Modern Periodic Table

Introduction:

1.Around 30 elements were known in the early nineteenth century and were classified as
metals, nonmetals, and metalloids based on their physical sed on thei properties.

2.The elements were classified according to their atomic mass in Dobereiner's triads and
Newland's octaves.

Mendeleev's periodic law:

Mendeleev's periodic law states that "The physical and chemical properties of elements are
periodic function of their atomic masses".

Mendeleev classified the elements using the atomic mass and their properties.
The periodic table was based on 'Mendeleev's periodic law.'

Salient features of Mendeleev's periodic table:

1.Mendeleev arranged the elements (known at the time) in increasing atomic mass order.
2.The atomic number was the serial or ordinal number of an element in this order.
3.The periodic table is divided into vertical columns known as groups and horizontal rows
(now called as periods.)
4.Properties in a period changed gradually from left to right, while elements with similar
properties were grouped together.
5.He left some gaps corresponding to certain atomic numbers in the periodic table to
maintain periodicity of the properties.
6.Newly discovered elements fitted into the gaps with their properties as predicted by the
Mendeleev's periodic law.
7.Inert gases, discovered in later years could be accommodated in this periodic table by
creating an additional group.
8.The elements belonging to the same group have similar electronic configuration of the
valence shell. These valence electrons are involved during a chemical reaction. Hence, they
have similar chemical properties

Henry Moseley's work (1913):

Henry Moseley's work on X-ray spectroscopic studies of many elements showed that the
characteristic frequency of X-ray emitted by an element was related to atomic number, Z, of
the element and not the atomic mass. Thus, atomic number was considered to be the
fundamental property of atom which modified Mendeleev's periodic law. This is called
Modern periodic law.

Modern periodic law:

It states that "The physical and chemical properties of elements are a periodic function of
their atomic numbers."

Structure of the Modern Periodic Table :

Long form of periodic table or The modern periodic table:

Periodic table based upon the principle that the physical and chemical properties of the
elements are the periodic functions of their atomic numbers is called Long form of the
periodic table or extended form of periodic table or modern periodic table.

Skeletal Diagram of Long form of the periodic table :