4 things every map needs

Make notes on this.

Legend
A map legend defines features in a map. It simply displays the symbol followed by
a text description of what that symbol represents.

Scale
Map Scale is the ratio of a distance on the actual Earth compared to the same
distance on a map.

( A ratio shows how many times one number contains another)

Scale

Compass
a device that shows the directions of where north south east and west are. It is
used for navigation purposes.

Title
An element in a Map layout that describes the theme or subject of a map.

SKIP THIS:
TB Questions
Read page 26-27
Pg 27 #1, 2, 5

---------------------------------------------------Canadian
Landform Regions

What is a landform region?

A landform region is a part of the Earth with a unique set of physical features.
Canada has 3 main landform regions

Canada’s Landform Regions

Canadian Shield
Lowlands
Highlands

Canadian Shield

Covers Central Canada: Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Labrador, the

Northwest Territories, and Nunavut.

Rocky and forested, with rivers and lakes

Oldest rock in Canada – worn down igneous rock
Thin soiled, or exposed rock.
Canadian Shield

Canadian Shield
The rocks of the Canadian Shield are about 4 billion years old.
They were caused by glaciers

This region is mostly covered with forests and only a few areas suited for
agriculture.

Canadian Shield

Human Activities?
9

2. Lowland Regions
There are 3 lowland regions:
2a) Interior Plains
2b) Hudson Bay-Arctic Lowlands
2c) Great Lakes - St. Lawrence

11

2a) Interior Plains

Flat land or rolling foothills with few trees
Mostly covered by grass and wheat fields because soil is ideal for growing wheat
2. Lowlands

2a) Interior Plains

Interior Plains
Human Activities?

14

2b) Hudson Bay – Arctic lowlands

Mostly located in Nunavut
Cold, dry climate, usually covered in snow, permafrost and ice
Flat, little vegetation, poor soil, treeless
not many things can grow due to glaciation & movement of fertile soil south

Lowlands

Hudson Bay-Arctic Lowlands

Human Activities?
17

2c) Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands

Good soil for farming, and scattered forest
Many lakes and rivers
divided into 2 sections by a thin strip of Canadian shield in between
Lowlands

Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands

The city of Toronto
The city of Montreal
60% of Canada’s population lives here (including us)
Major transportation routes (like what?)

20

Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands

Human Activities?
21

3. Highlands

There are 3 Highland regions;

3a) Western Cordillera
Tallest mountains in Canada
Sharp, jagged peaks and often covered in glaciers
3. Highlands

Western Cordillera

Human Activities
https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/data/statistics/business-industry-trade/industry
- category of most posular industries
26

3b) Appalachian Mountains

Smaller rounded mountains covered with trees
Deep valleys
Highlands

Appalachian Mountains

Human Activities?
29

3c) Innuitian Mountains

Medium sized mountains covered in snow and ice
Unexplored due to the hostile climate (cold)
Highlands

Task/Homework
complete Canada’s Landform Regions worksheet using the textbook and the powerpoint,
and maybe your own research

get started on your landform regions assignment

---------------------------------------------------
Climate Part 1

What is the difference between Climate & Weather?

What is the Weather like?
What is the Climate like?

Weather vs. Climate

Weather:
 The state of the atmosphere, describing, for example, the degree to which it is
hot or cold on a certain hour, day, or week.
Use words such as wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy.
Climate:
the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.
there are 6 factors that determine climate (LOWERN)

Some Key Terms

Latitude- distance of a place north or south of the earth's Equator
measures N/S
Longitude- distance of a place east or west of the Prime Meridian
measures W/E

Various Aspects of Weather

Temperature
Type of Precipitation
Chance of Precipitation
Amount of precipitation
Wind Speed
Wind Direction
Humidity
https://www.wunderground.com/wundermap
Live Weather Map

6 Aspects of Climate
Latitude
Ocean currents
Wind & air masses
Elevation
Relief
Near water

We will come back to this acronym…..

Climate Connections
Since Canada is so big, we have 8 major climate regions (we will get into this
later in the week)
As a result, Canada’s vegetation across the country is also varied
Humans also experience different lifestyles, depending on the climate and where in
the country they live.
We also have different animals in different climate regions, because each animal
has unique features about it, which would allow some to thrive in cold temperatures
and some in warm

Climate Connections#Brainstorm- How does Climate affect;

1. Animals
2. Vegetation
3. Human life
How we live?
What we eat?
How we get our food?
How we get around?

6 Factors that affect Climate

‘LOWERN’

Latitude
Ocean Currents
Wind
Elevation
Relief
Near Water

Latitude
The farther north you go, the farther away from the equator, the farther from the
sun, the more colder of climate. The equator is closest to the sun all year round
thus it is always hot. Poles farther from the sun so its the coldest.
← Why do we have seasons?
it’s all due to the earth tilting on its axis

Latitude

2. Ocean Currents Explained

An ocean current is a directed movement of water (like a fast running stream)
inside an ocean.

Ocean Currents Explained

An ocean current is a directed movement of water (like a fast running stream)
inside an ocean.

The direction a current comes from determines whether it will be warm or cold
From equator: warm
From the poles: cold

Ocean Currents Affecting Land Temperature

Winds moving over an ocean current are warmed/cooled and then bring that
temperature onto land areas they cross, which determine the land’s temperature
This is why cities of the same latitude can have different climates. EX: Prince
Rupert, BC vs Cartwright, NFL; Labrador current is cold in East and North Pacific
is warm in the west coast

Ocean Currents Affecting Land Temperature

Northern quebec and london england are both quite north on the earth, but ocean
currents are the reason they have very different climates.

Ocean Currents
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4pWafuvdrY

Important Ocean Currents

Gulf Stream: comes from the equator (hot) and flows past Carribean and the East
coast, crosses Atlantic ocean and over Europe
explains why Europe is not full of glaciers considering how north it is on the
globe compared to Canada

here you can see the evidence and effect of the hot gulf stream and the cold
labrador stream

Important Ocean Currents

North Pacific & California Current: a warm current that comes from the equator,
warms Chinese coast, crosses pacific and splits in 2 by the West coast of North
America.
North Pacific current: by BC coast; warmer than surrounding land
California Current: cooler than surrounding land. If you’ve ever been to
California, the breeze is quite cold even though temperature is hot. This is why.

Important Ocean Currents

Important Ocean Currents

Labrador Current: cold current coming from the arctic which cools the air around
Eastern Canada, and thus the maritimes are cool.
video: https://youtu.be/UuGrBhK2c7U
cartwright is cold because of the maritime climate and the cold gulf stream
usa has a continental climate cuz its closer to equator, and california current is
cooler than the surrounding hot land (that's why its always cooler/fresher by the
water on the west coast compared to inland LA)
north pacific stream is warmer compared to the land because its a mairtime climate
not hot continental.

