said to be functionally independent.
Example 5.30. [fu=x\(1— 9) + U- x), v=sin-x+ sin" y, show that u, v are functionally ig
and find the relationship. (I.N.T.U,, 2015 ; Kurukshetra,
Solution. We have
=1-— ___- 1+} —_ 2
a -x*)a-y?)) (a-x*)a-57))
Hence u and v are functionally related i.e., they are not independent.
We have v=sin'x+sin“1y=sin7 [xy(1-y*)+y -2*)]
ie, u=sinv
‘which is the required relationship between w and v.
PROBLEMS 5.7
1. Mara rene 0,y =r sin, evaluated (r, 0Y0(x,y),O(x, 90 (r, 0) and prove that (9 (1, (x ¥)h (9,990
/ fi
2, Iex=u(l +v),y=v+u), evaluate dey v)/24x, 9).
g, Hx=u(l—0), y= uv, prove that JJ! =1, (NTU 20155
: pu.
4, Whe=acosh os, y'=asinb xin n show that d(x,yV01E, n)= 4 a8 cosh 28 ~eos 20) svt” |
«5, Irene" secvy et tan finde = Xur¥Ax, 9), =x, 9¥0(n,0). Heneoshow J» 1, wut
ig. Mu sxt-2yt,0=2st-y%, wherex=rcos0,y =r'sin0, show that 4 «G79 gin 20,
fg, Mun st—By,vms+yeatone—By Bs, find Hu, 0, w/ae, aa ; onan
a
ext eyhtzunsyaye ten w=xty +2, fing M4 w)
Bi ituca +7? Mees 5 wenw, 2016; 081 é yo oorian enn ea
[fF =xu+0-y,G =u? + vy +w,H =2u—v + vw, compute AF, G, H)/au, v, w).
fo ite=2+9 +2, uow =2, show that x,y, 2VAu, vw). = we.
agit pa ore Oe? 3s 2A, v, w). = U0.
‘ (U.P.T.U., 2013 ; P.T.U., 2011 S ; Kurukshetra, 2009)
a
ui +0%ex+y and u?4v?= 23459, show that 2th0) 2 _y?— x4
yi y y ote. 9) Re auceisah
x+y atu, »)
oo tus 22% and v=tan!e-+ tary, find V7, 2013)
ws Mus Toy oe Mey) ay
jreu and functionally related. Ifso, find this relationship, (vagpur, 2008)
iy, u=3e+2y—2,0=x~2y +2 and w=:xix + 2y—2), show that they are functionally related, and find the relation
Nagpur, 2009)
1: Show that u=y-+2,0=x+ 224,w =2—4yz ~2y? are not independent, Find the relation between them,
(WP.2U. 2013)
15, Iu, v,w are the roots of the cubic (A—x)$ + (-y)+ (2)? = 0in, then find 24%) (WU, 2011)
GH, 9,2)
(2) GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION
IfPx,y,2) be the coordinates of a point referred to axes OX, OY,
ozthen the equation 2 = f (x, y) represents a surface. (Fig, 5.1)
Leta planey = 6 parallel to the XZ-plane pass through P cutting
ge surface along the curve APB given by
z=f(x,b).
As y remains equal to 6 and x varies then P moves along the
carve APB and dz/dx is the ordinary derivative of f (x, b) w.r.t. x.
Hence az/@x at P is the tangent of the angle which the tangent at
Piothe section ofthe surface z = x,y) by a plane through P parallel to
the plane XOZ, makes with a line parallel to the x-axis.
Similarly, dz/dy at P is the tangent of the angle which the tangent
at P to the curve of intersection of the surface z = f (x, y) and the plane
+10, makes with a line parallel to the y-axis -
(2) Tangent plane and Normal to a surface. Let P(x, y,2) and Q(x + 8x,y + 8y,z + &2) be two neighbour-
ing points on the surface F(x, y, z) = 0. (Fig. 5.2) li)
Let the are PQ be 6s and the chord PQ be &c, so that (as for plane curves)
Lt (8s/8c) = 1.
oe
& & & |, &
The direction cosines of PQ are Rhee Bess: ig
When 6s +0, @-+P and PQ tends to tangent line PT. Then noting that the coordinates of any point on are
Q are functions of s only, the direction cosines of PT are
dx dy dz
245 ti)
Differentiating (é) with respect to s, we obtain z|
aR de OF dy
Ox ds” dy ds” a2" ds
typ wis shows that the tangent line whose direction cosines are given
\“), is perpendicular to the line having direction ratios
a ak ak
Hw’ a sti)
en Since we can take different curves joining Q to F,. we get anumber of
lseat lines at P and the line having direction ratios (iii) will be perpen-
‘ilar to ail these tangent lines at/P. Thus all the tangent lines at P lie in
Plane through P perpendicular to line (ii).
Fes, y,2) = 0 =e
Hence the Gece of the tangent plane to (i) at the point P is
Fa x)+ ew. +5; Fa-n=0
where (X, ¥, Z) are the current coordinates tats point on this tangent plane.
‘Also the equation of the normal to the surface at P (ie., the line through P, perpendicular to 1,
plane at P) is
X-x Y-y Z-2
aE lox ~ dF/ay ~ F/bz
Example 5.31. Find the equations of the tangent plane and the normal to the surface = im,
bry
(2,2,6).
Solution. We have Fle, 9,2) = 4x2 + dy? 2? + 4.
