Mathematics Formulas

On the HSC Reference Sheet

Year 11 Advanced PAGE

Algebra and Equations 2
Functions and Logarithms 3-4
Calculus 5
Probability and Statistics 6
Trigonometry and Trigonometric Functions 7

Year 12 Advanced PAGE

Calculus 11
Integral Calculus 12
Statistics and Probability 12-13
Functions 14
Trigonometry 14
Series 15
Finance 15

Written by Helen Spencer 2023 Page | 1

Mathematics Advanced – Year 11
Year 11 Advanced – Algebra and Equations
Rounding Index Laws Surds
Don’t round until your final answer.
𝑥a × 𝑥b = 𝑥a+b 𝑥√𝑎 × 𝑦√𝑏 = 𝑥𝑦√𝑎𝑏
Scientific Notation 𝑥a ÷ 𝑥b = 𝑥a–b
Number has to be between 0 and 10. √𝑥 × √𝑥 = √𝑥2 = 𝑥
(𝑥a)b = 𝑥ab (𝑎𝑏)x
A single integer, decimal point, then as √𝑥 𝑥
many significant figures as you require. = 𝑎x 𝑏x √𝑥 ÷ √𝑦 = =√
√𝑦 𝑦
𝑎 x 𝑎x
Significant Figures ( ) = x
𝑏 𝑏 Rationalise the Denominator
“Numbers that would be kept in
scientific notation”. Digits that either Aim: no surds as denominators
express a value (1~9) or for place value
Indices 𝑎 √ 𝑥 𝑎√𝑥
or accuracy (for example, the ‘0’ in 207, × =
or the ‘0’ in 5.00 cm. 𝑥0 = 1 √𝑥 √𝑥 𝑥
1 If you have more than one term as a
Inequations (<, >) 𝑥–n = n
𝑥 denominator use the conjugate (change the
Change the sign if you multiply or divide a b
by a negative, or when finding the 𝑥b = 𝑥a +/- sign):
√
reciprocal.
Eg: if −𝑎𝑥 ≥ 𝑏, then 𝑥 ≤
b 𝑎 √𝑥 − √𝑦 𝑎(√𝑥 − √𝑦)
–a × =
√𝑥 + √𝑦 √𝑥 − √𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
Calculator
Check Degrees mode or Radians “Binomial” – Two brackets Absolute Value
Mode. “Quadratic” – Highest power is |𝑥| = |−𝑥| = 𝑥
When squaring a negative, use
𝑥2 |𝑥𝑦| = |𝑥| × |𝑦|
brackets! (−𝑥)2
“Monic” – Only one 𝑥2
|𝑥|2 = 𝑥2
|𝑥 − 𝑦| = |𝑦 − 𝑥|
|𝑥 + 𝑦| ≤ |𝑥| + |𝑦|
Expanding Special Names Recurring Decimals
𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 Difference of two squares Let 𝑥 = [𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙]
Binomial Products (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑎𝑥 = [𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 × 𝑎] where a is the
(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥 Perfect Squares number of recurring digits
+ 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 = [𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑖𝑡]
Factorising = 𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 [𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔]
𝑥=
Common Factor 9
Simplify if necessary (put in calculator)
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑎 + 𝑏)
Grouping in Pairs Eg:

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 = 0.454545 …

= 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑏(𝑥 + 𝑦) 100𝑥 = 45.4545 …

= (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑥 + 𝑦) 99𝑥 = 45
45 5
𝑥= =
99 11

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 Year 11 Advanced - Functions and Logarithms
Is it a function – Vertical Line Test. Intercepts Domain
If I can draw a vertical line anywhere Where the graph crosses the What 𝑥 values does the graph cover (or
and it passes through the graph axis. not cover)
more than once, it’s not a function. 𝑥-intercept where it corsses Think: am I likely to divide by zero, have
‘one-to-one’ – Horizontal Line Test. the 𝑥-axis. When 𝑦 = 0. a negative surd, or are there any other

Linear – Straight line 𝑦-intercept when 𝑥 = 0. values 𝑥 cannot be in this

Nonlinear – Curved graph/equation.

Parallel Gradient Range

Same Gradient: 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 Slope, steepness, rate of What 𝑦 values does the graph cover.