3. Wind & Air Masses

Air Mass: a large volume of air that takes on the climate conditions of the area
that it was formed in.
air mass formed over ocean: moist
air mass formed over land: dry
rule of thumb: climate of land by the coast will be moist, land far from water will
be dry
jet streams are westerlies winds

Wind & Air Masses

How wind is created video: caused by air on land warming faster than air over
water. the rising of hot air, replaced by cool air = creates breeze
Prevailing Winds: winds that mainly flow in one direction and one region

video about wind: play: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edsNPCwU9lo

video about gulf stream, won't play: https://youtu.be/UuGrBhK2c7U

Wind (Air Masses)

Prevailing Winds: winds that mainly flow in one direction and one region
bill nye wind video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBqohRu2RRk
What do you notice about the direction of the wind? Caused by the rotation of the
earth and gravity.
Look at where we are using the wind map… Why does wind speed pick up over the great
lakes? How does this influence our temperature?

Wind (Air Masses)

This video shows how global wind patterns occur
Play from 2:17-3:26
bill nye wind video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBqohRu2RRk
What do you notice about the direction of the wind? Caused by the rotation of the
earth and gravity.
Look at where we are using the wind map… Why does wind speed pick up over the great
lakes? How does this influence our temperature?

Workbook
Complete the first part of LOW in the workbook.

---------------------------------------------------
Climate & Climate Graphs#
Canada’s Climate

CONTINENTAL
MARITIME
There are TWO main climates in Canada,
&

Climate terms to know:

Highest Monthly Temperature (HMT):
refers to the highest average monthly temperature for a year
Lowest Monthly Temperature (LMT):
refers to the lowest average monthly temperature for a year
Annual Temperature Range:
the number of degrees difference between the LMT and the HMT
Precipitation:
any form of moisture which falls to the earth (rain, snow, sleet and hail)
measured in millimeters (mm)

Mississauga, Ontario#Climate Data

Temp
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Daily Average (°C)
-4.9
-4.2
0.1
6.2
12.1
17.5
20.7
20
15.5
9.3
3.9
-1.8
What is the HMT?
______
What is the LMT?
______
What is the Annual Temperature Range?
(highest to lowest)
________ to _______

Mississauga, Ontario#Climate Data

Temp
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Daily Average (°C)
-4.9
-4.2
0.1
6.2
12.1
17.5
20.7
20
15.5
9.3
3.9
-1.8
What is the HMT?
HMT is 20.7°C
What is the LMT?
______
What is the Annual Temperature Range?
(highest to lowest)
______ to _______

Mississauga, Ontario#Climate Data

Temp
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Daily Average (°C)
-4.9
-4.2
0.1
6.2
12.1
17.5
20.7
20
15.5
9.3
3.9
-1.8
What is the HMT?
HMT is 20.7°C
What is the LMT?
LMT is -4.9°C
What is the Annual Temperature Range?
(highest to lowest)
_____ to ______

Mississauga, Ontario#Climate Data

Temp
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Daily Average (°C)
-4.9
-4.2
0.1
6.2
12.1
17.5
20.7
20
15.5
9.3
3.9
-1.8
What is the HMT?
HMT is 20.7°C
What is the LMT?
LMT is -4.9°C
What is the Annual Temperature Range?
(highest to lowest)
Annual Temperature Range is 20.7°C to -4.9 °C

CONTINENTAL
High annual temperature range
Hot and humid summers
Cold and dry winters
Regina, Ottawa, Toronto etc

MARITIME
Lower annual temperature range
Large amounts of precipitation
Mild summers
Cool and wet winters
Vancouver, Halifax, Charlottetown

As Canada’s climate varies greatly, it can be difficult to compare similarities in

temperature and precipitation across the country. One method of displaying climate
data in a way that allows for an easy comparison is called a Climate Graph or
Climatograph.
Climatograph
a special type of graph that displays the average annual distribution of
temperature and precipitation in any location

Toronto’s Climate Data

In a Climatograph…
temperature is always measured by a line,
and precipitation is always measured by a bar.

Toronto’s Climatograph
Dot is placed in the middle of the bar.

Homework Check

---------------------------------------------------
THE COMPASS
ROSE AND
BEARINGS

WHICH DIRECTION AM I GOING?

1) What is a compass rose?
• It is a diagram in a shape
like a flower
• It shows directions and
bearings used to indicate
directions on a map
• Bearings are measured
clockwise starting from the
north
Principal Points:
There are four primary (main) points of the compass rose:

Cardinal Points:
Are the points halfway between the principal points:

Ordinal Points:
Are the subdivisions of directions between the Cardinal and Principal points

2) What are Compass Bearings?

• They measure the angle in
relation to North (0 or 360)
moving in a clockwise
direction
• The use of compass bearings
is an accurate method of
stating direction
• Each compass rose is 22.5
degrees apart
A true compass has 32 compass points with bearings:

---------------------------------------------------Earthquakes & Volcanoes

What Do We Know So Far?

Earthquake
Volcano

What Do We Know So Far?

Earthquake
Volcano
Caused by pressure of moving plate tectonics
3 different types of movements cause it:
Divergent, convergent & transform
Can be minor and severe
Minor ones happen often
Opening in the earth’s crust that sometimes allow hot lava and gases (CO2) to rise
up and escape from underneath the earth’s crust.
What else about volcanoes...

More review on Earthquakes

When subduction occurs gradually there → minor earthquake
when subduction occurs fast → major earthquake
sometimes plates don't move for centuries, tension builds up as plates push against
each other and eventually tension is released in seconds, causing a major
earthquakes

How a Volcano (Shape) is Made

Friction & warmth from moving plates heats the mantle rock and it melts (magma)
Magma reaches surface through plate gaps or cracks. (Above surface = lava).
With various eruptions, the lava creates new land as it dries and builds up to form
volcanic rock and creates the triangular volcano shape

What Causes Volcanoes to Erupt?

What Causes Volcanoes to Erupt? - Recap

Temp in Mantle = 1000 degrees C → melts rock into liquid magma

Magma less dense than earth’s crust so it rises to the crust’s surface
With right conditions (pressure, increase temp & plate movements) the magma seeps
through the cracks in the crust (where 2 plate tectonics meet)
Magma rises above the crust to create a volcano explosion
Don't neet to know this

Expedition to the heart of an active volcano |360o Video

Volcano: Benbow in Vanuatu
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBp2EWPjotk&t=15s

360o Kamchatka Volcano Eruption | National Geographic

Volcano: Klyuchevskoy in Russia
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3a1fkLsNS4

3. Volcanos - An Immersive Experience I Virtual Reality 360° 3D

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AYIyExIH28&feature=youtu.be

Questions
How does the volcano make everyday life difficult for the nearby villagers? (see
1:25)
What does the terrain around the volcano look like? (see 2:16)
What poses a threat to the safety of the explorers?

