Harold’s Parent Functions

“Cheat Sheet”
AKA Library of Functions
18 September 2022

Function Parent
Graph Characteristics
Name Function
Algebra
Domain: (−¿ ∞, ∞)
Range: [c, c]
Inverse Function: Undefined (asymptote)
Restrictions: c is a real number
Constant f ( x )=c Odd/Even: Even
General Form:
Ay+ B=0

Domain: (−¿ ∞, ∞)
Range: (−¿∞, ∞)
Inverse Function: Same as parent
Restrictions: m ≠ 0
Linear
Odd/Even: Odd
or f ( x )=x General Forms:
Identity
Ax+ By+ C=0
y=mx+b
y− y 0=m(x−x 0 )

Domain: (−¿ ∞, ∞)
Range: [0, ∞)
Inverse Function: f −1 ( x )= √ x
Quadratic
2 Restrictions: None
or f ( x )=x Odd/Even: Even
Square
General Form:
2
A x + By +Cx+ D=0

f ( x )= √ x Domain: [0, ∞)
Range: [0, ∞)
Inverse Function: f −1 ( x )=x 2
Restrictions: x ≥ 0
Square Root
Odd/Even: Neither
General Form:
f ( x )=a √ b(x−h)+k

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 1

 Function Parent
Graph Characteristics
Name Function
Domain: (−¿∞, ∞)
Range: (−¿∞, ∞)
Inverse Function: f −1 ( x )= √
3
x
Cubic f ( x )=x
3
Restrictions: None
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
3
f ( x )=a(b ( x−h ) ) + k
Domain: (−¿∞, ∞)
Range: (−¿∞, ∞)
Inverse Function: f −1 ( x )=x 3
f ( x )= √ x
3
Cube Root Restrictions: None
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
f ( x )=a √ b(x−h)+k
3

Domain: (−¿∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

Range: (−¿∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
Inverse Function: Same as parent
Reciprocal Restrictions: x ≠ 0
1
or f ( x )=
x Odd/Even: Odd
Rational General Form:
a
f ( x )= +k
b ( x−h)

Transcendentals
Domain: (−¿∞, ∞)
Range: (0, ∞)
Inverse Function: f −1 ( x )=log x
¿
f ( x )=10 x −1
f ( x )=ln x
Exponential ¿
x Restrictions: None, x can be complex
f ( x )=e Odd/Even: Neither
General Form:
(b (x−h))
f ( x )=a 10 +k

Domain: (0, ∞)
Range: (−¿∞, ∞)
Inverse Function: f −1 ( x )=10x
¿
f ( x )=log x −1
f ( x )=e x
Logarithmic ¿
Restrictions: x > 0
f ( x )=ln x
Odd/Even: Neither
General Form:
f ( x )=a log ( b( x −h) )+ k

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold A. Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 2

 Function Parent
Graph Characteristics
Name Function
Domain: (−¿∞, ∞)
Range: [0, ∞)
Inverse Function:
−1
f ( x )=x for x ≥ 0
Restrictions:
Absolute Value f ( x )=| x|
{
f ( x )= x , if x ≥ 0
−x ,if x< 0
Odd/Even: Even
General Form:
f ( x )=a|b( x−h)|+k

Domain: (−¿∞, ∞)
Range: (−¿∞, ∞) whole numbers only
Inverse Function: Undefined (asymptotic)
Greatest Restrictions: Real numbers only
Integer Odd/Even: Neither
f ( x )= [ x ] General Form:
or
Floor f ( x )=a [ b(x−h) ] + k

Domain of x  Domain of y
Range of y  Range of x
Inverse Function: By definition
Restrictions: None
Inverse f ( f −1 ( x ) )=x Odd/Even: Odd
Functions −1 General Form:
f ( f ( x ) )=x
f ( x )=a f (b ( x−h ) )+k
Algebraically: Swap x ↔ y , then solve for y
Graphically: Rotate about 45⁰ line y=x

Conic Sections

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold A. Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 3