Perpendicular change. Think: When I substitute a value for 𝑥

1 in, can I get a positive answer?
Meets at 90°: 𝑚 = − 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
2 m1 𝑚= =
𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 Negative? Zero? Anything I can’t get?
𝑚 = tan 𝜃 Notation
Even Functions Equation of a Line [𝑎, 𝑏] means 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥) Gradient Intercept Form (𝑎, 𝑏) means 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏
Symmetrical about 𝑦-axis 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 [𝑎, 𝑏) means 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏
Odd Functions Point-Gradient Form (−∞, ∞) means ‘all real numbers’ ℝ
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1)
180° Rotational symmetry about the General Form
origin 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

Absolute Value Graphs Cubic Hyperbolas

𝑦 = |𝑥| 𝑦 = 𝑥3 1
𝑦= ,𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑦 = ±𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑛)3 + 𝑝 𝑥
𝑚
𝑦=± + 𝑝 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 ≠ 𝑛
𝑥−𝑛
Direct Variation
Proportionality constant 𝑘
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥
Circles and Semi-circles Polynomials
Circle: Not a function 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎n𝑥n + 𝑎n–1𝑥n–1 + 𝑎n–2𝑥n–2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑎0
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2 Has ‘degree’ 𝑛 (highest power)
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟2 𝑎n𝑥n is the ‘leading term’
Semi-circle: function 𝑎n is the ‘leading coefficient’

𝑦 = √𝑟2 − 𝑥2 above the x-axis 𝑎0 is the ‘constant term’ (no variable)

If 𝑎n = 1 then 𝑃(𝑥) is called a ‘monic polynomial’ (‘mono’= 1)
𝑦 = −√𝑟2 − 𝑥2 below the x-axis

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Simultaneous Equations Parabolas Quadratics
Elimination Method (Equation is a quadratic, graph is a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 … ① parabola) Solving Quadratics

2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −6 … ② 𝑦 = 𝑥2 Using inverse operations (√ )

𝑦 = ±𝑚(𝑥 + 𝑛)2 + 𝑝 𝑥2 − 5 = 0
②× −2
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 𝑥 = ±√5
4𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −12
Using Factorising
Axis of Symmetry
①− ②× 2 3𝑥 𝑥2 + 4𝑥 = 0
𝑏
𝑥=− 𝑥(𝑥 + 4) = 0
+ 2𝑦 = 5 2𝑎
−4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12 (Is midpoint of both x-axis) 𝑥 = 0, −4

7𝑥 = −7 Using Monic Factorising

∴ 𝑥 = −1 Discriminant 𝑥2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 (𝑥
∆= 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) = 0
Substitute 𝑥 = −1 into ② How many ‘roots’ (x-intercepts) are 𝑥 = −2, −3
2(−1) − 𝑦 = −6 there? Using non-monic factoring (PSF)
𝑦=4 2𝑥2 + 13𝑥 + 15 = 0
∆< 0 no real roots
∆= 0 one root (intercept) P: 2 × 15 = 30
∴ 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 4
∆> 0 two real roots (intercepts) S: 13
F: 3 and 10
Substitution Method Exponentials
2𝑥2 + 13𝑥 + 15 = 0
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 … ① 𝑦 = 𝑎x
2𝑥2 + 3𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 15 = 0
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −6 … ② 𝑦= ±𝑎±x–b +𝑐
𝑥(2𝑥 + 3) + 5(2𝑥 + 3) = 0 (2𝑥
+ 3)(𝑥 + 5) = 0
𝑒 = 2.71828
②: 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −6 3
Logarithms 𝑥 = − , −5 2
𝑦 = 6 + 2𝑥
Using Quadratic Formula
Substitute 𝑦 = 6 + 2𝑥 into ① 𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑎x, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔a 𝑦

①: 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 3𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔a(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔a 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔a 𝑦
+ 2(6 + 2𝑥) = 5 𝑥 −𝑏 ±the
Complete
2−4 𝑎𝑐
√𝑏Square
𝑙𝑜𝑔a ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔a 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔a 𝑦 𝑥= 2𝑎
7𝑥 + 12 = 5 𝑦
𝑥2 ± 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏2 = (𝑥 ± 𝑏)2
𝑥 = −1 𝑙𝑜𝑔a(𝑥)n = 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔a 𝑥
Substitute 𝑥 = −1 into ② 𝑙𝑜𝑔b 𝑥 𝑎2 + 6𝑎 = 𝑎2 + 6𝑎 + 9 − 9
𝑙𝑜𝑔a(𝑥) =
𝑙𝑜𝑔b 𝑎 = (𝑎 + 3)2 − 9
2(−1) − 𝑦 = −6
𝑦=4 𝑙𝑜𝑔a 𝑎 = 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔a 1 = 0
∴ 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 4
𝑙𝑜𝑔a 𝑎x = 𝑎loga x = 𝑥
Intersections 𝑎x = 𝑒xlna
Find where two graphs intersect,
solve simultaneously.

