MEXE 405 - BASIC WORKSHOP AND MACHINING

HAND &
MACHINE
TOOLS
ENGR. CHARLES FINNY PLATA
MECHATRONICS ENGINNERING
HAND TOOLS ARE NON-POWERED INSTRUMENTS
USED FOR CONSTRUCTION. UNLIKE POWER
TOOLS, THEY ARE NOT DRIVEN BY ELECTRICAL,
FUEL, OR PNEUMATIC (AIR) POWER. THEY ARE
DRIVEN BY MUSCLE AND CONTROLLED BY THE
HAND. PROPER USE OF THESE TOOLS WILL HELP
PREVENT ACCIDENTS.
HAND TOOL PREPARATION
1. MAKE SURE TOOL HANDLES ARE NOT SPLIT AND ARE
TIGHTLY FASTENED. MANY INJURIES OCCUR WHEN THE
HANDLES OF TOOLS COME OFF (HAMMER HEAD FLIES OFF,
FILE TANG PUNCTURES, SAW HANDLE SEPARATES).
2.TO PREVENT SLIPPING, MAKE SURE YOUR HANDS ARE DRY
AND NOT OILY WHEN USING TOOLS.
3.PUT TOOLS BACK IN THEIR PROPER PLACE. DO NOT LEAVE
HAND TOOLS IN THE WORK AREA OR STICKING OUT FROM
WORKBENCHES. OTHERWISE, STUDENTS MAY BE INJURED
BY BRUSHING AGAINST THE TEETH OR SHARP EDGES.
HAND TOOL SELECTION
1. USE THE PROPER SIZE SCREWDRIVER TO FIT THE SCREW.
IMPROPERLY SIZED TOOLS SLIP OUT OF THE SCREW AND
MAY PUNCTURE YOU OR YOUR MATERIAL.
2.ONLY USE A TOOL FOR WHAT IT IS MADE FOR. WRENCHES
ARE NOT FOR HAMMERING, CHISELS ARE NOT FOR PRYING,
SCREWDRIVERS ARE NOT FOR CHISELING, FILES ARE NOT
FOR HITTING OR PRYING, AND SO ON.
HAND TOOL USE
1. MOST ACCIDENTS WITH HAND TOOLS WILL BE TO THE NON-
DOMINANT HAND (THE HAND NOT HOLDING THE TOOL), SO
BE AWARE OF HAND POSITIONING.
⚬ SCREWDRIVERS: NEVER HOLD WORK IN THE PALM OF
YOUR HAND WHILE USING A SCREWDRIVER. AS A
RESULT OF DOING SO YOU MAY SLIP OFF AND INFLICT A
PUNCTURE WOUND. IF THE WORK IS UNSTABLE, SECURE
IT IN A VISE, CLAMP, OR WORKBENCH.
HAND TOOL USE
1. MOST ACCIDENTS WITH HAND TOOLS WILL BE TO THE NON-DOMINANT
HAND (THE HAND NOT HOLDING THE TOOL), SO BE AWARE OF HAND
POSITIONING.
⚬ CHISELS: KEEP YOUR HANDS CLEAR OF THE BLADE. THE WOOD
SHOULD BE SECURE ENOUGH FOR YOU TO NOT HAVE TO HOLD IT.
USE A CLAMP OR VICE IF NECESSARY. CHISELS REQUIRE TWO HANDS
TO USE SAFELY (EVEN IF ONE HAND IS STRIKING WITH A MALLET).
⚬ CHISELS: CHISEL STROKES SHOULD ALWAYS GO AWAY FROM THE
BODY. PLACE YOUR DOMINANT HAND ON THE HANDLE. WITH THE
OTHER HAND GUIDE/STABILIZE THE BLADE. HOLD THE TOOL FIRMLY
TO PREVENT SLIPPING.
HAND TOOL USE
1. MOST ACCIDENTS WITH HAND TOOLS WILL BE TO THE NON-DOMINANT
HAND (THE HAND NOT HOLDING THE TOOL), SO BE AWARE OF HAND
POSITIONING.
⚬ HAND SAWS: START A HAND SAW CUT WITH THE DOMINANT HAND ON
THE SAW HANDLE AND POSITION THE SAW BLADE AGAINST THE THUMB
ONTO THE MARK. STEADILY DRAW THE BLADE BACKWARDS. WHEN THE
TEETH BITE, PUSH THE SAW DOWNWARD (OR UPSTROKE DEPENDING
ON THE BLADE) TO COMPLETE THE FIRST CUT. THEN, RELEASE
PRESSURE, PULL BACKWARD, AND PUSH DOWNWARD AGAIN FOR THE
NEXT CUT. CONTINUE THIS PROCESS UNTIL THE WOOD IS COMPLETELY
CUT.
⚬ HAND PLANERS: WORK IS TO BE SECURELY FASTENED IN A CLAMP OR
VICE BEFORE PLANNING. ALWAYS PLANE AWAY FROM YOU AND NEVER
PUT YOUR NON-DOMINANT HAND ON THE WORK BEING PLANED.
HAND TOOL USE
2. WHEN POUNDING OR CUTTING, BE SURE THAT THE CHIPS FLY AWAY
FROM YOU AND OTHERS.
3. NEVER THROW TOOLS TO OR AT OTHER STUDENTS.
4. NEVER HAMMER ON A VISE OR VISE JAWS.
5. WHEN HANDLING SHARP TOOLS, ALWAYS POINT THE SHARP END
DOWN. DO NOT CARRY SHARP TOOLS IN YOUR POCKET, DO NOT LET
SHARP TOOLS HANG OF THE WORKBENCH, AND WHEN HANDING A
SHARP TOOL TO SOMEONE ELSE ALWAYS GIVE THEM THE HANDLE
FIRST. WHEN CUTTING WITH A SHARP TOOL, CUT AWAY FROM YOUR
BODY.
6. WHEN USING CLAMPS OR VISES MAKE SURE THEY ARE TIGHT BEFORE
STARTING WORK ON A PROJECT.
 HAMME
CHISE Head R
L Neck
Handle