Answers
How does the volcano make everyday life difficult for the nearby villagers?
Winds can affect rain acidity making drinking water toxic and destroying harvests
What does the terrain around the volcano look like?
Flat, lack of vegetation, lack of water, lots of ash
What poses a threat to the safety of the explorers?
With temperatures of approximately 1000 degrees C, a change in wind direction could
put them in danger

Locating Earthquakes & Volcanoes Activity

Plot the first 20 rows of points from the chart onto the map
Use this Legend:
Earthquake: X
Volcanoes: O
Lets Plot one together first
Latitude: N/S (horizontal lines)
Longitude: W/E (vertical lines)
N
S
W
E

Observations
What do you notice about the placement of the earthquakes and volcanoes on the map?

Where do they mostly occur?

Why?

Ring of Fire

Ring of Fire
Since there are so many plate tectonics that are meeting along the pacific coast,
there is a high degree of friction and subduction that occurs
(Review: One plate moves under the other and sinks)
Thus, this is where most of the world’s volcanoes and earthquakes are located

Ring of Fire

---------------------------------------------------Everything is Geography
CGC 1D1 Unit 1

Issues in Canadian Geography

Becoming a Geographer/ MAPS
Physical Geography
Resources
Population Change/Demographics
Sustainable Communities

Course Overview
2

By the end of this activity, you will be able to:

think like a Geographer by using the concepts of geographic thinking.

Success Criteria
I know I am successful when I can:
pick out the environmental, economic, political, and social ideas in an issue.
Everything is Geography
Learning Goal
3

By the end of this activity, you will be able to:

develop an understanding of geographic concepts.

Success Criteria
I know I am successful when I can:
explain a geographic concept in my own words, and
identify the main geographic concepts that apply to an issue.
Everything is Geography
Learning Goal
4

We are learning this because it is important to understand the broad scope of

geography.
Everything is Geography
Big Idea
5

What is Geography?
Tell me what you think geography is (from what you know so far)
6

Geography is: asking yourself and finding the answers to the following questions:
1. What is where?
2. Why there?
3. Why care? (why is this [location] important)

Geography is: the study of our environment. this can be our physical environment
(the land, mountains, rocks, soil, climate change) or our human-man environment
(cities, culture, organization of people)

What is Geography?
7
7

It is not just:
knowing the capitals of countries
colouring maps
looking at rocks

Geography is: Developing a Sense of Place through:

1. What is where?
2. Why there?
3. Why care?

What isn’t Geography?

8
8

I hope you will find that by the end of today, Geography is everything because
everything has a place. And location usually determines a lot about something.

Geography is a way of looking at things and understanding why things are they way
they are. Political, cultural, economic, environmental, physical, ...

9
9

Everything is Geography
What kind of geographer are you?
Look at each of the following images.

What kind of geographer are you?

10

Everything is Geography
What kind of geographer are you?
11

Everything is Geography
What kind of geographer are you?
12

Everything is Geography
Which image is more appealing or interesting to you?
Think about this for a few moments. Give 2 separate reasons in at least 4
sentences.

What kind of geographer are you?

13

Everything is Geography
Chances are that the image that you selected reflects the type of geographer or
branch of geography you feel more curious about and also comfortable investigating.
Human geographers are interested in urban or built environments while physical
geographers are drawn to the study of the natural environment. All geographers need
to understand human and physical environments as they constantly interact with each
other.
What kind of geographer are you?
14

Everything is Geography
In Grade 8, you examined topics related to human geography around the world. You
may have examined the following questions:
What are the social, environmental, and economic effects of loss of agricultural
land?
Why is there a global phenomenon of people moving to urban centres?
What are some of the quality of life indicators, and how can they be used to assess
development?
What is the relationship between land/resources and wealth and power?

What kind of geographer are you?

15

Everything is Geography
In Grade 9 Issues in Canadian Geography, you will be exploring both fields of study
and their interactions. You will examine some of these questions:
What trends do you see in the use of alternative energy in Ontario? Canada?
In what ways can cultural diversity enrich the life of a community?
How might more snow in winter be related to a warming climate?
Why are many communities built on the shoreline of a body of water?

What kind of geographer are you?

16

Everything is Geography
Location:#Where are things located in the world? Why are they there?
Geography is…
17
17

Everything is Geography
Natural Processes:#Do the earth’s features change over time? How might humans adapt
to these changes? How might humans contribute to these changes?
Geography is…
18

Everything is Geography
Economic Links:#How do the earth’s features provide opportunities for economic
growth? How can we ensure that this growth is sustainable?
Geography is…
19

Everything is Geography
People and Places:#Where do people live on the earth? what causes them to migrate
from one location of the next?
Geography is…
20

Everything is Geography
Urban Planning:#How might we design our cities and towns to be more sustainable?
What factors are important in ensuring our towns are healthy? How do we make sure
that all our citizens are cared for?
Geography is…
21

Everything is Geography
Tourism:#How do the earth’s natural features impact our activities?
Geography is…
22
Everything is Geography
Sustainability:#What makes a community sustainable? #How might our actions impact
the environment?
Geography is…
23

Everything is Geography
Resource Management:#How do we extract and use our natural resources? How might our
natural resources impact our communities?

Geography is…
24

Everything is Geography
Global Connections:#What factors influence the quality of life in different
countries? How do our actions impact people in other parts of the world?
Geography is…
25

Everything is Geography
Read the following quotations.
What is an issue?
26

Everything is Geography
“Climate change is happening, humans are causing it, and I think this is perhaps
the most serious environmental issue facing us.”
Bill Nye
The Science Guy
What is an issue?
27

Everything is Geography
"Why would anyone question whether or not every Indigenous community should have
clean drinking water?"..."If this were an issue in Toronto in Vancouver or in any
city around the world or around Canada, there would be no debate. We would get it
done."
Jagmeet Singh
What is an issue?
28

Everything is Geography
“We need to cultivate listening, partnership, and solidarity to carve out a better
collective future.”
Desmond Cole
What is an issue?
29

Everything is Geography
What is an issue?
30

Everything is Geography
What idea or theme is common to each of these quotations?