Flax = 8x, AF/ay = By, AF/az = — 2z, and at the point (2, 2, 6)
Flax = 16, aFlay = 16, 9F/8z = - 12
Hence the equation of the tangent plane at (2, 2, 6) is 16(X— 2) + 16(Y ~ 2) -12(2 - 6) =0
ie, 4X +4¥-37+2=0
Also the equation of the normal at (2, 2, 6) [being perpendicular to (i)] is
X-2_Y-2_2-6
PROBLEM 4 3 ae j
Reese:
Find the equations of the tangent plane and normal to each of the following surfaces at the
1. 2x? +y? = 3-22 at (2, 1,-3) (Assam, 1998) 2, x3 +34 Sxyz = 3 at (1, 2,- 1) f
8. nz =a at (ey ¥4,2)) 4, Dez! Bey — dx =
5. Show the plane dx + 12y - 6: 17 = 0 touches the conicoid 2x? — aie
7, Find the equation of the normal to the surface x* +? + 2?
[EBA tavior’s THEOREM FOR FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES.
Considering f (x +h, y +) as a function of a single variable x, we have by Taylor's theorem*
3 f(x, yt hk) WP f(x, y+h
[e+ hig +P afd 1D th A te ge
‘Now expanding f(x,y + #) as a function ofy only,
Ofte y) AF, 9)
ey 2h ay
af)
fay +h =fO,y) +h
(i) takes the form f(x +h, y +h) = f(x,y) +k
ay
a aft, ») |B OPC, 9) ae ad,
th [tenes 7 ae tof Slr eee
. S fF of or Ey a a
Hence, forshoy +h =fa9)+ hs nL a(S maa SE wo).
“Inaymbols wewriteitas/te-+h,y +h)=/(s,9)+ (2+ h Bred i(aze rayne (AND 1S APPLicarions El
Taking x= 4 andy =b, (1) becomes
puttinga+h=xandb+hu cen
R& 9) =f) b) + [mPa b) ally iy eon
1 ve
aN ames
* gy U-Pb) + 20 - aniy By fey (a,b) + (y-b)E (a, b)] +. (2)
This is Taylor’s expansion of fix, ») in powers of (¢ _
sbourhood of (a, 6). ee
Cor. Putting a = 0, = 0, in (2), we get
© and (y ~ b). It is used to expand flx, y) in the
£0 ¥) = £0, 0) + [xf,(0, 0) + v6, 0, 0)1 4 i bt,
0) + Bxy ft, (0,0) + ¥*f, (0,0)1 +.
This ie Maclaurin’s expansion of f(x,y),
@)
Example 5.32. Expand e* log (1 +y) in powers of x and y upto terms of third. 2.
(Anna., 2016 ;D.7.U., 2012 ; V.7.U,, 2010 PLU, 2010)
Solution. Here log + y)
F(0,0)=0
log (1 + y) 7,(0,0)=0
1
> £,00,0)=1
Foxy) = e* log (1 +y) F,,(0, 0)=
F
fy ae
Fry (9) =~ eF (1+ y)-2
Fags % Y) = €* log (1 +y)
1
fay =e
Foy (sy) =~ (Ly)
fayy & 9) = 2e* (1+ yy
Now Maclaurin's expansion of f(x, y) gives
f(x,y) =f (0, 0) + xf, (0, 0) + yf,(0, 0) + 3 (227,,(0, 0) + 2xy £0, 0) +9? (0, 0)
+ z (2° fau(0, 0) + 8x79f,,.(0, 0) + Bxy?7,,,(0, 0) +98 Foy, O +
log (1 +) = 0 + (0) + y(1) + z (3? (0) + 2xy(1) +9? -1))
+ z (2X0) + Bx%y(1) + Say-1) + y%2)) +.
Dee ae nell
xy + 3y-2
,
pwers of (x ~ 1) and (y +2) theorem.
We nah, 2016 ; Anna, 2012 ; PU, 2011 ; V.T.U,, 2008)
Solution. Taylor’s expansion of f(x, y) in powers of (x ~ a) and (x ~b) is given by
1
FGx,y) = f(a, b) + xe -a) f, (a, b) + y~b) f(a, b)) + 5 (=a)? f(a, b)
1
+2 (aly ~b) flab) + ~b)* fa, 6) + 3; [af (a,b)
£3) -B) f(a, 0) + 3@-a)y-b fy, (a,b)
wei)
+B) fgg (DI +» y Hicker
| Zand f(x,y) = xy + 8y—2 _
. £G,~2)=~10, f,= 2895 f,,-2) =~ 45f, = 29+ 3,f0,-2)= 4; f. way
4 fry = 2s fey (1, = 2 0, fy(1, = 2
All partial derivatives of higher order vanish,
Substituting these in (i), we get.
