SA = 𝑙𝑤 + 2𝑙𝑠 + leg2+ leg2 =

PERIMETER, AREA & Rectangle Pyramid PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

2𝑤𝑠 1 hypotenuse2
VOLUME
V = 𝑙𝑤ℎ
𝑃 = 2𝑙 + 2𝑤 3
Rectangle

𝐴 = 𝑙𝑤
DISTANCE FORMULA
𝑥0 = 1 if x ≠ 0
EXPONENT LAWS
𝑑 = �(𝑥2 − 𝑥1)2 + (𝑦2 Law of Sines
𝑥 =𝑥 − 𝑦1)2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜸𝜸
𝑃 = 4𝑠
Square 1
1 = =
𝐴 = 𝑠2 𝑥−𝑛 = if x ≠ 0 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑚. 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥𝑚+𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑝
P = add all sides
Triangle Law of Cosines
1 sin𝛉 = 𝑎 2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 −
A = 𝑏ℎ (𝑥𝑚)𝑛 = 𝑥𝑚.𝑛
ℎ𝑦𝑝
2𝑏𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
2 𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑚 ÷ 𝑥𝑛 = = 𝑥𝑚−𝑛 if x ≠0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽𝜽 =ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑚𝑥
𝑏2 = 𝑎 2 + 𝑐 2 −
m P= add all 𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑥𝑛
2𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
Parallelogra
(𝑥𝑦)
𝑥 𝑛
𝑚
=𝑥𝑥
𝑛 𝑦
𝑚 𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜽𝜽 =
sides A = bh ( ) = if y ≠0
𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑎
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 −
𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑎
𝑦 𝑦𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜽𝜽 = 2𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜸𝜸
P = add all sides 𝑥 = 𝑥 if (a ≥ 0, m ≥0,
𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑚
Trapezoid
𝑛 𝑚

A= 1 (𝑏 + 𝑏 )h ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 ±
n>0)
Sum and Difference
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜽𝜽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
√ 𝑜𝑝𝑝
1 2
2 𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 ∓ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛼 ± 𝛽)
ℎ𝑦𝑝 =
𝐶 = 𝜋𝑑 = 2𝜋𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜽𝜽 = 1∓
Circle
𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟2 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑥 ⇔ 𝑥 = 𝑎 where a >0, a
𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽𝜽
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜽𝜽 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽𝜽 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼
Sum to Product Product to Sum
S = 𝜃𝜃𝑟 in radians 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽𝜽
Arc Length ≠0
𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑀 = 𝑀 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜽𝜽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( + 𝛽)
S= 𝜃𝜃𝑟in
𝜋 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽𝜽 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 =
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎(𝑀𝑁) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑀 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 N 1 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽 2) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼
degrees 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽
𝑀 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽𝜽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) + 𝛽)
180 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜽𝜽 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑀 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑁 1 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽 𝛽 =
𝑁 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽𝜽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑀𝑥 = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑀 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜽𝜽 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝛽) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 −
𝜃 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
Circle Sector
𝑟2 in 𝑙𝑜𝑙𝑙𝘣𝑀 𝑙𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑀 𝑙𝑛𝑀 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜽𝜽 =
1 𝛽)
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
radians 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽𝜽 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 =
Area A =
𝑙𝑜𝑙𝑙𝘣𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎 𝑙𝑛𝑎 ) 𝟐𝟐
2 1 𝟐𝟐 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝛽)2− 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 −
= =
A= 𝜃 𝜋𝑟2in 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜽𝜽 = 𝛽)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽𝜽
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 =
SPECIAL PRODUCTS
2
 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) 1
degrees 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜽𝜽 =
360 𝑥3 ± 𝑦3 = (𝑥 ± 𝑦)(𝑥2 ∓ 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜽𝜽
1
Rectangular 𝑦2) 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜽𝜽 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜽𝜽
solid 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜽𝜽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜽𝜽
(𝑥 ± 𝑦)2 = 𝑥2 ± 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2
BINOMIAL THEOREM
S = 2𝑙𝑤 + 2𝑙ℎ + = 1
2𝑤ℎ
(𝑥 ± 𝑦)3 = 𝑥3 ± 3𝑥2𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜽𝜽 + 1 =
V = 𝑙𝑤ℎ ± 𝑦3 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜽𝜽
Cube (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑛𝑥𝑛−1𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜽𝜽 + 1 =
𝑛
2