For our purposes, we will identify “issues” using the following criteria:
it is a complex problem or dispute
it is long lasting
it has a large impact
it has more than one “right answer”
What is an issue?
31

Everything is Geography
Can you identify a geographical issue that exists in Canada? In Ontario? In
Brampton?
What is an issue?
32

Everything is Geography
Geographic Issue or Not?
33
This is a photograph of flooding and mudslides in Testalinden Creek. Is there a
geographic issue here?

There are many geographic issues here about how humans interact with the natural
environment including:
Should home owners be allowed to build in places that are prone to flooding?
Should natural spaces be changed to make life easier for people?

33

Everything is Geography
Geographic Issue or Not?
34
This is a photograph of an oil refinery in St. John, New Brunswick. Is there a
geographic issue here?

Two geographic issues include:

Should an industry that creates well-paying jobs, but pollutes the natural
environment be encouraged to expand?
Who is responsible for the people in a community where the main employer leaves,
leaving many of the local population without any employment?

34

Everything is Geography
Geographic Issue or Not?
35
This is a photograph of a homeless man panhandling for change. Could this be a
geographic issue?
#There are many population issues:
Should Canada have a minimum wage that moves everyone out of poverty?
Should architecture, for example, park benches that have arms preventing a person
from lying down, be used to stop homeless people from loitering?

35

Everything is Geography
Geographic Issue or Not?
36
This photograph is a before and after shot of a Canadian design intended to make a
community more liveable. Is there a geographic issue here?

Many Canadians are working to make their communities more liveable!

Issues include:
Who should pay to make urban land use more sustainable and liveable?
Should urban sprawl and the suburban lifestyle be banned in Canada?
36

Everything is Geography
Geographic Issue or Not?
Each of the FOLLOWING four images presents an issue.
Pick any one of these images and identify a geographic issue, write a caption or
create news headline that includes the geographic issue.
Be sure to identify which of the images you have selected (or include the image
itself).
Submit it to your teacher.
37
37

---------------------------------------------------Glaciers and Glaciation

landforms that we have are shaped by the ice age: then go into opening of the
arctic circle and northwest passage, have a debate on that.

focus more on the effects of climate change on glaciers, why it is important for
them to stay frozen, what would happen if they melted, who would that affect? what
is bad about them melting?
only briefly touch on erosional and depositional factors
make it interactive: ask them what they think would happen in groups if the
glaciers were to continuously melt abnormally. then maybe show a clip explaining it
the talk about what we can do?

What is a glacier?
Glacier: A dense ice mass formed by compressed snow and ice.

What is glaciation?
Glaciation: The process of ice advancing and covering large areas of land (due to
gravity)
An ‘Ice Age’ occurs when cool temperatures last for a long period of time. That
means there is no longer just ice in the north pole, but the Polar ice advances
into lower altitudes/latitudes, which covered almost all of Canada.
This process has happened 4 separate times in the last 2.5 million years. The most
recent was 15000 years ago (known as ‘Wisconsin Glaciation’)
3

Red part would be land because more ice is frozen

Evidence of the last ice age in Canada; this was how much glacier was covering
canada, with only a small part left untouched, anyone see where?
Why called Wisconsin glaciation?

How do Glaciers Change the Land?

How do Glaciers Change the Land?
Erosion: Glaciers pick up material
Transports eroded material: Glacier takes the weathered material brings along as it
flows south. This is why they look dirty sometimes.
Deposition: As the glacier melts, the rocks and stones it carried are set free and
left in a new location.

How Do Glaciers Change Land?

Relocation of materials
Breaking off of material
ice age glaciers move and push things around to create rivers lakes, ice, erosion
of it creates removal of Glaciers move!
7

Erosional Effects
Glaciers move along the earth and scrape away soil and rocks
This is why a large part of Canada has poor soil conditions today, especially in
the North, since it was taken away by glaciers travelling south (slowly)

Glaciers change drainage patterns of rivers and lakes

New lakes form in rock basins/valley that filled with water when the Glacier
melted; Great Lakes
Great lakes are leftover water from when canada was covered in a glacier (wisconsin
glaciation)

Depositional Effects (By Ice)

Till Plains are Created
Small hills and valleys formed by rock and sediment released from glacier as it
melts

Moraines are Created

accumulation or piles of glacial debris on the edge of a glacier

Depositional Effects (By Water)

By Moving Water
melted glacial ice runs very fast and moves large gravel pieces

By Still Water
large glacial lakes have created flat land in the prairies with fertile soil due to
the movement and erosion of all fertile soil from the north downward

Where are glaciers in Canada right now?

Mountains in Western Canada and in the Arctic

Let’s take a look at how much glacier Canada is covered in: Map

Discuss: What are your initial thoughts upon looking at this on the map? (Canada or
otherwise)

Did you expect there to be more glacier? Why is there so much less glacier?
Remember: Glaciers only on land
say that i thought much more of canada’s north would be covered in glacier because
its so cold
as we can see the ice around the world has melted a lot, this leads us to the video
we watched where the arctic circle is filled with less ice so now ships can pass
through it more than ever in history
11

Are you wondering how much sea ice is left?

Let’s find out!
12

Canada’s Northwest Passage (NWP)

debate: have them watch the video the night before and then make notes on why it
should be international or national waters. you will be assigned a position to take
tomorrow and we will debate it.

Video Summary
What are the main points of the video

What are the 2 arguments presented? (Canada vs USA Perspective)

14

Video Summary
Due to global warming, NWP is now possible for ships to travel through (Pacific
ocean to Atlantic)
faster, cheaper, easier shipping route
International Waters Definition: any area that limits a nation from having access
to an ocean, has to be deemed international waters
ex: Turkish strait → Black sea
Danish strait → Baltic (Lithuania)

15

The 2 Positions
Canada’s position: National
doesn't satisfy “usefulness”: barely any traffic
no search & rescue capabilities: little traffic so little reason to invest in
search & rescue infrastructure. If they own it & charge for entrance they can fund
rescue missions when traffic increases
USA’s position: International
One country shouldn’t be able to decide who enters an international ocean. They
shouldn’t have control over which nations can/can’t have a faster & cheaper
shipping route = controlling & affecting entire economies
NWP is an area that connects two bodies of water which is open for “peaceful use by
a vessel from any state”.
16

4 Corners Discussion
Independently, write down a few sentences explaining your opinion on the issue
presented. Should the NWP be Canada’s or international, why or why not?
“I believe the NWP should be international waters” → go to the corner you agree
with
share why you chose your position with those in your group
Prepare to explain to the class your group’s stance.
Share your ideas and respond to those with different views to justify/explain your
opinion(feel free to relocate if you change your mind)
Prepare one final statement to try to convince anyone who might be questioning
their stance to agree with you.
17

Don’t get too close

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZjbQtunsB-U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zt8qoggxWVg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMHXMWd1JlI

---------------------------------------------------Unit 2: Physical Geography

Key Questions
How does the physical environment affect where Canadians live?
How do geological processes give rise to geophysical events?