1
wy + By 2=- 104-1) 4) +42) 4) + 9-1-4) + 2-49) 9)
1 a
+Q 4221+ Ie- VO) 4 80-19 Y+D+94-Do sme,
$-10- Me 1) $49 +2)- 2-1 4-42) 4-1 yy)
Example 5.34. Expand f(s y) = tan-!() in powers of - 1) and (~ 1) upt third degng
‘compute t1.1, 0.9) approximately. (KTV, 2012 ;V.TU,, 2010 ; Kerala, 2066 fm
Solution. Here a = 1, b = 1 and f(1, 1) = tan"! (1) = n/4.
fanet
a 2
Fag(ty De
, < a
Fag! 33 boy Gaa ge’ Im Dag
‘Taylor's expansion of f(x, y) in powers of (x ~ 1) and (y ~ 1) is given by
i
fe, 9)=f0, + F@-DEG,D+0-Df0, D+ = (= 1)? (1, 1) + 26-11
fy, D+ - Ff, D+ Fie —D? focs(L, D+ 8 = 1)? Y - D figs)
+3@-DO-1P 4, D+ - DF, UL, D+.
a
(2) .% (-3) A) ae ze 2 =1)0) + (y-D* {9
tan (2). oie Dlg) +O-D apt yew? 5 +e VoD +-V-g
‘ 1
+ ee (-4) +90 -vtg-v(- 4) +80 —ny-vtdso-1
i
2
3)
W-)-9-Di+ F@-DE-g—1— pple Die ace= 2 =D
gt
=3(e- D0"
Putting x = 1.1 andy = 0.9, we get
£(,1,0.9) F
i Ler ‘
5 0.2)+— (0) =3(0.1))~3(0.1)°-|
47 702+ ZO 7510.18 80.1) — 3K
0.7854 0.1000 + 0.0003 = 0.6857
[EDI (1) ERRORS AND APPROXIMATIONS ae
eo
en
Let f(x, y) be a continuous function of x andy, If éx and dy be the increments of = andy the
of flx, y) will be f (x + x, y + dy). Hence
1) y
11 that their products,
DpreneNTiAnion AND ITs APPLICATIONS
par
Of =f (x + Bx, y + by) - f(x,y).
Expanding f (x + x, y + 8y) by Taylor's theorem and supposing &, by to be so smal
uares and higher powers can be neglected, we get
«
of of
t= Sixt ay °¥ approximately.
similarly, if fbe a function of several variables x,y, z, , .., then
Ce a
stot tytn Se i
fe Geet 5 by + de + ie +. approximately,
‘These formulae are very useful in correcting the effect of small errors in measured quantities.
Total Differential
Iw is a function of two variables x and y, the total differential of u is defined as
au ae 8
du = Fax + dy a
‘The differentials dx and dy are respectively the inerements &x and y in x andy. Ifx andy are not independent variables
jut functions of another variable f even then the formula (1) holds and we write dx é ‘dt and dy = 4 dt, Similar definition
canbe given for a function of three or more variables.
Example 5.35. The diameter and altitude of a can in the shape of a right circular eylinder are measured
as 4m and 6 cm respectively. The possible error in each measurement is 0.1 em. Find approximately the
maximum possible error in the values computed for the volume and the lateral surface. (V.T.U., 2016)
x
Solution. Let x be the diameter and y the height of the can, Then its volume V = 7 x*y
ve, vein
eee
When x = 4 om.,y = 6 cm. and &r = dy = 0.1 em.
(eye + x78y)
ov
Also its lateral surface S = nxy
8S = ny a + x By)
When x = 4 em.,y = 6 em. and &x = 6y =
Fl2x4x6x 0.144% 0.1)= 16x em?
1 em., we have 65 = n(6 x 0.1 +4 x 0.1) = nem?
Example 5.86. The period of a simple pendulum is T= 2x J(Ulg), find the maximum error in T due to the
possible error upto 1% in Land 2.5% in g. . (P.T.U., 2013)
Solution. We have T = 2r (Wg)
-* log 7 =log 2x + 4 log 1-5 loge
Leraoehwatly
: saa
8 599 =1(® 100-6 100)= 4 1 x 2.5) =1.76 or 0.75
T alr g 2
‘Thus the maximum error in T’= 1.75%
f i _
Example 5.37. A balloon is in the form of right circular eylinder of radius 1.5 m and length 4 m and is
“swmounted by hemispherical ends. Ifthe radius is increased by 0,01 m and length by 0.05 m, find the percent-
“e change in the volume of balloon. ein Cee a a
Solution. Let the volume of the balloon (Fig. 5.3) be V, so that ey
4
Fegihge aan
8V=2nrirh + mr*Bh + 5 A rare
VY _ mlahdr+ réh + ore
a Vth at
_ hs 2P) Be rh | A+ COD +4
veto 15x44 40.67
0.14 +0.075 _ 0.218
648 9
2
Hence, the percentage change in V= 100 SY = 245
spporemtaergy fie Pet SN aa set cits
Solution. Let zy and m be the length, breadth and height of the pile so that te volune V=ne
or Jog V = log x + logy + logz - ve &y &
Since V=2x 15x 12=36 m’, and
3
bv =36 (a5) - 08m’.
Number of bricks in 8V = 1.08 x 450 = 486
530
‘Thus error in the cost = 486 x 7599 = © 257.58 which is a loss to the brick seller.
‘approxima ted by an error of - 0.38 deg ney. f
Solution. Ifr be the base radius and / the slant height of the cone, (ig. 54), then total ree
area of base + area of curved surface
nr? + ml = mtr + D)
= nh tan o(h tan o +h see a)
= nh? (tan? a. + tan a sec @)
w= 5,4 4 oa
Bh * ba
= Inh(tan? a, + tan o see ah Da
4+ mh? (2 tan o, sec? 0. + sec? a + tan a sec o tan o)Bc "
gives the error in the area A.
ing dh = h/100 and a= 9/6, we got
aed
5) * Ya Ya |100 2
= oo + 2vanh? ba.
