ADVANCED DBMS

PRACTICAL FILE

(Paper Code: ETCS-457)

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

DR. AKHILESH DAS GUPTA INSTITUTE OF
PROFESSIONAL STUDIES

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mr. Naved Ahmed Saksham Goyal

(Assistant Professor) 03796202720
F-14
Group B
 INDEX

S.No Experiment Name Date Teacher’s Signature

1. To implement the DDL commands in RDBMS

2. To implement the DML commands in RDBMS

3. To implement the DCL commands in RDBMS

4. To implement the Relational Algebra operations in

RDBMS

5. To implement aggregate functions in RDBMS

6. To implement the Nested Queries in RDBMS

7. To implement the View in RDBMS

8. To create PL/SQL programs to implement various

types of control structure

9. To study and execute the procedure and functions in

PL/SQL

10. To study and execute triggers in RDBMS

EXP-1

Data Definition Language (DDL) Commands In RDBMS

AIM:-
To implement the DDL commands in RDBMS.

SYNTAX AND DEFINITION:-

DDL commands:
1. Command: CREATE TABLE
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
Column_name [ owner_name ] table_name
);

2. Command: ALTER TABLE

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE[ owner_name ] table_name
[ADD column_name datatype attributes]
[MODIFY{column_name datatype | column_constraint}]

3. Command: TRUNCATE TABLE

Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE table name;

4. Command: DROP TABLE

Syntax:
DROP TABLE table name;

QUERIES:-
1. CREATE table HARSH73
(
name CHAR(20),
regn NUMBER(10),
dob DATE,
class CHAR(10)
);
DESC HARSH73;

2. ALTER table HARSH73

MODIFY class CHAR(5);

3. TRUNCATE table HARSH73;

4. DROP table HARSH73;

OUTPUT:-
EXP-2

Data Manipulation Language (DML) in RDBMS

AIM:-
To implement the DML commands in RDBMS.

SYNTAX AND DEFINITION:-

DML commands:
1. Command: SELECT
Syntax:
SELECT[ALL | DISTINCT] select list
FROM table_name1[,…table_nameN]
[JOIN join_condition]
[WHERE search_condition]

2. Command: INSERT
Syntax:
INSERT INTO[[database_name]owner]{table_name|view_name}
[(column_list)]{[DEFAULT]VALUES|VALUES(value[…])|SELECT
Statement}

3. Command: UPDATE
Syntax:
UPDATE table_name
SET column_name=expression[,…n]
WHERE search_condition

4. Command: DELETE
Syntax:
DELETE[FROM] table_name WHERE search_condition]

QUERIES:-
DML queries:
1. INSERT INTO HARSH73 VALUES('HARSH',1031030073,'16 FEBRUARY 1992’,’CSE B’);

INSERT INTO HARSH73 VALUES('&name',&regn,'&dob','&class');

2. SELECT * FROM HARSH73;

SELECT name FROM HARSH73;

3. UPDATE HARSH73
SET class = 'CSE B'
WHERE name = ‘JATIN’;

4. DELETE FROM HARSH73

WHERE name = ‘AKASH’;
OUTPUT:-
DML output:
EXP-3

Data Control Language (DCL) Commands in RDBMS

AIM:-
To implement the DCL commands in RDBMS.

SYNTAX AND DEFINITION:-

DCL commands:
1. Command: GRANT
Syntax:
GRANT permissions ON objects TO account
2. Command: REVOKE
Syntax:
REVOKE permissions ON object FROM account

DCL queries:
1. GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON HARSH73 TO sys;

2. REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON HARSH73 FROM sys;

DCL output:
EXP-4

Relational Algebra

AIM:-
To implement the Relational Algebra operations in RDBMS.

SYNTAX AND DEFINITION:-

Relational Algebra:
A query language is a language in which user requests information from the database. It can be categorized as
either procedural or nonprocedural. In a procedural language the user instructs the system to do a sequence of operations
on database to compute the desired result. In nonprocedural language the user describes the desired information without
giving a specific procedure for obtaining that information.
The relational algebra is a procedural query language. It consists of a set of operations that take one or two relations as
input and produces a new relation as output.

Fundamental Operations:
• SELECT
• UNION
• UNION ALL
• MINUS
Union, set difference, Cartesian product and rename operations are binary operations as they operate on pairs of relations.