+ 𝑥 𝑦 + …+( )
𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛−2 2
𝑆𝐴 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝜽𝜽
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝟐𝟐𝜽𝜽
6𝑠2 𝑥𝑛−𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜽𝜽 =
2 𝑘 2
Cylinder + … + 𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛−1 + 𝑦𝑛 1+
V = s3
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜽𝜽 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝟐𝟐𝜽𝜽
2
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟2 + 𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1)…(𝑛−𝑘+1) 2
2𝜋𝑟ℎ ( ) = 1•2•3•…•𝑘
where 𝑘 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝟐𝟐𝜽𝜽
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜽𝜽 =
2

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟2ℎ 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝟐𝟐𝜽𝜽
Cone 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝟐𝟐𝜽𝜽) = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽𝜽𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽𝜽
𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟𝑠 + 𝜋𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝟐𝟐𝜽𝜽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜽𝜽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜽𝜽
1
𝑉 2= = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜽𝜽 − 1 = 1 −
𝜋𝑟 ℎ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜽𝜽
3
A = 𝜋𝑟√𝑟2 + ℎ2 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜽𝜽
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝟐𝟐𝜽𝜽) =
Spher 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜽𝜽
e SA4= 4πr2
V = πr3
3
A = 4𝜋𝑟2
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(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)′ = cos𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥)′ = cosh𝑥
Definition: 1) 𝑐’ = 0 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)′ = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥)′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
13) 25)

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
Derivative: 𝑓′(𝑥) = if this limit exists. 2) [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)]’ = 𝑓’(𝑥) + 𝑔’(𝑥) (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) ′ = (𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥) ′ =
14) 26)

ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2𝑥

15) 27)

Applications: If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 3) [𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)]’ = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔’(𝑥) +

𝑓’(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)′ = (𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥)′ =
then,
−𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝑥 −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2𝑥
16) 28)

 𝑚 = 𝑓 ′(𝑎) is the slope of the tangent line to y=f(x) at x=a and the 4) [𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))]’ = 𝑓’(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔’(𝑥)
equation of the tangent line at 𝑥 = 𝑎 is given by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓 ′(𝑎) (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)′ = (𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥)′ =
5) [𝑐𝑓(𝑥)]’ = 𝑐𝑓’(𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥
17) 29)
(𝑥 − 𝑎).
(𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥)′ = (𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥)′ =
 𝑓′(𝑎)is the instantaneous rate of change of 𝑓(𝑥)at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
6) [𝑓(𝑥) – 𝑔(𝑥)]’ = 𝑓’(𝑥) – 𝑔’(𝑥) −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥
−𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
30)
 If 𝑓(𝑥)is the position of an object at time 𝑥, then 𝑓 ′(𝑎) is the velocity of the
18)

𝑓(𝑥) ′ 𝑙𝑙(𝑥)𝑓′(𝑥)− 𝑓(𝑥)𝑙𝑙′(𝑥) 1 1

(
object at 𝑥 = 𝑎
�= 𝑠𝑖𝑛
(
𝑥)′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥)′ =
Critical points:
−1
[𝑙𝑙(𝑥)]2
−1
𝑙𝑙(𝑥)
31)
7) �
√1+𝑥2
19)

𝑥 = 𝑐 is the critical point of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 provided either 1. 𝑓 ′(𝑐) = 0 or 2. 𝑓 ′(𝑐) √1−𝑥2

does not exist. (𝑥𝑛)′ = 𝑛𝑥𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 32) (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1
1
Increasing/Decreasing 9) [𝑒 ]′ = 𝑒
1
8)

𝑥) ′ = − 𝑥)′ =
𝑥 𝑥
20)

 If 𝑓 ′(𝑥) > 0 for all x in an interval I, then f(x) is increasing on the

−1

[𝑎 ]′ = 𝑎𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑥 √1−𝑥2 √𝑥2−1
interval I. 1
1
1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥)′ =
10)
 If 𝑓 ′(𝑥) < 0 for all x in an interval I, then f(x) is decreasing on the [𝑙𝑛|𝑥|]′ =
−1
(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)′ =
𝑥 1+𝑥2 1−𝑥2
33)
interval I. 1
11) 21)
1
 If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 for all x in an interval I, then f(x) is constant on [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥]′ = (𝑐𝑜𝑡−1 𝑥) ′ = − (𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ−1 𝑥)′ =
𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑎
the interval I. Concavity 1 1−𝑥2
12) 22) 34)