The error a F will be compensated by tie SHIN Gf ehga
2
Mn Oie, Bs 25a? 5050
sothat 2aBa = 2ab + Dede
ei be sin A A = aba — (6
« 2A8A=
~ 2(€8b cos A ~b8c cos A + be sin A BA)
= © c08 A) 8 ~(c~b cos A) c
iba (C Son A aba Cd 0 PEW ox A ~ cow A) te
t b= cosA +a cos C ete. ...(i)]
= aba ~ a cos C 8 ~a cos B be
o BA = J (Ba ~ 6 cos C- be cos B)
By symmetry, we have
8B = & (8) ~ 8c cos A ~ 8a cos C)
BC = (Be ~ ba cos B- 8b cos A) i
BA + 8B + 8C= F(ab cos C—c cos B) ba + (b—c 008 A—a eos C)
+ (¢~a cos B~b cos A))
= (la -a) 8a + (6-5) 8 +(¢-6) bel =0
[By @)
Solution. The circumradius R of AABC is given by
axes abies
*Qsin A” 2sinB~ 2sinC
a=2RsinA fy Ris constant
» C08 C
_da_,_db_, de - aR (dA + dB + dC)
cos A * cos B* cos
A+B +C=n,gives dA +dB+dC=0 i
db_, de. By@l
es SEK cee B eas a . Expand the following functions as far as terms of third degree :
(i) sin x cosy (V.T.U., 2009) (ii) et siny at (1, 1/4)
(iit) xy? + c08 xy about (1, 0/2).
2 Expand f(x, ) =2° in powers of (r~ 1) and (y~ 1) "ig
3. Iff(e,y) = tanay, compute f(0.9, -1.2) approximately. ag
44. Ifthe kinetic energy k= ww 2g, find approximately the change in the kinetic energy a8 w changes from 4g
v changes from 1600 to 1590. rie
5, Find the possible percentage error in computing the resistance rfrom the formula Ur= Wry + Vy itp, te
error by 2%. i
6 The voltage V across a resistor is measured with an error h, and the resistance R is measured with an gg ti
that the error in calculating the power W(V, R) = VR generated in the resistor, is VR-2(2Rh - Vp), "A Sig
V0, ty
7. (a) Find percentage error made in calculating volume and surface ofa sphere due to an error of x % in raj,
wre
(@ Find the percentage errorin the area of an ellipse ifone percent error is made in measuring the majr of
axes, (PLU, zou ee
The time ofosilation of simple pendulum i given by the equation T= 2x Vg). In an experiment ca
find the value of, errors of 1.5% and 0.5% are possible in the values of and T respectively. Show thatthe emma’
calculated value of gis 0.5%. (Cockin te
‘9. Ifpv2=k and the relative errors in p and v are respectively 0.05 and 0.025, show that the error inks 19,
(Kurukshetra a
10. Ifthe H.P. required to propel a steamer varies as the cube of the velocity and square of the length. Prove thay
increase in velocity and 4% increase in length will require an increase of about 17% in H.P.
11, The range R of a projectile which starts with a velocity v at an elevation a is given by R = (v? sin 2aVg. Find
percentage error in R due to an error of 1% in v and an error of & % in a, (Kurukshetro, 25
12. Inestimating the cost ofa pile of bricks measured as 6 m x 50m x 4 m, the tape is stretched 1% beyond the sant
length. Ifthe count is 12 bricks in 1 m? and bricks cost € 100 per 1000, find the approximate error in the cs.
(WU, 2010; UP.TU, 205
19. The deflection at the centre of a rod of length / and diameter d supported at its ends, loaded at the centre witha
weight w varies at w/Sd-. What is the increase in the deflection corresponding to p% increase in w, q% deel
and r& increase ind?
414, The work that must be done to propel a ship of displacement D for a distance sin time tis proportional t(D"
Find approximately the increase of work necessary when the displacement is inereased by 1%, the tine
diminished by 1% and the distance diminished by 2%.
15, The indicated horse power of an engine is calculated from the formula = PLAN/83,000, where A = nd. Assit
that error ofr per cent may have been made in measuring P, L, N and d, find the greatest possible erm in.
16. The torsional rigidity of a length of wire is obtained from the formula N = 8x 11/r4, If is decreased by 35:7
increased by 2%, tis increased by 1.5%, show that the value of V is diminished by 19% approximately.
117. The two sides ofa triangle are measured as 50 cm and 70.em and the angle between them is 30°. Ifthere a
errors of 0.5 % in the measurement of sides and 0.5° in that of the angle, find the maximum approximate pen
terror in measuring the area of the triangle. WPIU,
BiB bats Anoy ie ae a
18, Ia? + y? + 22 — 2xyz = 1, sh et Gs CAT
(Bint. 26¢ ~yz) de + 2(y ~ 2x) dy + 212 ~ ay) de = 0. Also tx ~y2¥ = (1-9) (1 ~24),
(1) MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES
Def. A function f(x, y)is said to have a maximum or minimum at x = a, y = 6, according &
flath,b+k)fla,b),
for all positive or negative small values of h and k.
In other words, if = /(a +h, b + k)~f(a,b), is of the same sign for all small values of hs
is negative, then f(a, b) is a maximum. If this sign is positive, f(a, b)is a minimum.
naire
EE" ATTEN
ronsidering2 = /(x, 9) a8 a surface, maximum value ofz occurs at the top ofan elevation (e.g., a dome) from which the
Oand r < Oat (a,b), f(a, 6) is a max. val
(ii) If rts? > 0 and r > Oat (a, b), f(a, 6) is a min. value.