Other Operations:
• INTERSECT
• NATURAL JOIN
• EQUIJOIN
• OUTER JOIN
1. Command: UNION COMMAND
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2 from t1
UNION
SELECT column1, column2 from t2;

2. Command: UNION ALL

Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2 from t1
UNION ALL
SELECT column1, column2 from t2;

3. Command: INTERSECT
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2 from t1
INTERSECT
SELECT column1, column2 from t2;

4. Command: MINUS
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2 from t1
 MINUS
SELECT column1, column2 from t2;

5. Operation: EQUIJOIN
Syntax:
SELECT t1.column, t2.column FROM t1,t2
WHERE t1.column=t2.column;

6. Operation: LEFT OUTER JOIN

Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2 FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2
ON t1.column1=t2.column1;
(or)
SELECT t1.column1, t2.column2 FROM t1,t2
WHERE t1.column1=t2.column1(+);

7. Operation: RIGHT OUTER JOIN

Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2 FROM t1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN t2
ON t1. column1=t2.column1;
(or)
SELECT t1.column1, t2.column2 FROM t1,t2
WHERE t1.column1(+)=t2.column1;

8. Operation: FULL OUTER JOIN

Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2 FROM t1 FULL OUTER JOIN t2
ON t1.column1=t2.column1;
(or)
SELECT t1.column1, t2.column2 FROM t1,t2
WHERE t1.column1=t2.column1(+)
UNION
SELECT t1.column, t2.column FROM t1,t2
WHERE t1.column1(+)=t2.column1;

QUERIES:-

SELECT * FROM HARSH73;

SELECT * FROM ;

1. SELECT NAME,REGNO FROM HARSH73

UNION
SELECT NAME,REGNO FROM HARSH273;

2. SELECT NAME,REGNO FROM HARSH73

UNION ALL
SELECT NAME,REGNO FROM HARSH273;

3. SELECT NAME FROM HARSH73

INTERSECT
SELECT NAME FROM HARSH273;
4. SELECT NAME FROM HARSH73
MINUS
SELECT NAME FROM HARSH273;

5. SELECT * FROM HARSH73,HARSH273

WHERE HARSH73.REGNO=HARSH273.REGNO;

6. SELECT * FROM HARSH73,HARSH273

WHERE HARSH73.REGNO=HARSH273.REGNO(+);

7. SELECT * FROM HARSH73,HARSH273

WHERE HARSH73.REGNO(+)=HARSH273.REGNO;

8. SELECT * FROM HARSH73,HARSH273

WHERE HARSH73.REGNO=HARSH273.REGNO(+)
UNION
SELECT * FROM HARSH73,HARSH273
WHERE HARSH73.REGNO(+)=HARSH273.REGNO;

OUTPUT:-
EXP-5

Functions

AIM:-
To implement aggregate functions in RDBMS.

SYNTAX AND DEFINITION:-

1. Function: AVG()
Syntax:
SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name;

2. Function: COUNT()
Syntax:
SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name;
(or)
SELECT COUNT(distinct column_name) FROM table_name;

3. Function: FIRST()
Syntax:
SELECT FIRST(column_name) FROM table_name;

4. Function: LAST()
Syntax:
SELECT LAST(column_name) FROM table_name;

5. Function: MAX()
Syntax:
SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;

6. Function: MIN()
Syntax:
SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;

7. Function: SUM()

Syntax:
SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name;

QUERIES:-
1. SELECT AVG(REGN) FROM HARSH73;

2. SELECT COUNT(NAME) FROM HARSH73;

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT CLASS) FROM HARSH73;

 3. SELECT FIRST(NAME) FROM HARSH73;

4. SELECT LAST(DATE) FROM HARSH73;

5. SELECT MAX(REGN) FROM HARSH73;

6. SELECT MIN(REGN) FROM HARSH73;

OUTPUT:-
EXP-6

Nested Queries

AIM:-
To implement the Nested Queries in RDBMS.

