24.2 POWER PLANT Power plant is a machine or assemblage of equipments that delivers a flow of electrical energy. Proticy 4, Different types of power plants are s e © & & ee a Steam or Thermal power plant Hydroelectric or Hydel power plant Nuclear power plant Diesel power plant Gas turbine power plant Solar power plant Wind power plant Tidal power plant The * plants are discussed in detail. ‘Sean wih Canseannet,ys STEAM POWER PLANE ¢ryyp principle a = Steam is used as Working RMAL, pe WER PLANT ) Suid @ — Heat energy is coliver ted in nO me electric power mechanical energy which is used for eneration Heat energy > Mechani s Steam is produced in the turbine which is coupled wit Tay Electric power oiler and is used to drive the steam th a generator. Device Energy conversion Boiler Fuel > Heat energy Turbine Heat energy —> Mechanical energy Generator Mechanical energy > Electrical energy | ©. (| Coupling Generator Fig. 24.1 Principle of Steam Power Plant |) Layout of steam power plant The layout of the steam power plant is shown in fig.24.2. 4,9) ) It consists of four main circuits a) Coal and ash circuit b) Air and fluegas circuit ) c) Feed water and steam circuit © neha d) Cooling water circuit : ocd 9) Coal and Ash circuit Coal from the storage is fed to the boiler furnace through coal handling “quipment. Coal is used as the fuel and burnt in the boiler for the generation ‘Of steam. Ash produced due to the combustion of coal is removed to the ash age through the ash handling equipment an ‘Sean wih Canseannet,b) Air and Fluegas circuit h Air is taken in from is heated by the heat of fly HAses . . ! | supplied to the furnace of the baleen me | After combustion, the fh s Ue Bases pass around the boil boiler tubes, then through ‘heater before be: he fe flue gases is thus used effectively. exhausted ©) Feed water and steam circuit a dust collector or precipitator, eco) | to the atmosphere. The heat of the fine at, am! Pre The steam generated in the to the steam turbine to develop the is condensed in the condenser. boiler passes through super-heater and is fed | Power. The steam carried out of the turbine The condensate leaving the condenset T is heated i the steam taken from different points of the turbine tte estima heated by passing through the economizer. Then the feed water with = ffici heat is fed to the boiler. nia d) Cooling water circuit Water is required for condensing the steam in the condenser. Water may be taken from various sources such as river or lake, if adequate supply of water is available throughout the year. S If the availability of water is less, the steam from the turbine is condensed in the condenser and again fed to the boiler for further use by using suitable cooling tower arrangement. Advantages ~The power plant cai and hence the transmission cost and It can respond to rapidly changing load. Less space is required. Initial cost is low compared to hyde! plant. Generation of power is continuous. n be located conveniently near the load center transmission losses are reduced. ges Transportation and handling of fuel is Long time required for erection. ) Maintenance and operating cost are high. Efficiency of the plant is less. aioe plant. Power generation cost is high when ae a major difficulty. ‘Sean wih Canseannet“ 5.4 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER PLANTS — — Power plants can be mainly c Steam power plant Nuclear power plant Gas turbine power plant Diesel power plant Hydro power plant. 5.5 STEAM POWER PLANT (THERMAL POWER PLANT) wUbRYUNe The steam power plant is usually known as thermal power plant. When the power is generat! by using coal, oil or gas, the power plant is known as thermal power plant. When the co! used as fuel and steam is used as working fluid, the power plant popularly known as st power plant. ‘Sean wih Canseannet,ing Principle Super Heated Merten Enewy__! poser Swom | team | eneegy Flectric al fmven m (Heat Turtsine “| Generate Enoray) Energy) Pig. Sd Principle of Steam Power Plant 1. Chemical energy contained in fossil fuel (coal, oil and gas) is converted inte heat energy by burning of fuel in the boiler furnace The water contained in the boiler pressure steam, 3. The high pressure steam expands through turbine blades and develops mechanical energy 4. The rotation of turbine is coupled with generator which in turn generates electrical energy v absorbs the heat energy and converted inte high Layout of Steam Pow. Eayont of Steam Power The working of a modern c of the various ni -fired thermal power plant can be studied casily with the help cuits, such as, 1. Fuel (coal) and ash circuit 2. Air and flue gas circuit 3. Feed water and steam flow circuit and 4. Cooling water flow circuit. Fig.5.2 shows the layout of a steam power plant combined with all the four circuits mentioned below. 