Striking
Elemen
t

Blade
Handle
 HAND SAW
Heel
Handle

Back

To
e

Teet
Fron h
t

Kerf = width of
teeth
 ADJUSTABLE
WRENCH
ALLEN
WRENC
H

MONKEY
WRENC
INTRODUCTION TO H
MACHINING
MACHINING
 INDUSTRIAL CUTTER

CUTTER

LONG
NOSE

INTRODUCTION TO
MACHINING
MACHINING
MACHINE TOOLS
THEY ARE ALL SUCH MACHINES THAT POSSESS THE
FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS:
1. MACHINE TOOLS MUST BE POWER DRIVEN (HUMAN
OPERATED MACHINES ARE NOT MACHINE TOOLS).
2.MACHINE TOOLS MUST BE NON-PORTABLE (PORTABILITY IS
IRRESPECTIVE OF SIZE). SO MACHINE TOOLS ARE ALWAYS
FIRMLY INSTALLED WITH THE GROUND.
3.MACHINE TOOLS MUST HAVE SUFFICIENT VALUE (VALUE IN
TERMS OF CAPABILITY AND PERFORMANCE, NOT ON THE
BASIS OF COST).
MACHINE TOOLS
4. MACHINE TOOLS SHOULD BE ABLE TO PERFORM ONE OR
MORE THAN ONE TYPE OF MACHINING OR METAL CUTTING
OPERATIONS (EXAMPLES OF MACHINING OPERATION INCLUDE
STRAIGHT TURNING, TAPER TURNING, INTERNAL TURNING,
THREADING, FACING, DRILLING, BORING, REAMING, TAPPING,
MILLING, SHAPING, PLANING, SLOTTING, BROACHING,
HOBBING, GRINDING, ETC.).
5. MACHINE TOOLS SHOULD UTILIZE A CUTTING TOOL TO
SHEAR OFF EXCESS MATERIALS FROM WORKPIECE IN THE
FORM OF CHIPS.
MACHINE TOOLS
HENCE, ALL MACHINE TOOLS ARE BASICALLY MACHINES, BUT NOT VICE VERSA.
EXAMPLES FOR MACHINE TOOL INCLUDE LATHE, MILLING, SHAPING, ETC. IT IS
WORTH MENTIONING THAT USAGE OF THE PHRASE MACHINE TOOL IS CONFINED
TO THE METAL CUTTING FIELD ONLY