SYNTAX AND DEFINITION:-

Subquery or Inner query or Nested query is a query in a query. A subquery is usually
added in the WHERE Clause of the sql statement. Most of the time, a subquery is used when you know how to search for
a value using a SELECT statement, but do not know the exact value.
Subqueries are an alternate way of returning data from multiple tables.
Subqueries can be used with the following sql statements along with the comparison operators like =, <, >, >=, <= etc.
• SELECT
• INSERT
• UPDATE
• DELETE

1. Subqueries with the INSERT statement:

Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name [(column1 [,column2])]
SELECT [*|column1 [,column2]]
FROM table1 [,table2]
[WHERE VALUE OPERATOR];

2. Subqueries with the SELECT statement:

Syntax:
SELECT column_name [,column_name]
FROM table1 [,table2]
WHERE column_name OPERATOR
( SELECT column_name [,column_name]
FROM table1 [,table2]
[WHERE condition]
);

3. Subqueries with the UPDATE statement:

Syntax:
UPDATE table_name1
SET column_name=new_value
[WHERE OPERATOR [VALUE]
( SELECT column_name FROM table_name2
[WHERE condition]
)];

4. Subqueries with the DELETE statement:

Syntax:
DELETE FROM table1
[WHERE OPERATOR [VALUE]
( SELECT column_name FROM table2
[WHERE condition]
)];
QUERIES:-
SELECT * FROM HARSH73;
SELECT * FROM HARSH273;

1. INSERT INTO HARSH273 (name,regn)

SELECT name,regn FROM HARSH73
WHERE name=’MOHIT’;

SELECT * FROM HARSH273;

2. SELECT * FROM HARSH73

WHERE regn IN
( SELECT regn FROM HARSH273 WHERE regn>1031031060 );

3. UPDATE HARSH273
SET regn=regn+5
WHERE name
IN ( SELECT name FROM HARSH73);

SELECT * FROM HARSH273;

4. DELETE FROM HARSH273

WHERE regn
IN ( SELECT regn FROM HARSH73 WHERE regn<1031030099 );

SELECT * FROM HARSH273;

OUTPUT:-
Exp-7

View

AIM:-
To implement the View in RDBMS.

Implement View
It is not desirable for all users to see the entire logical model. Security considerations may require that certain
data be hidden from users. Consider a clerk who needs to know an instructor’s ID, name and department name,
but does not have authorization to see the instructor’s salary amount. Aside from security concerns, we may
wish to create a personalized collection of relations that is better matched to a certain user’s intuition than is the
logical model.

View Definition
We define a view in SQL by using the create view command. To define a view, we must give the view a name
and must state the query that computes the view. The form of the create view command is:

create view v as <query expression>;

where <query expression> is any legal query expression. The view name is represented by v.

Create a customer table

create table customer(ID varchar(5) primary key,Name varchar(20)
not null,Age int, State varchar(20),Salary int)
Use the above table to perform the following queries:
1. Create table customers by using the information given above.
2. Insert 7 records in table customers.
3. Create view using customer name and age.
4. Update the view and see the table.
5. Delete the view and see the table.

MariaDB [shop]> create table customer(ID varchar(5) primary key,Name varchar(20)

not null,Age int, State varchar(20),Salary int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.43 sec)

MariaDB [shop]> insert into customer values('1','Ramesh',32,'Ahmedabad','20000')

;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.08 sec)

MariaDB [shop]> insert into customer values('2','Khilan',25,'Delhi','15000');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

MariaDB [shop]> insert into customer values('3','Kaushik',23,'Kota','10000');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

MariaDB [shop]> insert into customer values('4','Chaitali',25,'Mumbai','6500');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)
MariaDB [shop]> insert into customer values('5','Hardik',27,'Bhopal','8500');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

MariaDB [shop]> insert into customer values('6','Komal',22,'MP','4500');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

MariaDB [shop]> insert into customer values('7','Muffy',24,'HP','10000');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

MariaDB [shop]> select * from customer;

+ + + + + +
| ID | Name | Age | State | Salary |
+ + + + + +
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 20000 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 15000 |
| 3 | Kaushik | 23 | Kota | 10000 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | HP | 10000 |
+ + + + + +
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Now, you can query buyer in a similar way as you query an actual table.

MariaDB [shop]> create view buyer as(select name,age from customer);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

MariaDB [shop]> select * from buyer;

+ + +
| name | age |
+ + +
| Ramesh | 32 |
| Khilan | 25 |
| Kaushik | 23 |
| Chaitali | 25 |
| Hardik | 27 |
| Komal | 22 |
| Muffy | 24 |
+ + +
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Updating a View
A view can be updated under certain conditions which are given below −
• The SELECT clause may not contain the keyword DISTINCT.
• The SELECT clause may not contain summary functions.
• The SELECT clause may not contain set functions.
• The SELECT clause may not contain set operators.
• The SELECT clause may not contain an ORDER BY clause.
 • The FROM clause may not contain multiple tables.
• The WHERE clause may not contain subqueries.
• The query may not contain GROUP BY or HAVING.
• Calculated columns may not be updated.
• All NOT NULL columns from the base table must be included in the view in order for the INSERT
query to function.