(ii) If rt — 8? < 0 at (a, b), f(a, b) is not an extreme value, i.e., (2, b) is a saddle point,
(iv) If rt —s® = Oat (a, b), the case is doubtful and needs further investigation.
Similarly examine the other pairs of values one by one.
and
Now f.20,f,=Ogiver?-x+y=0, i) ytx-y=0 ‘4
li
‘Adding these, we get d(x! +3?) =0 or x
Putting y = —x in (@), we obtain x9 - 2r = 0, ie. x= V2,— 2,0.
‘Corresponding values of y are ~ V2, V2, 0.
‘At (2, - V3), rts? = 20 x 20 ~ 4? = + ve and r is also + ve. Hence f(V2, - v2) is a minimum value. *
At (V3, vB) also both rt ~ s* and r are + ve.
Hence f (- V2, v2), is also a minimum value. ‘
At (0, 0), rts? = 0 and, therefore, further investigation is needed.
Now f(0, 0) =0 and for points along the x-axis, where y = 0, f(x, y) = x‘—2x? = x%(x? — 2), which is negative for pins
in the neighbourhood of the origin.
‘Again for points along the line y =, f(x, ») = 2x which is positive.
‘Thus in the neighbourhood of (0, 0) there are points where f(x, 9) /(0.0.
‘Hence f (0, 0) is not an extreme value i.e, it is a saddle poir
Solution. Wehave f, = 3%? — ary? - ax2y9; f, = Bxby — 2xty — Bx¥y?
1 fag = Bay? — 12292 — Gay; 6 =f, = Gry ~ Bry ~ Gx2y? t= f= De! — Det Ey
When f.=%f, , we have x2y(3 — 4x — By) = 0, x3y(2 — 2x — 3y) = 0 -
Solving these, the stationary points are (1/2, 1/3), (0, 0).
and
Now rt — 9% = xty2[12(1 — 2x ~y) (1 - x — By) - (6 - Bx — 9)"
eid ~1-2)f1-1-1)-@-4-3" ]-4
M12, 118), rts = de 3[s2(t 1 Ales 3-1)--4 3 Heo
Also
ein
Hence f (x, y) has a maximum at (1/2, 1/3) and maximum value =
iG
At (0, 0), rt~ s# = 0 and therefore further investigation is needed,
___ For points along the line y =2, f(x,y) = (1 ~ 2x) which is positive forx = 0.1 and negative for
in the neighbourhood of 0, 0) there are points where f(x,y) > f(O, 0) and there are points where /(*
Hence /(0, 0) is not an extreme value,
Wehave A+B+C=nsothatC=n-(A +B).
cos A cos B cos C = cos A cos B cos [x ~(A + B)}
=—cos A cos B cos (A + B) =/(A, B), say. en cmeee @
ia x cos B [sin A cos (A + B) +.c0s.A sin (A + B)}
= cos B sin (2A +B)
E 2 = cos Asin (A + 22)
=o, % <0 only when =B
x-0% ly when A = B = w3,
af 2,
Fs ra Sqr 72 cos B cos (2A +B), t= ZL 2.cosA con A + 2B)
ae) Se ee
8 = sydg =~ Sin B sin (2A + B) + 00s B cos (2A +B) = cos (2A + 2B)
When A = B=1/3,r-=—1,#=-1/2,t=—1 so that rt —s? = 9/4,
These show that f(A, B) is maximum for A
Jhen C= - (A+B) = W/3.
Hence cos A cos B cos C is maximum when each of the angles is 7/3 i.e., triangle is equilateral and its
ssximum value = V8.
WB,
[EEILAGRANGE’S METHOD OF UNDERTERMINED MULTIPLIERS
Sometimes it is required to find the stationary values of a function of several variables which are not all
‘adependent but are connected by some given relations. Ordinarily, we try to convert the given function to the
ss having least number of independent variables with the help of given relations. Then solve it by the above
sethod. When such a procedure becomes impracticable, Lagrange’s method* proves very convenient. Now we
again this method.
Let u=flx,y,2) c AD
‘ee function of three variables x, y, 2 which are connected by the relation.
Oz, y,2) =0 (2)
For to have stationary values, it is necessary that
‘aula = 0, duldy = 0, dulde = 0.
Bron eee
Baty Ot Gade =dun0 (3)
Also differentiating (2), we get Bax + Mays Bae = 4)
Multiply (4) by a parameter 4 and add to (3). Then
2 +12) «(2 4)
(St+ 122) des (Berndt dy+
This ionet satisfied if 24 + 3.2%
equation will be satisfied if 94 + 2 5¢
‘These three equations together with (2) will determine the values of x, y, z and A for which u is stationary,
Working rule: 1. Write F = flx,y,2) + hile, 92)
2 Obtain the equations 3
8, Solve the above equations together with ¢ (x, y, 2) = 0.