Minds On
"Name that Hazard"
How to play:

With your partner, take out a piece of paper

Look at the photo- guess the natural hazard- write it down!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQYe3ngG6qs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQYe3ngG6qs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQYe3ngG6qs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQYe3ngG6qs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQYe3ngG6qs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQYe3ngG6qs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQYe3ngG6qs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQYe3ngG6qs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQYe3ngG6qs

Answers
Landslide
Tsunami
Earthquake
Volcanic Eruption
Drought/ Sand Storm
Avalanche
Tornado
Wildfire

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQYe3ngG6qs

Here are some Geo memes….

13

And another one just for fun...

14

Part 1: Physical Processes

Our planet rocks! – it’s literally a rock.

There are many ongoing processes that are continuously shaping Earth. These
processes “build up” and “break down” the land.

Build UP Processes
Volcanism
Land builds when magma erupts, cools, and hardens into igneous rock

Magma: Melted rock beneath the surface of the earth

Lava: Melted rock above the surface of the earth

Break DOWN Processes

Erosion
processes that break down rock
Such as wind, water/ice, gravity, chemical/biological

But wait… where did this land come from in the first place???

Part 2: Geologic History

We are going back to the beginning
From a scientific perspective

As a class we need to be sensitive to people's’ beliefs and creation stories

People may have different beliefs and viewpoints based on their culture, family,
religion, etc.

Question to ask yourself…

How do my viewpoints relate to a different perspective?

Turtle Island Creation Story

https://www.tvo.org/video/what-is-turtle-island
20

Catholic Perspective
21

Scientific Perspective: The Big Bang Theory

22

Geologic History
Land is dynamic- it moves. Before there was Canada, there was Pangaea, the
supercontinent

Scientist estimate our planet to be 4.6 Billion years old

Geologic Eras
There are distinct landforms in Canada (such as the Rocky Mountains and Canadian
Shield) that show evidence of 4 major geologic eras.

Pre Cambrian (oldest)

Palaeozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic (today)

Homework in Online Textbook

Read and make notes on pages 31-34
25

---------------------------------------------------LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE:

THE LINES ON THE MAP
LATITUDE:
 Is the distance north and south relative to the equator
 It is measured in degrees North pole 90 deg N
 South pole 90 deg S
 There are 180 degrees in total
They run horizontally
LONGITUDE:
 Is the distance east and west of the Prime Meridian The International Date Line
is on the other side of the globe There are 360 degrees of longitude
The lines run vertically and meet at the poles
THE EQUATOR
0 degrees latitude
Divides the planet into northern and southern
hemispheres
THE PRIME MERIDIAN
The line that joins the
North and South poles
Divides the globe into
eastern and western
hemispheres
Runs through Greenwich,
England

You should know this!!!:

 In what quadrant of the globe do we
live in?
 NE
 SE
 NW
 SW
The NW

---------------------------------------------------Map Projections

Cartography
The art and science of graphically representing a geographical area, usually on a
flat surface such as a map or chart.
It may involve some type of BIAS, as one person making a map of the same area might
label certain regions differently than another person. This means the political,
cultural, or other non-geographical divisions or ideas onto the representation of a
geographical area are involved in map making.

Map Projection Definition

A technique used in cartography (Map Making) to depict the three-dimensional (3D)
surface of the Earth or other spherical objects on a two-dimensional surface (2D).
EX: Globe → Onto a Flat surface

Map Projections

Map Projections
Are never 100% accurate
Why: Because if you take an inflatable globe and cut it open, try and open it up to
be flat. It will be impossible without stretching out the shape of the countries.
This distorts them, and therefore that flat map is no longer fully an accurate 2D
representation of the earth.
Some map projections can be helpful or misleading, depending on what you’re using
them for.

Map Projections
Every map projections has its pros and cons (trade-offs or sacrifices)
Depending on the type of Map projection, there are sacrifices on :
Shape
Distance
Direction
Area (size of countries)

Types of Map Projections

Mercator (most commonly used)

Mercator
Description: world looks stretched and latitude lines are not the same spacing a
part.
PROS :
Keeps the shape of the country
Keeps direction: good for navigation and travelling around the ocean in a ship with
only a compass.

Mercator
Description: world looks stretched and latitude lines are not the same spacing a
part.
CONS:
Representation of the size of countries. Some looks smaller or bigger than what
they are.
Ex: Africa vs Greenland
May Contribute Towards European Bias: Size often signals degree of importance.
North America and Europe appear bigger than they are, which may draw more attention
to them, and less on other countries which are actually bigger (less focus on
Africa).

Gall-Peters Projection

Gall-Peters Projection
Description: Countries appear in their true size.
PROS :
Countries appear in their true size

CONS:
The shape of the countries are not accurate.

TAKE AWAY POINT

When picking which map to use, you have to choose between SHAPE or SIZE. No 2D map
will be accurate in both categories, only a Globe (3D).

Other projections
List of projections - link
Start at
2:43

Homework Questions
Which of the 2 projections do you prefer? Explain your reasoning?
Can you find a better projection than the Mercator or Gall-Peters? Explain in
detail why do you like it better?
On the previous slide there is a list of other possible projections to choose
form.

When done
Continue making your test study notes
Revised test date is this thursday

---------------------------------------------------
Plate Tectonics
1

Continents Today
Do we think the placement of continents always looked like this? Any ideas on how
else they might they have looked?
do we think the continents always looked this way? could they have been in a
different arrangement? could they have been closer or even farther apart?

Africa & SA Appear to Fit like a Puzzle Piece?

a way to tell is that by the looks of it, africa and south america look 2 puzzle
pieces that fit perfectly together. so that gives us a clue that the continents
were once much closer together and in many areas, connected to each other and apart
of the same land
this was proven when fossils of the same land creature were found in both african
and south. america, so that means they must have been living at one point on the
same piece of land

Over the span of hundreds of millions of years, the continents began joined as a
supercontinent called Pangea

Pangea existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras

If you look from one map to the next, it makes sense that they were once joined as
one continent.

