Developing learning material using media:

Introduction:
Learning material are the aids used by the learners to help him/her learn effectively. Learning
is the process acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviour, skills, values, attitude &
preferences. The ability to learn is possessed by the humans, animals and some machines.

Meaning of learning materials:

Learning materials are a generic term used to describe the resources learners are use learning
materials which can support students learning and increase students’ success. The learning
materials will be tailored to the content in which they are being used, to students in whose
class they are being used, to students in whose class they are being used and to the teachers.
Learning materials can be used in many shapes and sizes, but they all
have in common the ability to support student learning. Learning materials include text &
multimedia on all areas of the curriculum. Students can use them independently or as part of
an in class lesson, and teachers can used them to supplement or replace traditional text book.
Definition:
Learning resources material:
“ These are the tangible substance and real object the provides
the audio & or visual component necessary for learning”.
Or
Tools or aids, includes both print & non print media that
intended to supplement, rather than replace actual teaching.
Media:
“Media are physical means which are used to send message to the students &
stimulates them to learn”
-Briggs (1970)
 Teaching of learning resources material:
1. Learner:
 Learning materials should be based on learner’s needs.
 consider the learner’s perceptual abilities, physical abilities,
motivational levels, developmental stage & learning styles.
2. Media:
 There is a wide variety of media to enhance method of instruction
 Non printed media include the full range of media to enhance method
of instruction
 No single medium is most effective
 Therefore the educator must be flexible sometimes combining a
multimedia approach
 Venom (1996) states six kinds of media:-
- Drawing or teacher mode drawing
- Still picture
- Audio recording
- Motion picture and TV
- Real objects stimulation and models
- Programmed and computer assisted instruction
3. Task:
 Task means predetermined behavioural objectives
 The task to be accomplished depends on identification of the learning
domain and the complexity of behaviour required by the task

Selection of learning resource material:

Methods of learning Retention Media Methods
Reading Learners retain 10% of Leaflets, books, Self instruction
what they read brochures, flip charts,
chalk boards, instruction
sheets
Hearing Learners retain 20% Audiotapes, telephones Lectures, discussion
what they hear
Watching Learners retain 30% Silent films, displays, Demonstration, self-
what they see photos, pictures, posters, instruction
cartoons, drawings
Watching and Learners retain 70% of Movies, TV, videotapes, Lecture or
hearing what they see and hear slides, overheads, models demonstration
Watching and Learners retain 70% of Audiovisual media Group discussion, 1:1
speaking what they see and talk verbal interaction,
about demonstrations
Speaking and doing Learners retain 90% of Interactive media Demonstration, return
what they talk about demonstration,
and do gaming, role playing
Development of learning resources material:
 An important beginning to teaching any course, class or student, whether you are a
professional or a mature teacher.
 Provide a foundation for the skills and knowledge to be taught and learned
 Provide a record or portfolio that your students will be able to use for review at a later
date

Aim for developing learning resources material:

 Provision of relaxed and welcoming learners and teachers

Purposes of developing learning resources material:

 Enhance and support the effectiveness of the learning process
 Provide guidance, material, learning and assessment activities
 Provide relevant information that address the competencies/ learning outcome to be
achieve by learners.

Steps of development process of learning resources material:

Review curriculum

Pin down notes

Enlist possible teaching material

Budgeting

Selection of appropriate area

Supply needed material

Review curriculum:
 on review makes notes on ideas for teaching material in order to teach the skills and
knowledge listed in the curriculum or the syllabus
 create the teaching materials that are relevant to the curriculum or the syllabus to
teach.

Preliminary setup:
 For whom the learning resources is for
 What the learning resources is designed to do
 How the learning resources will be used
 Possible medium to be used

Pin down notes:

 Make notes on the basis of class
 Prior experience/ knowledge of content area
 Skill/competency profile range & response to previous learning experience
 Level of education
 Socio economic background
 Age & gender
 Current work
 Work culture
 Culture and ethnic background
 Disability or learning support
 Preferred learning styles
 Motivation for learning
 Learning literacy and numeracy needs

Enlist possible teaching material:

 Compare the list of possible teaching materials with the list of interest and skills of
students
 highlight the ideas for teaching materials that seems to match or complement the
likely interest and skills of students.