1. Fuel and Ash Circuit This circuit includes coal delivery, preparation, coal handling to boiler furnace, ash handling and ash storage. The fuel (coal) is usually transported in the rail wagons from coal mines to Plant site. At the plant site, the rail wagons are mechanically unloaded and the coal is taken € coal crusher by means of belt conveyers. The size of the coal is reduced to about 12 then carried to boiler raw coal bunkers. From the coal bunker, the coal is taken to the Of hot air stream. (Fig. 5.3) \ct of coal combustion in the furnace, along with flue gases. About 22% of the bottom ash hopper of the boiler and is periodically removed mechanically. The ash is carried by the flue gases. It is separated in ash precipitators and is oved and further disposed off in accordance with ash disposal arrangement. ‘Sean wih Canseannet,» FigS.2 Layout of Steam Power Plant ‘Sean wih Canseannet,Coal Coal pelive'Y Unloading Coal Proparation Ash Storage i) and Ash Circuit Fig. 5.3 Fuel (coa ),Air and Flue Gas Circuit nt fan F.D.Fan, air preheater boiler, furnace. superbeater, in is taken from the d draught fan [.D.Fan and chimney. A hrough ait preheater to boiler furnace: The and passed t air pre-heater. This pre-heated air improves the ‘The burning of fuel with air produces hot gases This circuit includes forced draug! economizer, dust collector, induce tinosphere by a forced draught fai air is preheated by the flue gases 1 the combustion efficiency of fuel in the furnace: flue gases. (Fig. 5.4) 1.0. fan SS Fue — pre-heated Flue Gas Circult ler furnace» by the combustion of fuel, evaporates water in nverting water into steam, the flue gases flow upwards cheat the steam), economizer (to Pre heat the uired for combustion In the to supe a | g the alt req! ators or dust collectors the flue gases air Fig. 54400 and juced in the boil ‘Sean wih Canseannet,3, Water and Steam Cireuit iperheater, turbine, ‘This circuit consists of feed pump, economizer, baller drum, ae The chemically treated water from water treatment plant flowing through the ‘ia the the boiler furmace gets evaporated into steam by absorption of heat. The steam rl heated inthe superheater. The dry. high pressine, high temperature steam is then fog steam turbine. There, the steam is expanded and thermal energy of steam is conven mechanical energy of the turbine shaft, which is wilized to rotate yenerator and py? electric energy. After doing the useful work in the steam turbine, the exhaust steam ff WS ine WS itty the condenser where it is condensed to water. (Fig, 5.5) Steam S.H. steam Superheator Fig. 5.5 Water and Steam Circuit ‘The condensate leaving the condenser is first heated in low pressure heater (L.P.H) by stea™ taken from the low pressure extraction point of the turbine .Then the feed water pumped !0 the High Pressure Heater (H.P.H) and feed water heated by steam taken from the high pressure extraction point of the turbine. Then the feed water passed through the economize" the feed water is further heated up by the hot flue gases leaving the boiler. From the economize, feed water enters the boiler drum to generate steam, ‘Sean wih Canseannet,cooling Water i circuit inelu¢ is PuMp, condense 2 passe: 1, c00) urine PASSes through condenser, wl ling tower ote , Atte vere it heme i 1 the expansion, the steaen in 0 water. The he at extracted b ation of Nd na net Old water in the ca ‘circulating water is then take eh ce ssi urces like river on wer cireulating throug al PREP RSH seat . . droplets throu; moling tower ANA FEMOVES the heat from wah tin The mmonpheric sit enters the enaust Condensed ‘8. 5.6) eam water Cold water basin Fig. 5.6 Cooling Water Circuit Advantages of Steam Power Plant 1. Steam power plants can be located conveniently near the load centers. 2. A portion of steam generated can be used as process steam in different industries such as textile industry and paper indus The unit capacity of thermal power plant is more. Life of the plant is more. vant Responds to changing loads without difficulty, Repair and riaintetsen cost is low compared with diesel power plant. Unskilled operators can operate the plant. ; Since they can be located near Joad centers there is of Steam Power Plant ries. ion losses. ot much transmi 219 ‘Sean wih Canseannet,