viii Contents

Summary 304
References 304
Problems 305
11 Members in Compression and Bending 306
11.1 Introduction 306
11.2 Design Assumptions for Columns 308
11.3 Load–Moment Interaction Diagram 308
11.4 Safety Provisions 310
11.5 Balanced Condition: Rectangular Sections 311
11.6 Column Sections under Eccentric Loading 314
11.7 Strength of Columns for Tension Failure 315
11.8 Strength of Columns for Compression Failure 317
11.9 Interaction Diagram Example 322
*11.10 Rectangular Columns with Side Bars 324
*11.11 Load Capacity of Circular Columns 327
11.12 Analysis and Design of Columns Using Charts 331
11.13 Design of Columns under Eccentric Loading 336
*11.14 Biaxial Bending 341
*11.15 Circular Columns with Uniform Reinforcement under Biaxial Bending 343
*11.16 Square and Rectangular Columns under Biaxial Bending 345
*11.17 Parme Load Contour Method 346
*11.18 Equation of Failure Surface 350
*11.19 SI Example 352
Summary 354
References 355
Problems 356
12 Slender Columns 360
12.1 Introduction 360
12.2 Effective Column Length (Klu ) 361
12.3 Effective Length Factor (K) 363
12.4 Member Stiffness (EI) 365
12.5 Limitation of the Slenderness Ratio (Klu ∕r) 366
12.6 Moment-Magnifier Design Method 367
Summary 377
References 378
Problems 379
13 Footings 381
13.1 Introduction 381
13.2 Types of Footings 383
13.3 Distribution of Soil Pressure 384
13.4 Design Considerations 386
13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 395
*13.6 Combined Footings 407
*13.7 Footings under Eccentric Column Loads 413
*13.8 Footings under Biaxial Moment 414
*13.9 Slabs on Ground 417
*13.10 Footings on Piles 418
13.11 SI Equations 418
Summary 418
References 420
Problems 421
14 Retaining Walls 423
14.1 Introduction 423
14.2 Types of Retaining Walls 423
Contents ix

14.3 Forces on Retaining Walls 424

14.4 Active and Passive Soil Pressures 425
14.5 Effect of Surcharge 429
14.6 Friction on the Retaining Wall Base 430
14.7 Stability Against Overturning 431
14.8 Proportions of Retaining Walls 432
14.9 Design Requirements 433
14.10 Drainage 433
14.11 Basement Walls 444
Summary 447
References 448
Problems 448
15 Design for Torsion 452
*15.1 Introduction 452
*15.2 Torsional Moments in Beams 453
*15.3 Torsional Stresses 454
*15.4 Torsional Moment in Rectangular Sections 455
*15.5 Combined Shear and Torsion 458
*15.6 Torsion Theories for Concrete Members 458
*15.7 Torsional Strength of Plain Concrete Members 462
*15.8 Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Members (ACI Code Procedure) 462
*15.9 Summary of ACI Code Procedures 469
Summary 476
References 477
Problems 477
16 Continuous Beams and Frames 480
16.1 Introduction 480
16.2 Maximum Moments in Continuous Beams 480
16.3 Building Frames 485
16.4 Portal Frames 486
16.5 General Frames 488
16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 490
16.7 Introduction to Limit Design 500
16.8 The Collapse Mechanism 502
16.9 Principles of Limit Design 502
16.10 Upper and Lower Bounds of Load Factors 503
16.11 Limit Analysis 504
16.12 Rotation of Plastic Hinges 507
16.13 Summary of Limit Design Procedure 513
16.14 Moment Redistribution of Maximum Negative or Positive Moments in
Continuous Beams 516
Summary 523
References 524
Problems 525
17 Design of Two-Way Slabs 527
17.1 Introduction 527
17.2 Types of Two-Way Slabs 527
17.3 Economical Choice of Concrete Floor Systems 529
17.4 Design Concepts 532
17.5 Column and Middle Strips 535
17.6 Minimum Slab Thickness to Control Deflection 536
17.7 Shear Strength of Slabs 540
17.8 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs by the Direct Design Method 544
17.9 Design Moments in Columns 569
17.10 Transfer of Unbalanced Moments to Columns 570
x Contents