Selection an appropriate idea:

 choose best idea from the list of ideas for class materials
 includes materials for beginning, middle and ending sections of the curriculum or
syllabus
 run careful price check with the help of internet, shopping search engines such as
google shopping or price grabber to make sure that the material choose fit within
budget.
Supply of needed material:
 for each class material item that have decided to make
 create a list of supplies needed
 buy the supplies if necessary
 use appropriate tools such as your computer, printer, a copier, scissors, die cut
machine, laminating machine and others to create the materials.

Types of materials used in teaching learning method:

Written materials used within the main type of printed material:
 Handouts: a piece of printed information provided free of charge, especially to
accompany to lecture or advertise something.
 Leaflets: a small flat or folded sheet of printed matter as an advertisement or notice
usually intended for the free distribution
 Books: a written or printed work consisting of pages glued or sewed together along
one side and bound in covers.
 Pamplets: a small booklet or leaflet containing information or arguments about a
single subject
 Brochures: an advertising piece like small books or magazine containing pictures
and information about a product or services.
 Instruction sheet: instruction sheet are clear detailed information on how to do
something.

Advantages:
 Used for reference for information when the educator is not immediately present to
answer question or clarify information.
 Widely used at all levels of society so acceptable and familiar to public
 Enormous varieties of materials are available through commercial sources
 Easily obtainable, usually at relatively low cost for distribution by educators
 They often come in convenient forms such as pamplets which are portable and
concise amount of information
 In recognition of significant cultural and ethnic shifts in the general populations
printed materials are useful
 Content may also be altered to target specific audience

Disadvantages:
 the most abstract form of reality
 possibilities for immediate feedback are limited
 the proper reading level is essential to realise their usefulness
 the large percentage of materials are written too high level for comprehension
Demonstration materials:
 models: these are the miniature representation of something
 specimens: a specimen is a sample of something. Like a specimen of blood or body
tissue that is taken for medical testing.
 graphs: graph is a mathematical representation of a network and describe the
relationships between lines and points
 charts
 vedio

Advantages:
 bring the learner closer to reality through active engagement
 useful for cognitive reinforcement and psychomotor skill development
 many forms are relatively inexpensive
 opportunity for repetition

Disadvantages:
 content may be static and easily dated
 can be time consuming to make
 potential for overuse
 not suitable for visually impaired learners or for learners with poor obstruction abilities

Audio – Visual Aids

Audiovisual aids materials support and enrich the educational process by stimulating the
learner’s visual and auditory senses.
They are exceptional aids because many can influence all three domains of learning.
They increase retention of information.
It is extremely costly, in terms of time and money.
Three issues (Smith, 1987) must be addressed:
1.Technical feasibility –technical expertise , professional and repair service support,
equipment fit and replacement.
2.Economic feasibility – budgetary allowance and justification of cost.
3.Social/ political acceptability – learner’s willingness to use, impersonality of machines,
acceptance by institutional administrations.

Projected Learning Resources

Slides
 Haggard (1989) suggest special consideration.
 Illustrate one side idea per slide.
 Keep images simple by using clear pictures, symbols, or diagrams.
 Put long lists of words or complex figures on handouts that supplement the slides.
 Avoid distorted images by keeping the proportion of height to the width at 2 : 3.
 Use large, easily readable , and professional – looking lettering.
Overhead transparency:
 Use of contrast colours.
 Diagrams and figures can really be photocopied and made into transparencies.
 Multiple transparencies can be overlaid to illustrate changes in the content of
teaching material.
 Need both specialized equipment for projection and the support of verbal feedback.

