Indian History 2 Note : (i) Pratitya samutapada is also known as Hetuvada (theory of cause-effect)and Kshanabhangza Vaca (theory of momentariness/ mpermanence). (ii) Desire is root cause of sorrow. (iii) The ultimate peace and bli death. (iv) Ashtangika Marga (Eight fold path) are : right observation, right determination, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right exercise, right memory and right meditation. (v) Madhya Marga/Madhyama Pratipada (the middle path)—Man should avoid both extremes, i.e. a life of comforts and luxury, and a life of severe asceticism. im of life is to attain nirvana, the eternal state of ; which means liberation from the cycle of birth and Triratnai.e. Three Jwels of Buddhism 1. Buddha (the enlightened) 2. Dharma (doctrine) 3. Sangha (commune) Buddhist C. Year Venue Chairman Patron —Resullt Ast Buddhist 483 BC Saptaparni Mahakassapa Ajatashatru Compilation of Council Cave, (Harayanka Sutta-Pitaka and Rajgriha Dynasty) Vinaya Pitaka by Ananda and Upali respectively 2nd Buddhist 383 BC Chullavanga Sabbakami — Kalashoka (i) The monks of Council Vaishali (Shisunaga Vaishali wanted Dynasty) some change in rites. (ii) Schism into Sthavira- vadins and Mahasanghikas. 3rd Buddhist 250 BC Ashokarama Mogaliputta Ashoka —_ (i) Compilation Council Vihar, Tissa (Maurya — of Abhidhamma Patliputra Dynasty) —Pitaka (ii) Decision to send missionaries to various parts of the world 4th Buddhist 98AD Kundala Chairman- Kanishka _(i)Compilationof Council Vana, Vasumitra (Kushana Mahavibha sha Kashmir Vice Dynasty) — shastra (Sanskrti chairman- comment on Ashvaghosa ‘Tripitaka) (ii) thedivisionof Buddhists into Hinayanistsand Mahayanists