 Function Parent
Graph Characteristics
Name Function
Domain: (−¿∞, ∞)
Range: ¿ or ¿
Inverse Function:
f
−1
( x )= √ x
Restrictions: None
Odd/Even: Even
2
Vertex : (h , k )
Parabola y=ax Focus : (h , k + p)
General Forms:
( x−h )2=4 p ( y−k )
2 2
A x + Bxy +C y + Dx+ Ey + F=0
where B2−4 AC =0

Domain: [−r +h , r +h]

Range: [−r +k , r +k ]
Inverse Function: Same as parent
Restrictions: None
Odd/Even: Both
2 2 2
Focus : (h , k )
Circle x + y =r General Forms:
2 2 2
(x−h) +( y−k ) =r
2 2
A x + Bxy +C y + Dx+ Ey + F=0
where A=C∧B=0

Domain: [−a+h , a+ h]
Range: [−b+k ,b+ k ]
Inverse Function:
2 2
x y
2
+ 2 =1
b a
Restrictions: None
2
x y
2
Odd/Even: Both
+ 2 =1 Foci : c 2=a2−b 2
Ellipse 2
a b
General Forms:
2 2
( x−h) ( y−k)
+ =1
a2 b2
2 2
A x + Bxy +C y + Dx+ Ey + F=0
where B2−4 AC <0

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold A. Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 4

 Function Parent
Graph Characteristics
Name Function
Domain: (−¿∞, -a+h] ∪ [a+h, ∞)
Range: (−¿∞, ∞)
Inverse Function:
2 2
y x
2
− 2 =1
a b
Restrictions: Domain is restricted
2 2 Odd/Even: Both
x y Foci : c 2=a2+ b2
Hyperbola 2
− 2 =1
a b General Forms:
( x−h )2 ( y−k )2
− =1
a2 b2
2 2
A x + Bxy +C y + Dx+ Ey + F=0
where B2−4 AC >0

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold A. Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 5

 Function Parent
Graph Characteristics
Name Function
Trigonometry
Domain: (−¿∞, ∞) with T = 2π/|b|
Range: [−¿1, 1]
−1 −1
Inverse Function: f ( x)=sin x
Sine f (x)=sin x Restrictions: None
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
f ( x )=a sin ( b ( x−h )) + k
Domain: (−¿∞, ∞) with T = 2π/|b|
Range: [−¿1, 1]
−1 −1
Inverse Function: f (x)=cos x
Cosine f (x)=cos x Restrictions: None
Odd/Even: Even
General Form:
f ( x )=a cos ( b ( x−h ) ) +k
π
Domain: (−¿∞, ∞) except for x= ± nπ
2
Range: (−¿∞, ∞)
f ( x )=tan x −1 −1
Inverse Function: f ( x)=tan x
Tangent π
sin x Restrictions: Asymptotes at x= ± nπ
¿ 2
cos x
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
f ( x )=a tan ( b ( x−h ) ) +k
Domain: (−¿∞, ∞) except for x=± nπ
Range: (−¿∞, -1] ∪ [1, ∞)
f ( x )=csc x −1 −1
Inverse Function: f (x)=csc x
Cosecant Restrictions: Range is bounded
1
¿ Odd/Even: Odd
sin x General Form:
f ( x )=a csc ( b ( x−h ) )+ k
π
Domain: (−¿∞, ∞) except for x= ± nπ
2
f ( x )=sec x Range: (−¿∞,−¿ 1] ∪ [1, ∞)
−1 −1
Inverse Function: f (x)=sec x
Secant
1 Restrictions: Range is bounded
¿
cos x Odd/Even: Even
General Form:
f ( x )=a sec ( b ( x−h ) ) +k

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold A. Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 6

 Function Parent
Graph Characteristics
Name Function
Domain: (−¿∞, ∞) except for x=± nπ
f ( x )=cot x Range: (−¿∞, ∞)
−1 −1
Inverse Function: f (x)=cot x
Cotangent 1 Restrictions: Asymptotes at x = ± nπ
¿
tan x Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
f ( x )=a cot ( b ( x−h ) )+ k
Domain: [−¿1, 1]

Range: [
−π π
]
, or Quadrants I & IV
2 2
−1
Arcsine −1 Inverse Function: f ( x )=sin x
f ( x)=sin x
Restrictions: Range & Domain are bounded
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
f ( x )=a sin ( b ( x−h ) )+ k
−1