Audio Learning Resources

Audiotapes
 Fredette (1984) described the use of audiotapes for process recording as a way to
individualize clinical instruction for nursing students.
 Pictures, diagrams, and printed handouts can accompany these instructional tools to
fit the needs of a variety of learners.
Radio
 Appeal to mass audiences.
 Used to air community service and medical talk shows for public education on health
issues.
 Unlike audiotapes, radio does not allow the opportunity for repetition of information.
Compact discs
 Replaced traditionally vinyl record albums and in many instances is rapidly replacing
traditional audiotapes.
 The major advantages of CDs is their superior fidelity, which does not deteriorate
over time

Advantages
 Widely available
 May be especially beneficial for visually impaired, low – literacy patients
 May be listened to repeatedly
 Most forms very practical, cheap, small and portable.

Disadvantages
  Relies only on sense of hearing.
 Some forms may be expensive.
 Lack of opportunity for interaction between instructor and learner.

Video Learning Resources

 One of the major non-print media tools for enhancing patient/family, staff and
students education because tapes can be simultaneously entertaining and educational.
 Today , DVDs are being used to integrate PowerPoint slides and video images for
classrooms presentations
 Good means to promote discussion because they can capture real-life situations.

Advantages
 Widely used educational tool
 Inexpensive, for the most part.
 Uses visual and auditory senses.
 Flexible for use with different audiences.
 Powerful tool for role-modelling , demonstration, teaching psychomotor skills.

Disadvantages
 Viewing formats limited depending on use of VHS or DVD.
 Some commercial products may be expensive
 Some purchased materials may be too long or inappropriate for audience.

Telecommunication Learning Resources

 Allow the message to be sent to many people at the same time in a variety of places at
great distances.
 Satellite broadcasting can reach far more distant locations, and a number of programs
can be carried at any one time.
 Many hospitals and healthcare agencies have already established hot-line consumer
information centers.

Advantages
 TV programs distribution is relatively inexpensive to wide audiences.
 Telephone is relatively inexpensive, widely available.

Disadvantages
 Complicated to setup interactive capability
 Expensive to broadcast via satellite.

Computer Learning Resources

 Computer stores large amount of information.
  Designed to display pictures, graphics and text.
 Computer assisted instruction (CAI) promotes learning in primarily the cognitive
domain.
 Growth of the internet has opened new doors for learners to gain access to licaries
and to direct learning experiences.
Advantages
 Interactive potential promotes quick feedback , retention of learning.
 Instruction can be individualized to suit different types of learners or different paces
for learning .
 Time – efficient.
Disadvantages
 Primarily promotes learning in cognitive domain, less useful in changing attitudes and
behaviour or promoting psychomotor skill development.
 Both software and hardware are expensive , therefore less accessible to a wide audience
 Must be purchased – too complex and time consuming for most educators to prepare
 Limited use for many elderly , low – literate learners and those with physical limitations.

Barriers In Developing Learning Resources Material

 Lack of systematic programme planning large scale.
 Low budget allocation.
 Inadequate training for teachers and facilitators
 Selection system of teachers
 Community mobilization plans for resources generation at the local level

Abstract:
in educational institutions, the development of teaching-learning materials is regarded as one
of the major aspects that would promote student learning and help in the achievement of
academic goals and objectives. The educators need to focus upon bringing about
developments in the teaching-learning materials. They need to conduct research and promote
modern and innovative methods to enrich the system of education. The advancements in
teaching-learning materials are brought about on the basis of number of aspects. These are,
grade levels of students, academic goals and objectives and subjects and concepts. When
these are introduced, the educators need to ensure that they prove to be beneficial to the
students in achieving academic goals. Research has indicated that the introduction of modern
and innovative methods and teaching-learning materials have led to developments of the
overall system of education. The main aspects that have been taken into account in this
research paper are, significance of teaching-learning materials, objectives of teaching-
learning materials, types of teaching-learning materials, designing and development of
teaching-learning materials, and recommendations.

Conclusion:
Learning materials can significantly increase learners' achievement by supporting learning.
For example, an educational video may provide a learner with new insights and an appealing
worksheet may provide the learner with new opportunities to practice a new skill gained in
class.