Data Communications and Networking: Manual Cheat

Mr. Jim Minalabag

Lesson 1: Data Comms Network Topology

➢ Bus Topology - Network users utilize the main cable
Communications - process in which information is exchanged to relay data information from one of the bus to the
between individuals through a common system of symbols, other.
signs or behavior; exchange of information.

Data Communication - process of exchanging data or

information in case of computer networks, exchange is done
between two devices over a transmission medium.

➢ Ring Topology - Send messages in a unified direction

Figure I. Diagram of the Components of Communication System

● Message - Information given by the Sender to the

Receiver.

● Sender - One who will initiate the communication.

● Medium - Devices used to communicate. ➢ Mesh Topology - Full-Mesh every device is

connected to every device within the network;
● Receiver - One who will receive the information from Partial-Mesh some computer systems aren’t hooked
the Sender. up to every other device.

● Protocol - Pathway

Types of Communication System

1. Simple Communication
- One-way type of communication (e.g TV)

2. Duplex Communication
● Half Duplex - Two-way not simultaneous (e.g. walkie
talkie)

● Full Duplex - Two-way simultaneous (e.g. ➢ Star Topology - Central hub or Switch exists as a sort
Smartphones) of middleman for data transmission. Each network
device enlist the central hub when requesting or
Full-duplex capable of both transmitting and receiving data at providing communication.
the same time; Half-duplex communication can only go in
one direction at a time,

Network types
1. Local Area Network (LAN) - Limited to a
Small/Private area.

2. Wide Area Network (WAN) - Geographical range of

Network

3. Metropolitan Area Network (WAN) - City range of ➢ Tree Topology - Computers are connected like the
Network. tree branches; Combination of Bus and Star Topology.
Data Communications and Networking: Manual Cheat
Mr. Jim Minalabag

- This layer deals with the electromagnetic

representation of bits of data and their transmission.
Defines physical data rates, maximum transmission
distances, physical connectors and other attributes.
This layer is the only layer implemented solely in
hardware.

Layer 2: Data Link Layer (Read Frames)

- It defines how the data is formatted for transmission
and controlled access to physical media. This layer
typically includes error detection and correction to
➢ Hybrid Topology - uses two or more or a mix of
help ensure reliable data delivery.
different network topologies.

- The data link layer uses a physical address, also called

a MAC address to identify the hosts in the local
network.

Layer 3: Network Layer (Packets)

- It provides connectivity and path selection beyond
the local segment, all the way from the source to the
destination.

- The network layer provides logical addressing to

manage connectivity and identify the sender and
Lesson 2: OSI Layers & TCP/IP Protocol recipient.
OSI Model (Open System Interconnection)
- Provides a framework for creating and implementing - Logical addressing helps ensure that a host has a
networking standards and devices. Describes how unique address and can be uniquely identified in
network applications on different computers can terms of network communication. Routing
communicate through the network media. Protocols: Static & Dynamic

Layer 4: Transport Layer (Segments)

- It defines the segmenting and reassembling of data,
the flow control and the mechanisms for a reliable
transport if required.

- The transport services can be reliable or unreliable

which depends on the application requirements. For
instance the file transfer may be reliable to guarantee
that the file arrives intact and whole. On the other
hand, a missing pixel when watching a video might
be unnoticed. UDP: User Datagram Protocol
(Connectionless) TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
(Connection-Oriented)
Figure I: 7 Layers of OSI

TCP/IP Protocol (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Layer 5: Session Layer

Protocol) - It establishes, manages and terminates sessions
- Specifies how data is exchanged over the internet by between two communicating hosts to allow them to
providing end-to-end communications that identify exchange data over a prolonged period of time.
how it should be broken into packets, addressed,
transmitted, routed and received at the destination. Layer 6: Presentation Layer
- It establishes, manages and terminates sessions
FTP - File Transfer Protocol between two communicating hosts to allow them to
Decapsulation - Start on Physical exchange data over a prolonged period of time.
Encapsulation - Start on Application
Layer 7: Application Layer
Layer 1: Physical Layer (Read Bits) - The OSI layer that is closest to the user. It provides
- It defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and services to user applications that want to use the
functional specifications for activating, maintaining, network.
and deactivating the physical link between devices.
Data Communications and Networking: Manual Cheat
Mr. Jim Minalabag