Domain: [−¿ 1, 1]
Range: [ 0 , π ] or Quadrants I & II
−1
Inverse Function: f ( x )=cos x
−1
Arccosine f (x)=cos x Restrictions: Range & Domain are bounded
Odd/Even: None
General Form:
f ( x )=a cos ( b ( x−h ) ) +k
−1

Domain: (−¿∞, ∞)

Range: ( −π2 , π2 ) or Quadrants I & IV

−1
Arctangent f (x)=tan x
−1 Inverse Function: f ( x )=tan x
Restrictions: Range is bounded
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
f ( x )=a tan ( b ( x−h ) ) +k
−1

Domain: (−¿∞,−¿1] ∪ [1, ∞)

Range: ¿ ∪ ¿ or Quadrants I & IV
Inverse Function: f −1 ( x )=csc x
−1
Arccosecant f ( x)=csc x Restrictions: Range & Domain are bounded
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
f ( x )=a csc ( b ( x−h ) )+ k
−1

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold A. Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 7

 Function Parent
Graph Characteristics
Name Function
Domain: (−¿∞,−¿1] ∪ [1, ∞)
π
Range: ¿ ∪ ( , π ¿ or Quadrants I & II
2
−1
−1 Inverse Function: f ( x )=sec x
Arcsecant f (x)=sec x
Restrictions: Range & Domain are bounded
Odd/Even: Neither
General Form:
f ( x )=a sec ( b ( x−h ) ) +k
−1

Domain: (−¿∞, ∞)
Range: (0 , π ) or Quadrants I & II
Inverse Function: f −1 ( x )=cot x
−1
Arccotangent f ( x)=cot x Restrictions: Range is bounded
Odd/Even: Neither
General Form:
f ( x )=a cot ( b ( x−h ) ) + k
−1

Hyperbolics
Domain: (−¿∞, ∞)
Range: (−¿∞, ∞)
f ( x )=sinh x −1 −1
Inverse Function: f (x)=sinh x
Hyperbolic Sine x −x Restrictions: None
e −e Odd/Even: Odd
¿
2 General Form:
f ( x )=a sinh ( b ( x−h ) )+ k

Domain: (−¿∞, ∞)
Range: [1, ∞)
f (x)=cosh x −1 −1
Inverse Function: f ( x)=cosh x
Hyperbolic
x −x Restrictions: None
Cosine e +e
¿ Odd/Even: Even
2 General Form:
f ( x )=a cosh ( b ( x−h ) ) + k

Domain: (−¿∞, ∞)
Range: (−¿1, 1)
f ( x )=tanh x −1 −1
Inverse Function: f (x)=tanh x
Hyperbolic
2x Restrictions: Asymptotes at y=±1
Tangent e −1
¿ 2x
Odd/Even: Odd
e +1 General Form:
f ( x )=a tanh ( b ( x−h ) ) +k

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold A. Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 8

 Function Parent
Graph Characteristics
Name Function
Domain: (−¿∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
Range: (−¿∞, 0] ∪ [0, ∞)
f ( x )=csch x −1 −1
Inverse Function: f (x)=csch x
Hyperbolic
Restrictions: Asymptotes at x=0 , y=0
Cosecant 1
¿ Odd/Even: Odd
sinh x General Form:
f ( x )=a csch ( b ( x−h ) ) +k
Domain: (−¿∞, ∞)
Range: (0, 1]
f ( x )=sech x −1 −1
Inverse Function: f (x)=sech x
Hyperbolic
Restrictions: Asymptote at y=0
Secant 1
¿ Odd/Even: Even
cosh x General Form:
f ( x )=a sech ( b ( x−h ) ) + k
Domain: (−¿∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
Range: (−¿∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞)
f ( x )=coth x −1 −1
Inverse Function: f (x)=coth x
Hyperbolic
Restrictions: Asymptotes at x=0 , y=± 1
Cotangent 1
¿ Odd/Even: Odd
tanh x General Form:
f ( x )=a coth ( b ( x−h )) + k
Domain: (−¿∞, ∞)
Range: (−¿∞, ∞)
−1 Inverse Function: f −1 ( x )=sinh x
Hyperbolic
f ( x)=sinh x
Restrictions: None
Arcsine Odd/Even: Odd
¿ ln ¿ ¿
General Form:
f ( x )=a sinh ( b ( x−h ) )+ k
−1