So, if a view satisfies all the above-mentioned rules then you can update that view. The following code block
has an example to update the age of Ramesh.

MariaDB [shop]> update buyer set age=35 where name='Ramesh';

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.08 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

MariaDB [shop]> select * from customer;

+ + + + + +
| ID | Name | Age | State | Salary |
+ + + + + +
| 1 | Ramesh | 35 | Ahmedabad | 20000 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 15000 |
| 3 | Kaushik | 23 | Kota | 10000 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | HP | 10000 |
+ + + + + +
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Deleting Rows into a View

Rows of data can be deleted from a view. The same rules that apply to the UPDATE and INSERT commands
apply to the DELETE command.
Following is an example to delete a record having AGE = 22.

MariaDB [shop]> delete from buyer where age=22;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)

This would ultimately delete a row from the base table CUSTOMERS and the same would reflect in the view
itself. Now, try to query the base table and the SELECT statement would produce the following result.

MariaDB [shop]> select * from customer;

+ + + + + +
| ID | Name | Age | State | Salary |
+ + + + + +
| 1 | Ramesh | 35 | Ahmedabad | 20000 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 15000 |
| 3 | Kaushik | 23 | Kota | 10000 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | HP | 10000 |
+ + + + + +
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [shop]>

Create a employee table

create table employee(empno varchar(5) primary key, ename char(20) not null, designation varchar(20),salary
int, deptno varchar(5))

Use the above table to perform the following queries:

1. Create table employee by using the information given above.
2. Insert 7 records in table employee.
3. Create view using employee empno and name.
4. Update the view and see the table.
5. Delete the view and see the table.

MariaDB [mydb]> create table employee(empno varchar(5) primary key, ename char(20) not null, designation
varchar(20),salary int, deptno varchar(5));

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.66 sec)

MariaDB [mydb]> insert into employee values('100','Vikas','AP-Sr.Grd',50000,'001

');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

MariaDB [mydb]> insert into employee values('101','Jai','AP',45000,'001');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.10 sec)

MariaDB [mydb]> insert into employee values('102','Yash','AP',55000,'001');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

MariaDB [mydb]> insert into employee values('103','Nitin','AP',54000,'002');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

MariaDB [mydb]> insert into employee values('104','Nitin','Lecture',25000,'003')

;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

MariaDB [mydb]> insert into employee values('105','Prakash','AP',65000,'004');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

MariaDB [mydb]> select * from employee;

+ + + + + +
| empno | ename | designation | salary | deptno |
+ + + + + +
| 100 | Vikas | AP-Sr.Grd | 50000 | 001 |
| 101 | Jai | AP | 45000 | 001 |
| 102 | Yash | AP | 55000 | 001 |
| 103 | Nitin | AP | 54000 | 002 |
| 104 | Nitin | Lecture | 25000 | 003 |
| 105 | Prakash | AP | 65000 | 004 |
| 110 | Yogi | NULL | 110000 | NULL |
+ + + + + +
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Create a view
MariaDB [mydb]> create view staff as(select empno,ename from employee);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

MariaDB [mydb]> select * from staff;

+ + +
| empno | ename |
+ + +
| 100 | Vikas |
| 101 | Jai |
| 102 | Yash |
| 103 | Nitin |
| 104 | Nitin |
| 105 | Prakash |
| 110 | Yogi |
+ + +
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [mydb]> update staff set ename='Jayant' where empno=100;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

MariaDB [mydb]> select * from staff;

+ + +
| empno | ename |
+ + +
| 100 | Jayant |
| 101 | Jai |
| 102 | Yash |
| 103 | Nitin |
| 104 | Nitin |
| 105 | Prakash |
| 110 | Yogi |
+ + +
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [mydb]> select * from employee;

+ + + + + +
| empno | ename | designation | salary | deptno |
+ + + + + +
| 100 | Jayant | AP-Sr.Grd | 50000 | 001 |
| 101 | Jai | AP | 45000 | 001 |
| 102 | Yash | AP | 55000 | 001 |
| 103 | Nitin | AP | 54000 | 002 |
| 104 | Nitin | Lecture | 25000 | 003 |
| 105 | Prakash | AP | 65000 | 004 |
| 110 | Yogi | NULL | 110000 | NULL |
+ + + + + +
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Delete the data