- An example of a user application is a web browser. It ● UDP

does not reside at the application layer but uses ● ARP for IPv4 and NDP for IPv6
protocols that operate at the application layer. ○ ARP - Address ResolutionProtocol
○ NDP - Neighbor Discovery Protocol
● DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol

Types of Ethernet Cables

1. Coaxial Cable
- A coaxial cable has an inner conductor that runs
down the middle of the cable. The conductor is
surrounded by a layer of insulation which is then
surrounded by another conducting shield, which
makes this type of cabling resistant to outside
interference.
Figure III: Diagram of OSI & TCP/IP
- This type of cabling comes in two types – thinnet and
thicknet. Both types have a maximum transmission
Local Area Networks (LAN) speed of 10 Mbps. Coaxial cabling was previously used
- A network of endpoints and other components that in computer networks, but today are largely replaced
are located relatively close together in a limited area. by twisted pair cabling.

LAN Components
1. Hosts: include any device that can send and receive
data on the LAN and sometimes called endpoints.
2. Interconnections: allow the data to travel from one
point to another in the network. It includes the
following components.
a. Network Interface Cards (NICs). translate
the data that is produced by the device into
a frame format that can be transmitted over
the LAN. NICs connect a device to the LAN
over the Network Media.

b. Network Media. In traditional LANs, it was Figure IV: Coaxial Cable

primarily composed of copper and fiber
cables. Modern LANs generally include 2. Twisted-pair Copper
wireless LAN (WLAN). - A twisted-pair cable has four pairs of wires. These
wires are twisted around each other to reduce
3. Network Devices: responsible for the data delivery crosstalk and outside interference. This type of
between hosts. Here are some examples: cabling is common in current LANs.
a. Ethernet Switches. It operates at Layer 2 of
the OSI model and provides intelligent - Twisted-pair cabling can be used for telephone and
distribution of frames within the LAN. network cabling. It comes in two versions, UTP
(Unshielded Twisted-Pair) and STP (Shielded
b. Routers. Routers, sometimes called Twisted-Pair). The difference between these two is
gateways, provide a means to connect LAN that an STP cable has an additional layer of insulation
segments and provide connectivity to the that protects data from outside interferences.
internet. Routers operate at layer 3 of the OSI
model.

c. APs. It provides wireless connectivity to LAN

devices. APs operate at layer 2 of the OSI
model.

4. Protocols. rules that govern how the data are

transmitted between the components of a network.
Commonly used LAN protocols:
● IEEE 802.3
● IP
● TCP Figure V: UTP Categories
Data Communications and Networking: Manual Cheat
Mr. Jim Minalabag

Figure IX: IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Standards

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Standards

● 10Base-T. Up to 10 Mbps with Cat3 UTP wiring.
● 100Base-TX. Commonly known as FastEthernet. Uses
Cat5 UTP wiring.
● 100Base-FX. A version of FastEthernet that uses MMF
and is up to 400m long.
● 1000Base-T. Known as GigabitEthernet. Uses Cat5
Figure VI: Straight-through UTP cable
and Cat5e UTP wiring.
● 1000Base-SX. GigabitEthernet running over a
multi-mode fiber optic cable.
● 1000Base-LX. GigabitEthernet running over a
single-mode fiber optic cable.

Ethernet Ports
● Serial Interface. Used for data transfer at the rate of 2
Mbps.
● FastEthernet (FE). This enables data transfer at the
rate of 100 Mbps. It comes with a FOC or twisted-pair
cable.
● GigabitEthernet (GE). This is the latest port that
transfers data at a speed of 1000 Mbps using either
twisted-pair cable or FOC.
● XGigabitEthernet or 10GbE. Same with GE ports but
with a data transfer rate of 10 Gbps.
Figure VII: CrossoverUTP cable
Two types of Fiber Optic Cables
● Single Mode Fiber (SMF) - Uses only a single ray of
light to carry the data and is used in larger distances
of transmission.

● Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF) - Uses multiple rays of light

to carry the data and is used in shorter distances of
transmission. It is also less expensive than
single-mode fibers.

Figure VIII: Cross & Straight Cables

Ethernet LAN Connection

The names of the standards specify the transmission speed,
the type of signaling, and the type of cabling. As an example,
the standard name 1000BASE-T denotes the following:

● 1000 - Specifies the transmission speed of 1000

Megabits per second (Mbps)

● BASE - Refers to baseband signaling (which means

only Ethernet signals are carried on the medium)

● T - Represents twisted pair cabling. Figure X: Fiber Optic Cables