UNIVERSAL LATE HAND

MACHINE DRILL
MACHINE TOOLS
A MACHINE TOOL IS AN AUTOMATIC OR SEMIAUTOMATIC
POWER DRIVEN MACHINE THAT CUTS, SHAPES, OR FINISHES
METAL OR OTHER MATERIALS: MACHINE TOOLS ARE USED IN
MAKING MACHINES OR MACHINE PARTS.
FUNCTIONS OF A MACHINE TOOL
• IT TRANSMITS POWER FROM THE PRIME MOVER (SUCH AS
ELECTRIC MOTOR) TO THE REQUIRED LOCATION AS AND WHEN
NECESSARY FOR CUTTING OR MACHINING ACTION.
• IT PROVIDES NECESSARY MOTIONS TO ACCOMPLISH CUTTING
ACTION. SUCH MOTIONS INCLUDE, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
CUTTING VELOCITY, FEED MOTION, DEPTH OF CUT, ETC.
• IT ALSO MANIPULATES POWER AND MOTION, INCLUDING
TRANSFORMATION OF ONE TYPE OF MOTION TO ANOTHER
TYPE (SUCH AS ROTATION TO TRANSLATION OR OSCILLATION),
REDUCTION OR INCREASE OF SPEED, CHANGING THE
DIRECTION OF ROTATION, ETC.
FUNCTIONS OF A MACHINE TOOL
• IT SUPPORTS AND HOLDS WORKPIECE AND OTHER NECESSARY
DEVICES, SUCH AS CUTTING TOOL, COOLANT PIPELINE, ETC.
• IT ALSO TRANSMITS CUTTING FORCE AND VIBRATION TO THE
GROUND.
• USUALLY, IT PROVIDES A BETTER CUTTING FLUID DISCHARGE
FACILITY.
• FINALLY, IT PROVIDES AN ERGONOMIC PLATFORM FOR HUMAN
WORKERS TO CARRY OUT MACHINING.
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS
1. ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE OF AUTOMATION
⚬ NON-AUTOMATIC – E.G., CENTER LATHES, DRILLING
MACHINES ETC.
⚬ SEMI-AUTOMATIC – E.G., CAPSTAN LATHE, TURRET
LATHE, HOBBING MACHINE ETC.
⚬ AUTOMATIC – E.G., SINGLE SPINDLE AUTOMATIC LATHE,
SWISS TYPE AUTOMATIC LATHE, CNC MILLING
MACHINE ETC
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS
2. ACCORDING TO THE SIZE/WEIGHT
⚬ HEAVY DUTY – E.G., HEAVY-DUTY LATHES (E.G. ≥ 55 KW),
BORING MILLS, PLANER MACHINE, HORIZONTAL
BORING MACHINE ETC.
⚬ MEDIUM DUTY – E.G., LATHES – 3.7 ~ 11 KW, COLUMN
DRILLING MACHINES, MILLING MACHINES ETC.
⚬ SMALL DUTY – E.G., TABLE TOP LATHES, DRILLING
MACHINES, MILLING MACHINES.
⚬ MICRO DUTY – E.G., MICRO-DRILLING MACHINE ETC.
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS
3. ACCORDING TO PURPOSE OF USE / DEGREE OF
SPECIALIZATION
⚬ GENERAL PURPOSE – E.G. CENTER LATHES, MILLING
MACHINES, DRILLING MACHINES ETC.
⚬ SINGLE PURPOSE – E.G. FACING LATHE, ROLL TURNING
LATHE ETC.
⚬ SPECIAL PURPOSE – FOR MASS PRODUCTION.
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS
4. DEFINED CUTTING EDGE (CUTTING)
⚬ MAIN MOTION: TRANSLATION
￭ BROACHING MACHINE
￭ BAND SAW AND HACKSAW
￭ PLANER AND SHAPER
￭ SLOTTING MACHINE
⚬ MAIN MOTION: TRANSLATION
￭ TURNING: ENGINE UNIVERSAL LATHE, VERTICAL LATHE (VERTICAL BORING
MILL), DRUM TURRET LATHE, MULTI-SPINDLE LATHE
￭ MILLING: UNIVERSAL KNEE MILLING MACHINE AND VERTICAL MILLING
MACHINE
￭ BORING: HORIZONTAL BORING MACHINE
￭ DRILLING: BENCH DRILL, DRILL PRESS (UPRIGHT DRILL PRESS), RADIAL
DRILL PRESS,
￭ MULTI-SPINDLE DRILL, DRUM TURRET DRILL, DEEP DRILLING MACHINE
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS
5. UNDEFINED CUTTING EDGE (ABRASIVE)
⚬ GRINDING
⚬ CYLINDRICAL GRINDER: EXTERNAL, INTERNAL
⚬ SURFACE GRINDER: ROTATING, RECIPROCATING, CREEP
GRINDING
⚬ POINT GRINDER: CENTRELESS GRINDER, TOOL GRINDER
⚬ HONING: SHORT STROKE, LONG STROKE
⚬ LAPPING: SINGLE SIDE, DOUBLE SIDE
⚬ TRUE FRICTION SAWING MACHINES (DISK AND BAND)
⚬ ABRASIVE DISK SAWING MACHINES
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS
6. ACCORDING TO THE DIRECTION OF MAJOR AXIS
(MACHINING CENTRE)
• HORIZONTAL - HORIZONTAL CENTER LATHE,
HORIZONTAL BORING MACHINE ETC.
• VERTICAL – VERTICAL LATHE, VERTICAL AXIS MILLING
MACHINE ETC.
• INCLINED – SPECIAL ( E.G. FOR TRANSFER MACHINES).
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS
7. TURNING CENTER
• MACHINE DERIVED FROM A LATHE WITH
CAPABILITY OF TURNING AND MILLING,
INCLUDING: MOTORIZED TOOLS IN A DRUM
TURRET OR/ AND A MILLING HEADSTOCK
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS
8. NON-CONVENTIONAL (EROSION)
• ELECTRO-DISCHARGE MACHINING: WIRE
(WEDM), SINKING (SEDM)
• ELECTRO-CHEMICAL MACHINING (ECM)
• ELECTRON-BEAM MACHINING (EBM)
• ULTRASONIC MACHINING (USM)
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS
9. LASER
• THIS NEW TOOL CAN BE USED
FOR CUTTING METAL SHEETS,
WELDING, MATERIAL
DEPOSITION AND MATERIAL
ABLATION.
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS
10. MULTI-TASK MACHINE
• MACHINE THAT COMBINES
TWO MACHINING PROCESSES:
⚬ MILLING AND TURNING
⚬ TURNING AND GRINDING
⚬ MILLING AND GRINDING
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS
11. HYBRID MACHINE
• MACHINE COMBINING A
MACHINING PROCESS AND
OTHER MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES
INTRODUCTION TO
MACHINING
MACHINING