Pangea gradually separated into smaller continents and continuously drift apart
from each other, which gives the continents their current arrangement
Will the continents always look like they do right now?
Late paleozoic, early mesozoic era

Theory of Continental Drift

Alfred Wegener (1912) discovered Continental drift.
He proposed that the continents were once connected and have drifted apart over
time
Continental Drift - explains how continents shift position on Earth's surface

Layers of the Earth:

To Help Understand Plate Tectonics
Layers of Earth:
Crust: outer shell of earth
Mantle liquid (in orange)
Core: (in grey)
2 parts:
Outer (liquid)
Inner (solid)
this part is very HOT

EXTREMELY HOT!!!
8

Plate Tectonics
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several
plates that glide over the mantle- the layer above the core.

The plates act like a hard and rigid shell. This strong outer layer of the earth is
called the crust. When plates move that causes continental drift.

Plate Movement
Convection Currents- cause plates to move by the warming and cooling of magma below
the surface of the Earth

3 Types of Plate Movement

Transform, Divergent, & Convergent

Earthquake- caused by the shaking and vibration of the Earth's crust due a release
in tension from the movement of the Earth's plates.
Earthquakes can happen along any type of plate boundary.

Transform Boundary
An area where Plates slide horizontally against one another in opposite directions.
3 Types of Plate Movement
11

Lateral Slips

2. Divergent Boundary
Area where adjacent plates pull apart and move farther away from each other.

3 Types of Plate Movement

13
Example of Divergent Boundary: ICELAND
Iceland is in the middle of 2 plates = creates valley

2 Types of Convergent Boundaries:

the type of Convergence depends on the types of plates involved:

Oceanic plates are heavier than continental plates

the heavier plate will be the one that is pushed under the lighter plate and move
back under the crust

3 Types of Plate Movement

15

3A) Convergent Boundaries (Oceanic)

Two plates move towards one another and one is dragged down (or "subducted")
beneath the other.
Oceanic plate (heavier,
underwater one) is
dragged
under the continental
plate (land)
3 Types of Plate Movement
Normally the older plate will subduct because of its higher density. The subducting
plate is heated as it is forced deeper into the mantle and at a depth of about 100
miles (150 km) the plate begins to melt. Magma chambers are produced as a result of
this melting and the magma is lower in density than the surrounding rock material.
It begins ascending by melting and fracturing its way throught the overlying rock
material. Magma chambers that reach the surface break through to form a volcanic
eruption cone. In the early stages of this type of boundary the cones will be deep
beneath the ocean surface but later grow to be higher than sea level. This produces
an island chain.
16

3B)Convergent Boundaries (Continental)

Two thick continental plates collide and pile on top of one another, since they
weigh the same amount subduction is prevented. When subduction does not take place,
one doesn't get pushed under, they bunch up and create a mountain (ex: Mount
Everest).
both of them have a density that is much lower than the mantle, which prevents
subduction.

17

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwfNGatxUJI

Review

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkELENdZukI

Rap to Remember!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkELENdZukI
19

20
---------------------------------------------------1

The Rock Cycle

2

The Rock Cycle:#

Helps to explain how new rock is formed on the earth, and how different factors can
change rock from one form to another.

Key Terms
Magma & Lava
What comes from the mantle (the middle layer of earth).
Hot molten (melted) rock that forms solid rock when cooled
magma - underground
lava - above ground

3 Factors that Break Down or Move Rocks

Weathering

2. Erosion

3. Deposition
left off
5

Weathering
The breaking down of rocks can be done by various factors such as water, wind, ice,
acids, salts, plants, animals, and changes in temperature.
ex: rocks can be split by water falling into a crack in a rock, freezing and then
melting.

Erosion
The moving of broken up pieces of rock
EX: Niagara Falls has been gradually changing shape for hundreds of years.
Weathering: The pressure from the running water over the rock causes pieces to
break off
Erosion: the pieces that have been broken off from the top of the falls, fall to
the bottom (created horseshoe falls over time)

Weathering vs Erosion
When the smaller rock pieces (now pebbles, sand or soil) are moved by these natural
forces, it is called erosion.
So, if a rock is changed or broken but stays where it is, it is called weathering.
If the pieces of weathered rock are moved away, it is called erosion.
8

3. Deposition
The building up of new eroded rock material in their new location
EX: eroded material moved from the top of the falls to the bottom and built up
piles of rock

9
Summary: Niagara Falls Context
Weathering: the running water applying pressure to the top of the falls causing it
to BREAK OFF pieces
Erosion: rock pieces FALL from the top of falls to the bottom
Deposition: BUILD UP of rocks at the bottom of falls creating a pile of rocks
(relocated)
10

Types of Rock
3 types of rock;
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
What are the different regions of Canada that we discussed during the geologic
history lesson?
ANS: Western Cordillera, Interior Plains, Canadian Shield, Hudson Bay-Arctic
Lowlands, Great Lakes St. Lawrence Lowlands, Appalachian Mountains, Innuition
Mountains
11

Igneous Rocks
Formed when magma cools below or above the Earth’s surface. All rocks were
originally igneous

Igneous Rocks: Examples

13

Sedimentary Rocks
Where its made: formed above earth’s surface
Made from “Sediments”: which are minerals & organic particles from the earth’s
crust
How it’s made: layers & layers of sediment pile on top of each other and then
because of the weight, they get pressed into hard rock over millions of years.

Sedimentary Rocks
2 factors cause this rock to form:
Compaction: Eroded sediments are put under pressure
Cementation: sediment join to become a larger rock after millions of years
Sometimes pieces of plants and animals are deposited and become part of the rock,
we can see fossils in this rock type

Sedimentary Rocks: Examples

Sandstone
Shale
(notice the layers)

Metamorphic Rocks
“Changed” versions of igneous or sedimentary rock caused by both extreme heat and
pressure
Converts one type of rock into a rock that is much harder than original
formed under the surface
video on how diamonds are formed?

Metamorphic Rocks: Examples

Slate
Gneiss
Different Pathways of The Rock Cycle

Takeaway point: Rock can transform into any of the 3 different types of rock due to
melting, cooling, heat, pressure or compaction

19

Different Pathways of The Rock Cycle

no beginning/end to the cycle
no first/last stage: all are happening at the same time in different places
geologic time is slow: These processes take millions of years to happen and we
won't see rocks change form in our lifetime
20

Different Pathways of The Rock Cycle

ex: cooling magma = igneous rock
igneous rock heated & pressurized = metamorphic rock
metamorphic rock eroded = sediment
sediment & pressure = sedimentary rock
sedimentary rock & melting = magma

21

22

Bill Nye

---------------------------------------------------
What is this map telling us?
1

Population Density Map of the World

What kind of factors would be influencing where people are spread out throughout
the world?
Let’s see where people began to live when the world population first began largely
growing...
climate is a big one, but what is another factor that is dependent on climate?
having fertile SOIL, which is essential to the survival of the human race because
if nothing can grow then we cant have plants or animals to eat
2