The values of x, y, z 60 obtained will give the stationary value of (xy, 2). ea
Hionen Enciveenng
imple 5.45.
the b © 5.45. A rectangular box open at the top is to have volume of 32 cubic fl. Find the di
ox requiring least material for its construction.(U.P.T.U., 2016 ; V.T.U., 2015 ; P.T.U., 2019, 4a
Aina af
Solution, Let x, y and z ft, be the edges of the box and S be its surface,
Then xy + yz + Bex
and wy2 = 82 ‘
Eliminating 2 from (i) with the help of (i), we get S'=.xy + 20742) =ay + ea, 3) 4
lz"y
asi 64/x2=0 and aS/y = x ~ 64ly? = 0.
' Solving these, we get x = = 4
Now r= d%S/Ax? = 128/x3, s = d°S/axdy = 1, t = 04S/ay? = 128)".
rts? = 2x 2-1 = +ve and ris also +ve.
Hence S is minimum for 4. Then from (ii), 2 = 2.
Otherwise (by Lagrange’s method) :
Write F=axy + Qyz + ex + Mayz ~ 32)
Then sy+2e+hyz
xt 2e+her=
lS ay
= = 2y + 2x + Jay =0
‘Multiplying (ti) by x and (jv) by,y and subtracting, we get 22x ~22y=0 or x=y.
[The value 2 = 0 is neglected, as it will not satisfy (il
Again multiplying (iv) by y and (v) by z and subtracting, we get y = 22.
Hence the dimensions of the box are x =y = 22=4 si
Now let us see what happens as increases from a small value to a large one. When is small, the brs
at with a large base showing that S is large. As z increases, the base of the box deereases rapidly and Ss
Gecreases, After a certain stage, S again starts increasing as z increases. Thus S must be a minimum ais
intermediate stage whieh is given by (vi). Hence $ is minimum when x =y = 4 ft and
Example 5.46. Given x +y +2 =a, find the maximum valve of x"y"'2?.
i (Andhra., 2015 ; J.N.T.U., 2015 S ;Anna, 2088
2=2h
= xryrz? and ox, y,2)=2+y +2—a.
i, 9,2) 26,9, 2)
enya + Naty 42-4).
For stationary values of F, 9 =0, = #.
may? += 0, nah PAZ + he
seta of-haPic patties
fe ee
Solution. Let f(x, ¥,2)
Then Fx, 9,2)
parrot =O
or =h=mz"lyreh
Be m_n_p_m+ntp_m+ntP
x Y 2 etyte a
4 The maximum value of f oceurs when.
x=amin +n+p),y =ankm +n +p) 2 =aplm +n +P)
aM Pom on™ op?
Hence the maximum value of flx, y, 2) = “—
(mene pen?
spl
agate yk NR Lt et
PD Beeeri ba redhead minimum dtc of te pan 4 FN ET
Solution. Let P(x, y,2) be any point on the sphere and A(3, 4, 12) the given point so that
AP? = (x — 3)? + (y ~ 4)? + (2 - 12)? =f (x,y, 2), say rPeneNATION AN ITS APPLICATIONS
ye bave to find the maximum and minimum values of f(x, y,2) subject to the condition
Ox, 9,2) =22 +92 422-4 = 0 li)
Fix, y,2) = f(x,y, 2) + Alx, y, 2)
Let
= (e— 3) + (y— 4)? + (2-12)? + A? + y? + 27-4)
ar
‘Then SF 2200-8) + ahs, 3 nay 4) 4 20y, HE we 12) + Bie
aF 9 aF ar
SF =0, 5 =Oand SF = Ogive
x-3+)x=0,y—4+dy=0,2-12 40220 (iii)
eee eel
hich VE c3
VP + y? +27)
substituting for A in (iii), we get
3 sy, Aa
T+012Jf'? 127"
9+16+144_ 169
as fr ast /fyr
169
—, rl =+13, = 12,14.
at VAP Uae re Nae
[We have left out the negative values of yf , because /f = AP is + ve by (i)]
Hence maximum AP = 14 and minimum AP = 12.
Using (i),
Example 5.48, Show that the rectangular solid of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere iso
Bae: (Kurukshetra, 2006)
Solution. Let 2x , 2y, 2z be the length, breadth and height of the rectangular solid so that its voluthe
V=8xyz i)
Let R be the radius of the sphere so that x? + y? + 2?=R? i)
Then Fx, y, 2) = Bxyz + Ma? +y? + 2?—R?)
- ‘Flax = 0, OF/ay = 0 and aF/@z =0 give
Thus for a maximum volume x
‘the rectangular solid is a cube.
Brample 5:49/A tendon a agidare base of vide x, has its sides dertical of height y and the tp isa regular
roe ofheight h Find xond yin terms tn camwas reared forts construction is tbe minima for
‘ent to have a given capacity.
Solution, Let V be the volume e
Then V=cuboid (ABCD, A’B'C'D’) + pyramid (K, A’
=xty+ Fath =x + h/3)
Any + 45 KM)
inelosed by the tent and S be its surface area (Fig. 5.6),
oD)
S=4(ABGF) + 44 KGI
= day 4x V(x? + 4h") Ie KM = \(KI2 + LM?) = V(b? + (2/2) 7 For constant V, we have
2
BV = Qx(y + A/B) Bx + x(5y) + Sohn
For minimum S, we have
8S = dy Vx? 4402) 48 Joreantye 2x
+ axdy ta Beat 4 4h) Bah = 0
By Lagrange’s method,
[ay + Va? + 4h) + 220? + ah] A Baty +18) =0
dxthext=0
hac +42) 12 + 28/3 = 0
Gi) gives 4 = - 4/x. Then (iii) becomes
Shel? + 4h2-Y?— 4x/3 = 0° or x= NEA
‘Now putting x = V5 h, 4 = — 4x in), we get
2x(y+h/3) =0 or 4y+ Mn —ay- St
Tye
4yrahe Sh
Brample S50, funa’st «bi? set whee tay ar)
by x= 3a/a, y= 3a/b, z= Sale. ; Ls pide
Solution. Let 9, 2) = aks? + boy? + e822
and Ox, 942 gas ae
Let Fle, ¥,2)= fe J,2) + hy, 2)
rd + by? + oe? + Ale Pay ht 2
GRD ge
Fe 7 O8ive
2a%x?— x2 =0, 2b'y—My?=0, 2o%e—N2?=0
or 2a%x? = 1, by! = 2, Behe? = 2.