 If 𝑓 ′′(𝑥) > 0 for all x in an interval I, then f(x) is concave up on the 1+𝑥2
1
(𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 𝑥)′ = −
interval I. |𝑥|√1−𝑥2
35)
 If 𝑓 ′′(𝑥) < 0 for all x in an interval I, then f(x) is concave down on (𝑠𝑒𝑐−
1
the interval I. Inflection Points 𝑥)′ = (𝑐𝑠𝑐
23)
1
1
𝑥 = 𝑐 is an inflection point of f(x)if the concavity changes at 𝑥 = 𝑐. ℎ−1 𝑥)′ = −
36)
|𝑥|√𝑥2−1
|𝑥|�𝑥2+1
(𝑐𝑠𝑐−1
1
𝑥)′ = −
24)

|𝑥|�𝑥2−1
INTEGRALS = 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑢
INTEGRATION ∫
𝑢

Definition: Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏]. Divide [𝑎, 𝑏] into n subintervals of 𝑎2+𝑢2 𝑎 𝑎
18)

1) ∫ 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑢 = 𝑛+1 + 𝑐, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑢
width ∆𝑥 and choose
= 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐−1 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑢
𝑛+1

∫
𝑢
𝑥𝑖∗ from each interval. Then
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢√𝑢2−𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎
19)

∞ (𝑏−𝑎)
� 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = lim � 𝑖𝑓(𝑥∗)∆𝑥 where ∆𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑏 𝑢 1 𝑢+𝑎
2)

𝑎
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 ∫ 𝑒𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒𝑢 + 𝑐 ∫ 𝑎𝟐𝟐−𝑢𝟐𝟐 = 2𝑎
𝑙𝑛 �
𝑢−𝑎
� +c
𝑖=1
=
𝑑𝑢
3) 20)

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on𝑑 [𝑎,

𝑥 𝑏], then +c ∫
1 𝑢−𝑎
∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎𝑢 𝑙𝑛 � �+c
Part I: 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 is also continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝑔′(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 =
𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑎 𝑢𝟐𝟐−𝑎𝟐𝟐 2𝑎 𝑢+𝑎
𝑓(𝑥)where 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏.
4) 21)

∫𝑎 ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑢 − 𝑢 + 𝑐
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑢 + √1 −
Part II: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎) where 𝐹(𝑥) is any anti-derivative of 𝑓(𝑥), i.e, a function
𝑑 𝑏
1
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑙𝑛𝑢| + 𝑐 𝑢2 + 𝑐
5)
22)

such that 𝐹’ = 𝑓.
𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑢 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 𝑢 + √1 −
6)

𝑑𝑥 𝑎
Applications:
23)
 𝑢2 + 𝑐
𝑏
Area: 𝐴 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 + 𝑐
ln(1
1
Area between Curves: ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 + 𝑐 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 tan−1 𝑢 −
7)

 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥); 𝐴 = + 𝑢2) + 𝑐
𝑏
∫ (𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)𝑑𝑥
24)

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢| + 𝑐
8)

𝑎 2
𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦); 𝐴 = ∫ (𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝑑𝑦
𝑏
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢| + 𝑐 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢 + 𝑐
9)

𝑎
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢 + 𝑐
 10) 25)

Volumes: V= ∫𝑎 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑏

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢| + 𝑐 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢) + 𝑐

11) 26)

Volume of Revolution
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢| + 𝑐
27)

Rings V= ∫ 2𝜋(𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟2 − 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑟2)

𝑏
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢| + 𝑐 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1|𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢| + 𝑐
12) 28)

𝑎
Cylinders V= ∫ 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∙ ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ∙ 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑏
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 + 𝑐
1
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 �𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑢� + 𝑐
29)

𝑎
𝑏
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 + 𝑐
13)

2
30)

Work: If a force of 𝐹(𝑥) moves an object in 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, then the work done is W=∫𝑎 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑢 + 𝑐
𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 + 𝑐
14)

∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢 + 𝑐
31)
15)

Average Function Value: The average value of 𝑓(𝑥) on 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 is𝑓 = ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑢 +
1 𝑏
∫ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑢 + 𝑐
32)

𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑐
16)

∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢 + 𝑐

33)

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 + 𝑐, 𝑎
𝑑𝑢
∫
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝑏−𝑎 𝑎
∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢
𝑢
34)

>0
17) 35)

√𝑎2−𝑢2 𝑎
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” Robert Collier “Go down deep enough into anything and you will find mathematics.” Dean
Schlicter