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 Year 11 Advanced - Calculus
First Principals Function Tangent
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) or 𝑦 The line touching a curve at
𝑓'(𝑥) = lim
h→0 ℎ Coordinates, Displacement, Intercepts one point. Has the same
First Derivative gradient as the function at
Rate of Change dy
𝑓'(𝑥) or 𝑦' or that point.
dx
Average rate of change is the Equation: Find gradient at
Gradient, Velocity, Stationary Points
difference in change over two point by differentiating
Second Derivative
Q2–Q1
points (𝑚 = ) d2y function, and substituting x
t2–t1 𝑓''(𝑥) or 𝑦'' or
dx2
Instantaneous rate of change is value. Then use
Concavity, Acceleration, Points of Inflection
the rate at that specific point of 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1)

time (first derivative). Normal

Perpendicular to Tangent.
Differentiation of Exponentials Chain Rule
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 Equation: Same as tangent
(𝑒x) = 𝑒x = ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 but with added step that
𝑑 𝑑 𝑚 =−
1
(𝑒ax) = 𝑎𝑒ax [𝑓(𝑥)]n = 𝑛𝑓'(𝑥)[𝑓(𝑥)]n–1 2 m1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 Product Rule
𝑒f(x) = 𝑓'(𝑥)𝑒f(x)
𝑑𝑥 If 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 then 𝑦' = 𝑢'𝑣 + 𝑣'𝑢
Quotient Rule
u vu ′–uv′
If 𝑦 = then 𝑦' = v
v2

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 Year 11 Advanced – Probability and Statistics
Outcome: Result of experiment Numerical Data: Number answers
Sample Space: List of all outcomes Discrete: Counted data
Event: Set of outcomes Continuous: Measured data
Relative Frequency: How often did it happen in an Categorical Data: Word Answers
experiment Ordinal: Has a natural ranking
Theoretical Probability: How often do we expect it Nominal: Not ordinal
to happen Discrete Probability Distribution: The probability for each
Complement: 𝑃(𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑥) = 𝑃(𝑥) value of a discrete random variable
Given: A limited subset of outcomes. Each value must be mutually exclusive
Probability of A given B = 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) The sum of all probabilities must be 1
For each value, 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝑥) ≤ 1
Notation Measures of Centre and Spread
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 Sum of each value
𝑃(𝑥) = Mean: ‘average’ = = 𝜇 or 𝑥
number of values
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
Mode: Most common value
Set Notation
Median: Middle value
{a, b, c} is the sample space
Range: Highest value – Lowest Value
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 is ‘union’ and means A or B
Interquartile Range (IQR): 𝑄3 − 𝑄1
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 is ‘intersection’ and means both A and B
Outlier: 𝑄1 − (1.5 × 𝐼𝑄𝑅) or 𝑄3 + (1.5 × 𝐼𝑄𝑅)
Theoretical Probability

𝑃(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑥) Expected Value: 𝐸(𝑥) = 𝜇 = ∑ 𝑥𝑃(𝑥)

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) =
𝑃(𝐵)

Venn Diagram: Variance: 𝜎2 = 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2𝑃(𝑥) = ∑[(𝑋 − 𝜇)2]

Standard Deviation: 𝜎 = √𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋)

Tree Diagram Use Calculator to find:
Product rule along the branches Mode > STAT > 1-VAR
Addition rule for different branches <enter data>
Each branch is an outcome 𝐴𝐶
Probability of each outcome is written on the Shift + 1 (STAT menu)
branch Var > 𝜎𝑥
= (must press equal button!)