which give ax = by = cz =k (say) ie., x = Ra, y = hib, 2 = Ke.
Substituting these in x1 +y!+z1=1,wegetk=a+b+c
Hence the stationary value of u
V = Bxyz.
Now we have to find the maximum value of V subject to the condition that raion W0 19 APPUCATIONS
~ ar
= ween + (22) =0 iii)
the values of from (i) and (ii), we get x%a
atin
Be ii) and (iv), we obtain y2/b? = z%/c?
Similarly from
1
stati in (), we get x°/a? =
ubstituting these in (i), we gel jie po
a3 ,y = BS, 2 = V3 (v)
{yen x= 0 the parallelopiped is just a rectangular sheet and as such its volume V = 0.
sx increases, V also increases continuously.
‘nus V must be greatest at the stage given by (v).
Babe
ence the greatest volume = FOZ,
these give
ee
4, Find the maximum and minimom values of
may soay Anna, 2013; UPI, 2012) (i)sy +a +a. i
Gans so? ASE Deyt 72 (N.TW., 2013 ; Anna, 2012 ; Mumbai, 2007)
Gn 2?-y?)-=t yt (o) sim x sin y sin (x + y).
4 ffs «8: find the values ofx,y for which u = Sxy2/lx +2y+ de) is a maximum.
(CSV.T.U, 2007; Kurukshetra, 2005)
4, find the minimum value of x4 +52 +22, given that
(nz=a° (P-TU., 2009 ; Osmania, 2003) (ii) ox +by +c2 =p. (D.T.U., 2012 ; V.T.U., 2010) -
(id) xy +y2 + 2x = 3a” (Anna, 2009)
134+ <6, find the values of x,y,z which make x +y +2 minimum. (Delhi, 2013)
sys
‘5. Find the dimensions of the rectangular box, open at the top, of maximum capacity whose surface is 432 sq. em.
(C.S.V.7.U,, 2015 ; Anna, 2013)
{¢ The sum of three numbers is constant. Prove that their product is maximum when they are equal.
1, Find the points on the surface 2* =.xy + 1 nearest to the origin. LN.D.U., 2015 ; Rohtak, 2012)
Show that, ifthe perimeter of a triangle is constant, the triangle has maximum area when it is equilateral.
(Rohtak, 2011 S)
0 ayz4, Find the highest temperature on the surface of the
unit sphere x?+92422= 1. (V.T.U,, 2009)
1, Divide 24 into three parts such that the continued product ofthe first, square of the second and the cube of the third
‘may be maximum, (CSV.T.U, 2012 ; Kurukshetra, 2010 S)
12 Find the stationary values of u =x? +? +2? subject toax’ + by? + cz?=Landlx+my+nz=0. (C.S.V.T.U..2015)_
(FREY DIFFERENTIATION UNDER THE INTEGRAL SIGN 2
Ifa function f x, a) of two variables x and a (called a parameter), be integrated with respect to x between
Selnitso and, hen f° fx, 0) dx is a function ofa: Fla, say. To find the derivative of F(a), when i exists,
"isnot always possible tg first evaluate this integral and then to find the derivative. Such problems are solved
the following rules :
(1) Leibnita’s rule*
f6,0) and £2 be continuous functions of x and cy then
» » atts, ‘
A a
(ie., the order of differentiation and integration can be interchanged.)
"ee
oot note on p. 139, ea gg
Let f? fz, nar =F,
,
Ma+sa-Ma)e J fisersards[/ fls,adde =f Ufa + Ba) - fe, ads
| then
flat WD fe, 0) = C05 6
S sa f° Mega, o aftr, a+ 6-0)
Proceeding tolimits aa 82->0, Lt, FE*SO= FO fT ede
} = ae? Pee 2 4» which is the desired result.
’ ry 0
Solution. Let Fla)= [7 = tae
aOR tgs
then Bos eal iG=aie = logan od
=f aide = aust [: E(x!) =n! ge
° +a
‘Now integrating both sides w.r.t. a, F(a) = log (1 + a) + i)
From (i), when «= 0, F(0) = 0
log (1) +6, ic., ¢ = 0. Hence (ii) gives, F(a) = log (1 + a).
6 atbeosx va? 6)
| Differentiating both sides of () w.r.t.¢,
saa
Si acres z.
ee
© (a+b cos x)”
‘d dx as
So rte at *
difereniating baths of)
Jf te +0 c08 208 osx dx = o(-2) cores can gRiDieETA TON HO rs AemLearone
oe
0 (a+ bcos x @ 9)"
@) Leibnite’s rule for variable imits of integration
ffs), hee be continuous functions of x and a, then
a [pve = pV@afy ae) 4. dy ae
4 tite fx, ova} = I eax t1yiay aa S¢ ttovo al
ided 01a) and ya) possesses continuous first order derivatives w.r.t. o.
