PROBLEMS 35

c. Preference between digital or analog watch 19. For the following set of scores, find the value of each
d. Number of correct answers on a statistics quiz expression:
a. X
14. Four scales of measurement were introduced in this X
b. X2
chapter: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
c. (X  1) 4
a. What additional information is obtained from
d. (X  1)2 6
measurements on an ordinal scale compared to
measurements on a nominal scale? 0
b. What additional information is obtained from 3
measurements on an interval scale compared to 2
measurements on an ordinal scale?
c. What additional information is obtained from 20. For the following set of scores, find the value of each
measurements on a ratio scale compared to expression:
measurements on an interval scale? a. X
X
b. X2
15. In an experiment examining the effects of humor on
c. (X  4) 4
memory, Schmidt (1994) showed participants a list of
sentences, half of which were humorous and half were 2
nonhumorous. The participants consistently recalled 0
more of the humorous sentences than the 1
nonhumorous sentences. 1
a. Identify the independent variable for this study.
b. What scale of measurement is used for the 21. Two scores, X and Y, are recorded for each of n  4
independent variable? subjects. For these scores, find the value of each
c. Identify the dependent variable for this study. expression.
d. What scale of measurement is used for the a. X
dependent variable? Subject X Y
b. Y
16. Explain why shyness is a hypothetical construct instead c. XY A 6 4
of a concrete variable. Describe how shyness might be B 0 10
measured and defined using an operational definition. C 3 8
D 2 3
17. Ford and Torok (2008) found that motivational signs
were effective in increasing physical activity on a
college campus. Signs such as “Step up to a healthier 22. Use summation notation to express each of the
lifestyle” and “An average person burns 10 calories a following calculations:
minute walking up the stairs” were posted by the a. Add 1 point to each score, then add the resulting
elevators and stairs in a college building. Students and values.
faculty increased their use of the stairs during times b. Add 1 point to each score and square the result,
that the signs were posted compared to times when then add the squared values.
there were no signs. c. Add the scores and square the sum, then subtract
a. Identify the independent and dependent variables 3 points from the squared value.
for this study.
b. What scale of measurement is used for the 23. For the following set of scores, find the value of each
independent variable? expression:
a. X2
X
18. For the following scores, find the value of each b. (X)2
expression: c. (X  2) 1
a. X d. (X  2)2 0
X
b. X2 5
2
c. (X) 4 2
d. (X  1) 2
1
5