POLYNOMIALS

POLYNOMIAL

f(x) = an xn + an–1 xn–1 +…..+ a1 x1 + a0 is called a polynomial in variable x

Where:
x=variable
a=real numbers(a0 , a1 , a2 ,….. be constants (real numbers)
n=whole numbers

Based on Degree Polynomial Based on Zeroes of a Polynomial

of Polynomial Number of Terms Algebraic Identities

Name of the Form of the (i) (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab For a polynomial, there could be some values of
Degree Monomial Binomial Trinomial (ii) (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab the variable for which the
polynomial polynomial
(iii) (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2 polynomial will be zero. These values are called
Zero When all the One Term Two Term Three Term (iv) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca zeros of a polynomial.
Cannot
polynomial coefficients (v) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
defined
are equal to Eg: x, 3y, 29, Eg: x2 + x, Eg: x2 + 2x, (vi) (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
zero x/2 x3 - 2x, y + 2 + 20 (vii) a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2 )
f(x) = 0. We (viii) a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2 )
can write it
(ix) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c)
as:
. f(x) = 0x0 (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca) Integral Root
. f(x) = 0x1
. f(x) = 0x2
(x) a3+ b3 + c3 –3abc = 1 (a + b + c) Theorem
2
{(a - b) + (b - c) + (c - a)2}
2 2

0
Constant f(x) = a, a is Rational Root (ix) If a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
if f(x) is a polynomial with integral coefficients
polynomial a constant and the
Theorem landing coefficient is 1, then any integer root of
Linear f(x) = ax + b,
1 f(x) is a factor of the constant term
polynomial a≠0 b
Let be a rational fraction in lowest terms. If Ex: f(x) = x3 +2x2 – 11x – 12 has in integer root,
c then it is one of the factors of 12
Quadratic f(x) = ax2 +
2 b
polynomial bx + c,a ≠ 0
c
is a root of the polynomial f(x) = anxn + Finding Zero or Root which are + 1, + 2, + 3, + 4, + 6, + 12. In fact 3 is a
root of f(x), because f(3) = 0.
Cubic f(x) = ax3 + an–1xn–1 +….+a1x + a0 , an ≠ 0 with integral of Polynomial
3 bx2 + cx + d, coefficients, then b is a factor of constant term
polynomial
a≠0 a0 and c is a factor of the leading coefficient an. Finding a zero or root of a polynomial f(x)
Biquadratic f(x) = ax4 + b means solving the polynomial,
4 If is a rational root of the polynomial.
polynomial bx3 + cx2 + dx c equation f(x) = 0.
+ e, a ≠ 0 Ex: f(x) = 6x3 + 5x2 –3x –2, then the values of b
are limited to the factors of –2 which are +1, + 2; Factor Theorem
and the value of c are limited to the factors of 6,
which are + 1, + 2,+ 3, + 6. Hence, the possible
1 1 1 2 Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree greater than
rational roots of f(x) are + 1, + 2, + ,+ ,+ ,+ or equal to one and a be real number such that
2 3 6 3
f(a) = 0, then (x – a) is a factor of f(x).
Division Algorithm In fact, -1 is a root of f(x).
Remainder Theorem Conversely, if (x – a) is a factor of f(x), then
f(a) = 0

If f(x) Is divided by g(x) where g(x) = 0; then f(x) Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree greater than
can be written as f(x) = g(x) q(x) + r(x) where or equal to one and a be any real number. If f(x)
r(x) is the remainder and is divisible by (x – a), then the remainder is
degree of r(x) < degree of g(x) equal to f(a)