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 Year 11 Advanced – Trigonometry and Trigonometric Functions
Right-angled Triangles Angle of Elevation: From horizontal up sin 𝜃 = cos(90 − 𝜃)
opp
Sine: sin 𝜃 = Angle of Depression: From horizontal down cos 𝜃 = sin(90 − 𝜃)
hyp
adj Compass Bearing: Measured from North/South line
Cosine: cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 = cosec(90 − 𝜃)
hyp
(𝑁58°𝐸)
Tangent: tan 𝜃 =
opp cosec 𝜃 = sec (90 − 𝜃)
adj True Bearings: Measured clockwise from north
sin 𝜃 using 3 digits (058°) tan 𝜃 = cot (90 − 𝜃)
tan 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
cot 𝜃 = tan (90 − 𝜃)
1
Cosine: cosec 𝜃 = Non-Right-angled Triangles cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1
sinθ
a b c
1 Sine Rule: = = 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec2 𝜃
Secant: sec 𝜃 = sin A sin B sin C
cosθ
1 + cot2 𝜃 = cosec2 𝜃
1 Cosine Rule: 𝑐2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏cos𝐶
Cotangent: cot 𝜃 =
tanθ
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 𝑐2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐶 =
2𝑎𝑏
1
Area Rule: 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏sin𝐶
2

Length of an arc
𝑙 = 𝑟𝜃
Where 𝑟 = radius and 𝜃 is in radians
Area of a sector
1
𝐴= 𝑟2𝜃
2
Radians: 𝜋 radians = 180°
π
Convert to radians: × 𝑥°
180
180
Convert to degrees: ×𝑥
π

Check radians mode on calculator!

Shift + Mode (Setup) > Rad
If top of screen has 𝐷 then degrees mode.
If top of screen has 𝑅 then radians mode.

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Written by Helen Spencer 2023 Page | 10
Mathematics Advanced – Year 12
Year 12 Advanced - Calculus
First Principals Function Tangent
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) or 𝑦 The line touching a curve at one
𝑓'(𝑥) = lim
h→0 ℎ Point Coordinates, Displacement, Intercepts point. Has the same gradient as
At 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 the graph has 𝑥-intercepts the function at that point.
Rate of Change
At 𝑓(0) the graph has 𝑦-intercepts Equation: Find gradient at point
Average rate of change is the First Derivative by differentiating function, and
difference in change over two 𝑓'(𝑥) or 𝑦' or
dy
substituting x value. Then use
Q2–Q1 dx
points (𝑚 = )
t2–t1 Gradient, Velocity, Stationary Points 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1)
Instantaneous rate of change If 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 the graph is increasing (positive)
Normal

is the rate at that specific If 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 the graph has a stationary point Perpendicular to Tangent.

point of time (first derivative). If 𝑓(𝑥) < 0 the graph is decreasing (negative) Equation: Same as tangent but
Second Derivative 1
with added step that 𝑚 = −
2 m1
d2 y
𝑓''(𝑥) or 𝑦'' or
Differentiation - Exponentials dx2 Chain Rule
𝑑 Concavity, Acceleration, Points of Inflection 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
(𝑒x) = 𝑒x = ×
𝑑𝑥 If 𝑓''(𝑥) > 0 then graph is concave up (min) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 If 𝑓''(𝑥) = 0 the graph has a point of inflection 𝑑
𝑒f(x) = 𝑓'(𝑥)𝑒f(x) [𝑓(𝑥)]n = 𝑛𝑓'(𝑥)[𝑓(𝑥)]n–1
𝑑𝑥 If 𝑓'(𝑥)=0, then specifically horizontal POI 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 Product Rule
𝑎x = ln(𝑎) 𝑎x If 𝑓''(𝑥) < 0 the graph is concave down (max)
𝑑𝑥 If 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 then 𝑦' = 𝑢'𝑣 + 𝑣'𝑢
Quotient Rule
u vu′–uv′
If 𝑦 = then 𝑦' =
v v2

Differentiation - Logarithms Differentiation - Trigonometric Functions Curve Sketching

𝑑 1 𝑑 • Intercepts (𝑦 = 0)
ln(𝑥) = sin 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓'(𝑥) cos 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 • Stationary Points (𝑦' = 0)
𝑑 𝑑
cos 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑓'(𝑥) sin 𝑓(𝑥) • Points of Inflection 𝑦'' = 0)
𝑓'(𝑥 𝑑𝑥
) 𝑑 • Domain and Range
𝑑 𝑓'(𝑥) tan 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓'(𝑥) sec2 𝑓(𝑥)
loga 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)ln(𝑎 • Asymptotes or limits
)
• Symmetry (odd/even)
If stuck:
• Try a table of values