Its proofis beyond the scope of this book.
Example 6.64. Evaluate [* 1981+ 2) ae and hence show that
’
he 0 Tex :
Bis ‘log (1+), x yi
Wei ee ee
bes J, Rae Flow e i
r é 4
Solution. Let Fla) = f° We G+ 08) gy ld)
Onna
Then bythe above rule, F (a) = f* 2 (log (1+ 0x) log (1+ 02
0 dal 14x? 14a?
e x log +0)
={- == er eee) i)
fs (1+ ox) + x?) 1+0?
Breaking the integrand into partial fractions,
«sds ase _de 1p 2 «de
pal Fede Ve te Ook adele Sela ie a
Sc (1+ ox) +27) Teed 1+ ox male Tet ie? S leat
1 eter ee al re
log(d + ax) [f+ = x| log + 2?) f+ tan?
Peau St cae any leat sare gal tans
log(. +a) | log(1 + 0”)
lta
Substituting this value in (ii), F (a) =
Now integrating both sides w.r.t. ,
: frog + at) a Untegrating by parts]
1 ae tan? @
Meet eta ae
1 aye ;
= Flog +0") tan are iii)
But from (i), when «= 0, F(0) = 0
From (iti), F() = 0 + ¢,ie.,¢= 0, Hence (it) gives, Pla) = Flog +a) tan a
1
; log (t+ #) painters.
Putting a =1, we get f eee ds = FA) = Flog, 2 Hoe rene i
eee
, * +e
1, Differentiating {* —2* = 2 tan-t = under the integral sign, find the value of fasta
jo Peal a
1
ie
1
2 By successive differentiation of [7 ah deo 15 wart.mevaluate {2 dogs? dx. ©8520, a4
3. Evaluate ie log( +a cos x) dx, using the method of differentiation under the sign of integration,
(OSV.TU, 2016; VU, 2014; Roissy
4. Given that [° Sergey ol eer i (V2.0, 299
& [ie stant, [ins on fom be de oo bay
6 [ee St ae-tan th. , WI, 205
Hence show that f° 2% x a (CSV.7U, 2015,
tan ark 1c Hae ay
0 ea Tato g 0B +8) wherea > 0,
irs Jj a-eeydratog asa) (e>—v,
(CSV-7.U, 2008)
8 J bate optsitoe=rigg 928
? tog (1+ y sin?
pf, Mees ge aco aif) “11
U,, 2018; C.SV.TU, 208
a1, (77? logtl+sinaccosa) | {
cos i wer, 208
12
bs
S, ei de Eon jn Dorner ano Its AppLicanons Ea
gs OBJECTIVE TYPE OF QUESTIONS
PEETSISERH
gat the correc ansicer or il up the Blan in eath ofthe following problems
au, Fu
4. Husetomy-y sing? then 5 +o =
on BED
a,
@)-2olu o @1. W1.U, 2010)
= en | then Jy, PT.U, 2013)
4. fu log (ly), then.
au _ au au, du au, du au you
@) ty %\=0 ©) x ey tty yM nou Mh yy at.
oy ay toy eee yh ot oes
(CS.V.T-U, 2015)
5, iu =» then du/deis
fa)0 (b) yar (e) 2 log x.
@, Ifx=rcos 0,y =rsin 6, then
a _ yar a _ar a
) S=e ) S-5 oF
au au
7 fu =y*, then 2% ie (Anna, 2013)
1, Itu=y%, then ot
au
6 Mu=2 +5, thon > is equal to
(@)-3 3 0 (@ 3x43 WTU, 20108)
au
| & Wuas?s2ey+yt+ x+y, then x4 +S is equal to
% By ry? -Y, ther iain
o) 20 @u @o (@) none ofthese.
BE Bu,
10, Hu=log * , then «2% + y% is equal to
log 7 then a + 9 He ec
a) u (o) 3u @u @1. (W.TU,, 2010 8)
ay»)
I Maer =rsin
2=r0os0,y=r sin, then ST is equal to
wa wr © vr (ao. W.0U,, 20108)
1. IA=f, (a,b), B= f(a, b), C= fp(a, b), then flx, y) will have a maximum at (a, b) if
,f,=0, AC < BP and A<0 ()f,=0,f,=0, AC=B¥and.A>0
sf, =0, AC> Band A>0 (d)/,=0,/,=0, AC> Brand A <0.
z
18. fem sind +7 then x 4 y% in
fat ea ye ae Poy
| wo oe (ot @2 (Bhopal, 2008)
| TM fu = sin (xiy) + tant (y/x), then x duldx + y duldy eq
(@) sin-1 ey) + tan (ys) () Alpin" a/y) + tan? (fs)
| (6) 3isin-1 Gy) + tan (y/2)) (d) zero.
15. ian error of 1% is made in measuring its length and breadth, the percentage error in the area of a rectangle is
“02% (b) 0.02% (©) 2% (a) 1%. W.2.U, 2010) 238 HicHER ENONEERINg Moran
Btw 0) 2G, »)
16. a
Be aD
@-1 1
i, aay is a homogeneous function of degree
e+ Jy
18. If2= log (x? +y*—22y-ay), then 2.8 ih equalto....
19. 1frea%pax?, s