17.11 Waffle Slabs 581

17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 589
Summary 598
References 598
Problems 599

18 Stairs 601
18.1 Introduction 601
18.2 Types of Stairs 601
18.3 Examples 617
Summary 625
References 625
Problems 625

19 Introduction to Prestressed Concrete 627

19.1 Prestressed Concrete 627
19.2 Materials and Serviceability Requirements 637
19.3 Loss of Prestress 639
19.4 Analysis of Flexural Members 645
19.5 Design of Flexural Members 654
19.6 Cracking Moment 659
19.7 Deflection 661
19.8 Design for Shear 664
19.9 Preliminary Design of Prestressed Concrete Flexural Members 670
19.10 End-Block Stresses 672
Summary 674
References 675
Problems 676

20 Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 679

20.1 Introduction 679
20.2 Seismic Design Category 679
20.3 Analysis Procedures 695
20.4 Load Combinations 708
20.5 Special Requirements in Design of Structures Subjected to Earthquake Loads 709
References 740
Problems 740

21 Beams Curved in Plan 742

21.1 Introduction 742
21.2 Uniformly Loaded Circular Beams 742
21.3 Semicircular Beam Fixed at End Supports 749
21.4 Fixed-End Semicircular Beam under Uniform Loading 753
21.5 Circular Beam Subjected to Uniform Loading 755
21.6 Circular Beam Subjected to a Concentrated Load at Midspan 758
21.7 V-Shape Beams Subjected to Uniform Loading 761
21.8 V-Shape Beams Subjected to a Concentrated Load at the Centerline of the Beam 763
Summary 768
References 768
Problems 768

22 Prestressed Concrete Bridge Design Based on AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 769
22.1 Introduction 769
22.2 Typical Cross Sections 769
22.3 Design Philosophy of AASHTO Specifications 773
22.4 Load Factors and Combinations (AASHTO 3.4) 773
22.5 Gravity Loads 776
Contents vii

6 Deflection and Control of Cracking 190

6.1 Deflection of Structural Concrete Members 190
6.2 Instantaneous Deflection 191
6.3 Long-Time Deflection 196
6.4 Allowable Deflection 197
6.5 Deflection Due to Combinations of Loads 197
6.6 Cracks in Flexural Members 206
6.7 ACI Code Requirements 209
Summary 213
References 214
Problems 215

7 Development Length of Reinforcing Bars 218

7.1 Introduction 218
7.2 Development of Bond Stresses 219
7.3 Development Length in Tension 222
7.4 Summary for Computation of Id in Tension 225
7.5 Development Length in Compression 227
7.6 Critical Sections in Flexural Members 228
7.7 Standard Hooks (ACI Code, Sections 25.4.3) 232
7.8 Splices of Reinforcement 235
7.9 Moment–Resistance Diagram (Bar Cutoff Points) 239
Summary 243
References 244
Problems 245

8 Design of Deep Beams by the Strut-and-Tie Method 248

*8.1 Introduction 248
*8.2 B- and D-Regions 248
*8.3 Strut-and-Tie Model 248
*8.4 ACI Design Procedure to Build a Strut-and-Tie Model 251
*8.5 Strut-and-Tie Method According to AASHTO LRFD 259
*8.6 Deep Members 260
References 277
Problems 277

9 One-Way Slabs 279

9.1 Types of Slabs 279
9.2 Design of One-Way Solid Slabs 281
9.3 Design Limitations According to ACI Code 283
9.4 Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement 283
9.5 Reinforcement Details 284
9.6 Distribution of Loads from One-Way Slabs to Supporting Beams 284
*9.7 One-Way Joist Floor System 289
Summary 292
References 293
Problems 293

10 Axially Loaded Columns 295

10.1 Introduction 295
10.2 Types of Columns 295
10.3 Behavior of Axially Loaded Columns 296
10.4 ACI Code Limitations 297
10.5 Spiral Reinforcement 299
10.6 Design Equations 300
10.7 Axial Tension 301
10.8 Long Columns 301