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 Year 12 Advanced - Integral Calculus
Approximate Area: Trapezoidal Rule Exact Area under a curve
ℎ Area between curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and the
𝐴≈ [𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓𝑥1 + 𝑓(𝑥2) + ⋯ + 𝑓(𝑥n–1))]
2 𝑥-axis between 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is:
b–a
Where ℎ = , 𝑎 = 𝑥 and 𝑏 = 𝑥
2 0 n b
𝐴 = ƒ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
Integration Integration of exponentials a

𝑥n+1 1
ƒ 𝑥n 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 ƒ 𝑒ax+b 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒ax+b + 𝐶 Area between curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and the
𝑛+1 𝑎
[𝑓(𝑥)]n+1 𝑎f(x) 𝑦-axis between 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is:
ƒ 𝑓'(𝑥)[𝑓(𝑥)]n 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 ƒ 𝑓'(𝑥)𝑎f(x) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑛+1 ln (𝑎) b
𝐴 = |ƒ 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 |
𝑓'(𝑥) a
ƒ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
Integration of trigonometric functions Odd and Even Functions
If 𝑓(𝑥) is odd, then:
ƒ 𝑓'(𝑥) cos 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑓(𝑥)) + 𝐶
a
f–a 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
ƒ 𝑓'(𝑥) sin 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶
If 𝑓(𝑥) is even, then:
ƒ 𝑓'(𝑥) sec2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶 a a
f–a 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 f–a 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Year 12 Advanced – Statistics (and Probability)

Types of Data Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Spread
sum of all values
Mean = ‘average’ = = 𝑥¯ Range = Max – Min
Categorical Data (words): number of values
Population standard deviation (𝜎)
Mode = ‘most common’ = highest freq
• Nominal (no order)
Sample standard deviation (𝑠)
Median = ‘middle’
• Ordinal (natural order) Variance = 𝑠2

Numerical Data (numbers) Interquartile Range Distribution

Negative Skew
• Discrete (counted)

• Continuous (measured) Each quartile is 25% of the data. Positive skew

𝐼𝑄𝑅 = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1
Outliers Symmetrical
Below 𝑄1 − 1.5 × 𝐼𝑄𝑅 or Above
𝑄3 + 1.5 × 𝐼𝑄𝑅 Normal: 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
Bimodal: two modes

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Bivariate Data Normal Distribution
Mean = Mode = Median
Independent variable on 𝑥 axis
• 68% of scores: −1 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1
Interpolation: within the range of the original data
• 95% of scores: −2 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2
Extrapolation: prediction beyond the range of the data. • 99.7% of scores: −3 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 3
Scatter Plot descriptions

• Positive or negative

• Linear or non-linear

• Strong, Moderate, Weak

• Outliers 𝑋~𝑁(𝜇, 𝜎2)

Means:
Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient (𝒓). 𝑋: is a variable,
Determiens the strength of a scatter plot. 𝑁: in a Normal distribution
𝜇: with mean 𝜇
On Casio, use the A+BX Stats mode, where: 𝜎: and standard deviation 𝜎
A is the y-intercept, B is the gradient, and 𝑟 is the
pearsons correleation coefficient. In a normal distrubtion, the 𝑧-score is the number of
• −1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1 standard deviations a value is above the mean (if the 𝑧-
• 𝑟 = 0 means no correlation score is negative, that means the score is below the
mean).
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎

Probability Density Function We find probabilities for a range of values Cumulative distribution function
(PDF) 𝑃(𝑎 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 𝑏) (CDF)
x
∞ Note that: 𝐹(𝑥) = fa 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 where 𝑦 =
ƒ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 1
–∞ 𝑃(𝑎 < 𝑋 < 𝑏) = 𝑃(𝑎 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 𝑏) 𝑓(𝑥) over domain [𝑎, 𝑏]
The area under a curve for a
probability density function b
𝑃(𝑎 < 𝑋 < 𝑏) = ƒ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 By defining the CDF, you don’t
must be 1. The sum of all the a
have to do the integration every
probabilities is 1.
x time you want to find 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝑥).
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝑥) = f 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 where 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
a

‘Uniform’ = every outcome has is a PDF in domain [𝑎, 𝑏].

the same probability.