Population Growth Video

Before playing: Make note of the location of the first places humans chose to
settle and ended up populating in large numbers.
What does this tell us about those areas early humans chose to live in? What made
these locations beneficial to early humans?
https://worldpopulationhistory.org/map/1/mercator/1/0/25/

video commentary:
Physical geo determines where people settle early in world history: china and india
due to fertile ground
People living in smaller concentrations in america, and moving around more, also
less info of who is living there at this time. As we get more info on indigenous
communities, the map gets updated
2 years to recover from black death: only time in history where population growth
was negative = ⅕ of population died
At the end of the video: china and india are now fully covered in and they are
still to this day the largest
India and china: what is going to happen when sea levels rise and climate warms:
global migration cuz they can grow much more in the highly populated areas
Interesting to note that the areas without any dots are uninhabitable due to
climate= dessert and snow
3

Population Growth Video

After playing: This video gives insight into some of the most fertile soil regions
of the world
ex: India & China: explains why today they have the largest populations because
humans realized thousands of years ago the benefits of living near fertile soil
Russia, Northern Canada, Sahara Desert : poor soil therefore little population
(even today)
Early humans choose where to live based on where it would be easy to grow things.
This shows how influential soil is for our species.

video commentary:
Physical geo determines where people settle early in world history: china and india
due to fertile ground
People living in smaller concentrations in america, and moving around more, also
less info of who is living there at this time. As we get more info on indigenous
communities, the map gets updated
2 years to recover from black death: only time in history where population growth
was negative = ⅕ of population died
At the end of the video: china and india are now fully covered in and they are
still to this day the largest
India and china: what is going to happen when sea levels rise and climate warms:
global migration cuz they can grow much more in the highly populated areas
Interesting to note that the areas without any dots are uninhabitable due to
climate= dessert and snow
4

Soil and Vegetation:

Soil: the surface layer of the earth. Soil is also known as mud, sand, clay, and
silt.
typical soil profile: 3 layers/sections of soil
topsoil: thick = fertile
subsoil
parent material

Soil is formed by the addition of dead organic matter to the top of the soil
profile and the weathering and erosion of parent material at the bottom.

4 main parts that soil consists of:

Bacteria and Organic Materials
Air
Minerals
Moisture

** Remember
BAMM**
Bacteria
Bacteria in the soil break down organic matter; this releases nutrients for plant
growth
Humus: dark, upper layer of soil made up of decayed plant and animal material.
Humus is located in the topsoil

Air
Plants require air pockets around their roots to absorb CO2 to survive
Air pockets are created by worms, insects, and small animals

Minerals
Minerals come from rock which is apart of the Parent Material soil layer (bottom).
Soil is created from the rock being weathered and eroded, therefore good soil is
dependent on loose parent material
Much of Canadian soil is infertile because the parent material rock is very hard &
not loose. It will take thousands of years for the rock to be weathered down into
loose parent material so fertile soil can develop.

Moisture
Moisture (water) in soil dissolves nutrients.
This helps decay organic materials & helps the soil become fertile

Wet Climate →
Leaching Occurs:
-water moves down
-thin top soil layer, nutrients move down = infertile
Ex. Ontario
Dry Climate →
Calcification Occurs:
-water moves up
-thick, rich top soil layer, nutrients move up from parent material
Ex. Saskatchewan
Top soil

‘Dry’ climate: meaning the soil isn't soaked, but gets enough water that plants can
grow. Saskatchewan is good example because it gets more rain than in completely
dry/desert areas

What may happen when soil experiences too much calcification? Leaching?

What may happen when soil experiences too much calcification? Leaching?

Leaching: wet climate

soil soaked & cant absorb any more water

Calcification: dry climate

soil too dry and no more water to move up

Vegetation
Vegetation is determined by climate and soil, and refers to what can grow in a
given region
Natural vegetation means growth without human intervention
Areas with different types of vegetation are classified as different vegetation
regions

Because Canada’s climate varies across the country, so too does its natural
vegetation

Different types of natural vegetation grow in response to different climatic and

soil conditions
For example: a hot, wet climate will support a forest of large trees; a drier
climate may support only short grasses

16

There are 7 vegetation regions in Canada

Transition Zone: gradual change from one vegetation region to another. They have
similar characteristics of both vegetation regions.

Vegetation changes due to…

precipitation more precipitation = more vegetation
temperature milder temperature = more vegetation

Needle-leaved trees (coniferous) provide raw materials for pulp, paper and lumber.
Softwood
Broad-leaved trees (deciduous) provide wood for building and furniture.
Hardwood
There are 2 type of tree leaves:

Trees don't grow in very dry climates

both types of trees can grow in wet climates
shrubs grow in cold climates
deciduous trees grow in warm climates
coniferous trees in boreal forests (majority of canada)

There are 7 vegetation regions in Canada

Class Activity
You will form groups. Once in your group you will:
Look at the maps, answer the questions together

Activity Goal: develop further understanding of the connections between soil,

vegetation, and climate regions of Canada

Soil regions

vegatation regions

Climate regions

Questions
Identify the 3 maps using your textbook: Climate Regions (p64), Soil Regions (p69),
& Vegetation Regions (p73)
What Climate Region do we live in?
What Soil Region is in the Grasslands?
What is the smallest Vegetation Region in Canada?
Moncton is located in what Climate Region?
Iqaluit is located in what Soil Region?
Why is it hard to identify a specific type of vegetation or soil in the Cordilleran
Climate Region?
If you took all 3 maps and overlaid them. What patterns would you noticed? Explain
why.

Lets take up the responses!

Identify the 3 maps using your textbook: Climate Regions (p64), Soil Regions (p69),
& Vegetation Regions (p73)
What Climate Region do we live in?
What Soil Region is in the Grasslands?
What is the smallest Vegetation Region in Canada?
Moncton is located in what Climate Region?
Iqaluit is located in what Soil Region?
Why is it hard to identify a specific type of vegetation or soil in the Cordilleran
Climate Region?
If you took all 3 maps and overlaid them. What patterns would you noticed? Explain
why.

Canada’s Vegetation Memory Game

You will see a set of pictures that correlate with the 7 vegetation regions in
Canada. Try to remember them.

We will then take turns guessing a number that correlates to a picture or name of
the region. If you match them, you win!