Domain: [1, ∞)
Range: [0, ∞)
−1
−1 Inverse Function: f ( x )=cosh x
Hyperbolic
f (x)=cosh x
Restrictions: y ≥ 0
Arccosine Odd/Even: Neither
¿ ln ¿ ¿
General Form:
f ( x )=a cosh ( b ( x−h ) ) + k
−1

Domain: (−¿1, 1)
Range: (−¿∞, ∞)
−1
f ( x)=tanh x Inverse Function: f −1 ( x )=tanh x
Hyperbolic Restrictions: Asymptotes at x=± 1
Arctangent 1
¿ ln
2 1−x( )
1+ x Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
f ( x )=a tanh ( b ( x−h ) ) +k
−1

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold A. Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 9

 Function Parent
Graph Characteristics
Name Function
Domain: (−¿∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
Range: (−¿∞, 0] ∪ [0, ∞)
−1
f ( x )=csch x Inverse Function: f −1 ( x )=csch x
Hyperbolic Restrictions: Asymptotes at x=0 , y=0
Arccosecant
¿ ln
( √ )
1
x
1
+ 2 +1
x
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
f ( x )=a csch ( b ( x −h ) ) +k
−1

Domain: (0, 1]
−1
Range: [0, ∞)
f ( x )=sech x Inverse Function: f −1 ( x )=sech x
Hyperbolic Restrictions:
Arcsecant
¿ ln
( √ )
1
x
1
+ 2 −1
x
Odd/Even: Neither
General Form:
f ( x )=a sech ( b ( x−h ) ) + k
−1

−1
Domain: ¿ ∪ ¿
f ( x)=coth x Range: (−∞ , 0) ∪ (0 , ∞ )
−1
Inverse Function: f ( x )=coth x
Hyperbolic
Arccotangent
1
¿ ln
2 ( )
x +1
x−1
Restrictions: Asymptotes at x=0 , y=± 1
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
f ( x )=a coth ( b ( x−h ) ) + k
−1

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold A. Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 10

 Graphing Tips
All Functions

The Seven
y = a f (b (x - h)) + k Graphing Tips
Function “Levers”
1) Move up/down ↕ k (Vertical translation) “+” Moves it up

2) Move left/right ↔ h (Horizontal translation) “+“ Moves it right

3) Stretch up/down ↕ a (Vertical dilation) Larger stretches it taller or makes it grow faster

4) Stretch left/right ↔ b (Horizontal dilation) Larger stretches it out wider

f (x) → −f (x)
5) Flip about x-axis  a → −¿a
If f (x)=−f (−x) then “odd” function
f (x)→ f (−x)
6) Flip about y-axis  b → −¿b
If f (x)=f (−x ) then “even” function
“+” θ rotates CCW
A−C
7) Rotate CW/CCW  cot 2 θ= For conic sections, where:
B 2 2
A x + Bxy +C y + Dx+ Ey + F=0

Trigonometric Functions f(x) = a <trig> (b (x - h)) + k

The Six Trig “Levers” y = a sin (b (x - h)) + k Graphing Tips Notes
(max+ min) If k =f (x) then x-axis is replaced by
1) Move up/down ↕ k (Vertical translation) k=
2 f (x)-axis
2) Move left/right ↔ h (Phase shift) ‘+‘ shifts right sin( x)=cos ( x−π /2)
(max−min)
3) Stretch up/down ↕ a (Amplitude) a= a is NOT peak-to-peak on y-axis
2
T = peak-to-peak on θ -axis
2π 1
4) Stretch left/right ↔ b (Frequency ⦁ 2 π ) T= = π
|b| ƒ T= for tan(bx )
¿ b∨¿¿
5) Flip about y-axis  b → −¿ b f (x) → f (−x) Even Function: cos (x)=cos(−x)

6) Flip about x-axis  a → −¿ a f (x) → −f (−x) Odd Function: sin( x)=−sin (−x)

Copyright © 2011-2022 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 11