Mode = Maximum of a PDF
x
𝑋 = outcome Median when fa 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0.5

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 Year 12 Advanced - Functions
Transformations of Functions
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑓(𝑎[𝑥 + 𝑏]) + 𝑐
Where
• 𝑘 = vertical dilation (stretch along 𝑦-axis) with a scale factor of 𝑘
o If 𝑘 is negative, reflect in the 𝑥-axis (flip up/down)
• 𝑎 = horizontal dilation (stretch along 𝑥-axis) with a scale factor of 𝑎
o If a is negative, reflect in the 𝑦-axis (flip left/right)
• 𝑏 = horizontal translation (slide to the left when 𝑏 is positive)
• 𝑐 = vertical translation (slide up when 𝑐 is positive)

Domain and Range Regions

Horizontal transformations affect the domain. If the inequality does not include the line, use a dotted
Vertical transformations affect the range. line when graphing to indicate the boundary.

Year 12 Advanced - Trigonometry

Transformations of Trig Graphs
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎[𝑥 + 𝑏]) + 𝑐
Where:
• 𝑘 = amplitude (think: minimum and maximum values (max = 𝑘 when 𝑐 = 0)). No amplitude for tangent.
2π π
• 𝑎 = period of for sine and cosine, for tangent.
a a

think: ‘how many repetitions over the graphs original domain’ (𝑎 times).
• 𝑏 = phase (think: move left/right movement like other non-linear graphs (+𝑏 moves to the left))
• 𝑐 = centre (think: move up/down like other non-linear graphs (+𝑐 moves up))

Order of Transformations Tips:

• Horizontal before vertical • Don’t forget to make sure your calculator is in radians.
• Dilation before translation • Don’t forget about the unit circle when solving algebraically
𝑎→𝑏→𝑘→𝑐 • Revise domain and range notation

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 Year 12 Advanced - Series
Arithmetic Series Geometric Series Sigma Notation
Where the terms are forms by Where the terms are forms by 12

Σ 5𝑛 + 1 = 21 + 26 + 31 + 36
adding a constant difference. multiplying by a constant. n=4
Eg: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, … Eg: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, … = 114
Reads as ‘the sum of 5𝑛 + 1 from
when 𝑛 = 4 to 𝑛 = 12’.

𝑇n = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 𝑇n = 𝑎𝑟n − 1 Limiting Sum

𝑛 𝑎(𝑟n − 1) ∞
𝑆n = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] 𝑆n = 𝑎
2 𝑟−1 Σ 𝑎𝑟n–1 = 𝑆∞ =
𝑛 1−𝑟
a(1–r n) n=1
𝑆n = (𝑎 + 𝑙)
2 𝑆 = , where 𝑟 is a
n Where |𝑟| < 1
Where: 1–r
fraction (−1 < 𝑟 < 1) Where:
𝑎 = first term
𝑎 = first term
𝑛 = term number is the series
𝑛 = term number is the series
𝑑 = difference between each term
𝑟 = ratio between each term
𝑙 =last term
𝑆n = Sum of all the term up to the
𝑆n = Sum of all the term up to the
𝑛th term
𝑛th term
𝑇n = value of the 𝑛th term
𝑇n = value of the 𝑛th term

Year 12 Advanced - Finance

Compound Interest Annuities Effective Annual Interest Rate
Are a Geometric Series with the ratio 1. Use the compound interest
𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟)n
being ‘1 + interest rate’. formula for 1 year with $1.
Where:
• Set up at least 3 terms as the 2. Find how much the $1 will
𝐴 = Amount (future value) pattern. grow.

𝑃 = Principal (starting value) o Simplify fully each 3. Subtract the original $1.
time! Amount left is your new effective
𝑟 = interest rate (as decimal)
• Generalise the pattern interest rate.
𝑛 = number of terms Reducing Balance Loans
• Use the formula generated.
Note: also 𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃𝑉(1 + 𝑟)n Find sum of geometric series Set up the geometric series and
factorise ‘M’ (monthly repayment) until
you can solve for M using the sum of a
geometric series.

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Written by Helen Spencer 2023 Page | 16