Deciduous
Mountain
Mixed
Grassland
West Coast
Tundra
Boreal
Deciduous
Mountain
Grassland
West Coast
1
6
11
16
21
2
7
12
17
22
3
8
13
18
23
4
9
14
19
24
5
10
15
20
25

HOMEWORK
Review p. 67-69
Answer Q: 1-4, p 69

Review 72-77
Answer Q: 1, 4, 5ad, 6ad

---------------------------------------------------TIME
ZONES
WHAT TIME IS
IT?
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

1) HOW IS THE
DAY DIVIDED?
• There are 24 hours in a day • So, there are 24 time zones • The earth rotates
360 degrees each day
• 360/24= 15
• Each time zone covers about 15 degrees of longitude

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

2) SIR SANFORD
FLEMING (CANADIAN)
• Created the time zones to co
ordinate arrivals and
departures of trains
• Every location within the time
zone has the same time
• This is known as “standard
time”

3) TIME ZONES
• Started in 1884
• First zone passes through
the Prime Meridian (0
degrees) in Greenwich,
England
• This is called Greenwich
Mean Time (GMT)

4) BUT, NOT ALL

ZONES FOLLOW
STRAIGHT LINES
• Some countries have
modified their time zones to
follow their borders
• It also explains why some
events on television are given
more than one starting time
• 9pm eastern, 6 pm pacific

5) THE INTERNATIONAL
DATE LINE
• This follows 180 degrees
longitude (across the Pacific
Ocean)
• If you cross going east, you
lose a day
• Moving west, you add a day This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-
SA

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

6) DAYLIGHT SAVINGS
TIME (DST)
• We change the clocks twice a year
• This is due to loss or gain of natural
sunlight to cut down on the use of
electricity for lighting
• We begin DST in March, and end it in
November
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

TIME ZONES IN CANADA:

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

24 HOUR CLOCK:

ATLAS WORK (PAGE 148)

1) If it

---------------------------------------------------Topographic Mapping
CGC1

Learning Goals
Explain how contour lines describe relief and elevation (shape and height above sea
level)
Give examples of uses for topographic maps
Be able to calculate elevation changes
Be able to conceptualize a 2D map as a 3D model / an example of the real world

What is
What is Topography?
The study of the shape and features of land surfaces

Topographic Maps: takes a 3D surface of the earth and represents it as a 2D scaled

down version.

Q = What activities or sports would topographic maps be useful for?

What is a Topographic Map?

Shows elevation or relief of land using what’s called “Contour Lines”
Relief = the shape/profile
Elevation = height
Topographic Lines show changes in elevation
Hashed lines can be used to show a depression

Relief = Shape

Contour Lines
One contour line connects all areas of the earth's surface that are of the same
elevation/height above sea level
Sea level: represented by 0m
Usually contour lines can be in intervals of any amount, but often times are in
intervals of 20, 50 or 100 meters (meaning from one contour line to the next the
elevation changes by that many meters)

Rules of Contour Lines

Connect points of equal elevation
Never left open (always create a closed loop)
They never cross/intersect with one another
Spacing of Lines:
Lines with an even space between them create a slope that is uniform throughout (a
steady incline)
Lines spaced very close together represent a steep slope and widely spaced ones are
more gradual slopes
If the contour lines on a map begin far apart and then get closer together that
means the slope of the mountain is getting more steep

Which landscape would be represented with contour lines that are very close
together? Which would be far apart?

Topographic Maps = West-east Cross Section of the land

Elevation Profiles:
An elevation profile is a cross section of a topographic map.

This gives you a different perspective of the relief of a landform.

What will the rest of this profile look like?

note: we know that everything inside the line that says 40 is 40 ms and above. but
everything between the 40 and 50m lines are between 40-50meters. and everything
inside the circle that says 50m is 50 m and above.
what is the elevation here?

note: we know that everything inside the line that says 40 is 40 ms and above. but
everything between the 40 and 50m lines are between 40-50meters. and everything
inside the circle that says 50m is 50 m and above.
---------------------------------------------------Climate Edition (2)

Recap: Climate
In pairs:
Discuss the difference between climate and weather
What are the first three factors affecting climate? how do they affect climate?

What would the climate be like here?

can add more pics of what the place looks like close up

Describe the Climate

can add more pics of what the place looks like close up

how was desert formed: really long time ago it used to be very fertile and fast
shift in climate and everything turned really dry and then things couldnt grow.

6 Aspects of Climate
Latitude
Ocean currents
Wind & air masses
Elevation
Relief
Near water

https://haltondsb.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?
id=9ff0905e97334611a1b254e97895efc4

Where would the temp be coldest?

WWhy?

Elevation
Even though you're getting closer to the sun, mountain tops are colder than the
bottom.
When air rises, it expands due to lower air pressure.

W
Elevation
Air pressure: weight of the atmosphere pressing down on earth
Warmer air is more dense because it weighs more, but hot air rises. When it rises
it expands, loses heat, cools and condenses.

Elevation (Height)
When the air cools enough, it gets to a temperature where it becomes full of water
vapour, and when it gets too full it becomes condensation = rains
condensation: change from water vapour to liquid form
water vapour: water in air form; think of a cool mist humidifier
This explains why it is -40C outside when you are flying in a plane.

Relief
Relief: the shape of the surface of the land, which can determine how much rain an
area gets.
A mountain has 2 sides:
Windward: the side facing the wind (left in pic) → more rain & snow#Leeward: side
not facing the direct wind (right in pic) → less rain & snow

Relief
Air rising up Mountain: (has nowhere to go but up) so air expands, rises, pressure
decreases, so it cant hold heat = cools, condenses & rains
Air falling down mountain: pressure increases, air compacts, becomes denser, warmer
& dryer = less rain
already cooled and condensed = drier

**Near Water**
Proximity/closeness to water is one of the most important factors in determining
the climate of a region.
having said that, would you say that Vancouver and Calgary would have a similar
climate?

**Near Water**
2 types of climates:
Maritime Climate: Places close to and ocean:
mild winters & cool summers = less dramatic change
Continental Climate: Places far from ocean & inland
cold winters & hot summers = more dramatic change
**water holds onto heat longer than land and takes a long time to change
temperature
that's why continential climates flutuate more

What is the type of climate?

What is the type of climate?

These are both Mississauga!

What type of climate would Mississauga have then?

Great Lakes Influence

Area near Great Lakes is far enough from an ocean to be continental
But, Great lakes are some of the largest lakes in the world, they provide a partial
maritime influence
Thus, Mississauga (& surrounding area) is called a modified continental climate

they moderate temperature somewhat and provide moisture, but not when frozen, when
frozen they act as land

Summary
Cartwright is cold because of the maritime climate and the cold gulf stream
Cali current is cooler than the surrounding hot land (that's why it’s always
cooler/fresher by the water on the west coast compared to inland LA)
North Pacific stream is warmer compared to the land because its a maritime climate
not hot continental.

video: https://youtu.be/UuGrBhK2c7U

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