MariaDB [mydb]> delete from staff where ename='yogi';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec)

MariaDB [mydb]> select * from staff;

+ + +
| empno | ename |
+ + +
| 100 | Jayant |
| 101 | Jai |
| 102 | Yash |
| 103 | Nitin |
| 104 | Nitin |
| 105 | Prakash |
+ + +
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [mydb]> select * from employee;

+ + + + + +
| empno | ename | designation | salary | deptno |
+ + + + + +
| 100 | Jayant | AP-Sr.Grd | 50000 | 001 |
| 101 | Jai | AP | 45000 | 001 |
| 102 | Yash | AP | 55000 | 001 |
| 103 | Nitin | AP | 54000 | 002 |
| 104 | Nitin | Lecture | 25000 | 003 |
| 105 | Prakash | AP | 65000 | 004 |
+ + + + + +
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
EXP-8

CONTROL STRUCTURE
AIM:-
To create PL/SQL programs to implement various types of control structure.
.
SYNTAX AND DEFINITION:-
CONTROL STRUCTRE:
PL/SQL can also process data using flow of statements. The flow of control statements
are classified into the following categories.
• Conditional control –Branching
• Iterative control – looping
• Sequential control - Selection
BRANCHING in PL/SQL:
Sequence of statements can be executed on satisfying certain condition. If statements are being
used and different forms of if are:
1. Simple IF 2. If then else 3. Else if 4. Nested if
SELECTION IN PL/SQL (Sequential Controls)
1. Simple case 2. Searched case
ITERATIONS IN PL/SQL
Sequence of statements can be executed any number of times using loop construct. It is broadly
classified into:
1. Simple Loop 2. For Loop 3. While Loop
SIMPLE IF:
Syntax:
IF condition THEN statement1;
statement2;
END IF;
IF-THEN-ELSE STATEMENT:
Syntax:
IF condition THEN statement1;
ELSE
statement2; END IF;
ELSIF STATEMENTS:
Syntax:
IF condition1 THEN statement1;
ELSIF condition2 THEN statement2;
ELSIF condition3 THEN statement3;
ELSE
statement; END IF;
NESTED IF:
Syntax:
IF condition THEN statement1;
ELSE
IF condition THEN statement2;
 ELSE
statement3; END IF; END
IF; ELSE
statement3; END IF;

SELECTION IN PL/SQL (Sequential Controls)

SIMPLE CASE
Syntax:
CASE SELECTOR
WHEN Expr1 THEN statement1; WHEN Expr2
THEN statement2;
: ELSE
Statement n; END CASE;
SEARCHED CASE:
Syntax:
CASE
WHEN searchcondition1 THEN statement1; WHEN
searchcondition2 THEN statement2;
:: ELSE
statementn; END CASE;
ITERATIONS IN PL/SQL
SIMPLE LOOP
Syntax:
LOOP
statement1;
EXIT [ WHEN Condition]; END LOOP;
Example:
Declare
A number:=10; Begin
Loop
a := a+25;
exit when a=250; end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(to_char(a)); end;

WHILE LOOP
Syntax
WHILE condition LOOP statement1;
statement2; END LOOP;
Example:
Declare
i number:=0; j number:=0;
begin
while i<=100 Loop j := j+i;
i := i+2;
 end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(‘the value of j is’ ||j); end;
/
FOR LOOP
Syntax:
FOR counter IN [REVERSE]
LowerBound..UpperBound LOOP
statement1; statement2; END
LOOP;
Example:
Begin
For I in 1..2 Loop
Update emp set field = value where condition; End loop;
End;
/
Q1: write a pl/sql program to swap two numbers
b) Procedure for doing the experiment:

Step
no. Details of the step
1 Declare three variables and read variables through a and b
2 Swap the values of a and b using temporary variables
3 Display the swapped results

c) Program:
SQL>edit swapping.sql declare
a number(10); b number(10);
c number(10); begin
dbms_output.put_line('THE PREV VALUES OF A AND B WERE'); dbms_output.put_line(a);
dbms_output.put_line(b);
a:=&a;
b:=&b;
c:=a;
a:=b;
b:=c;
dbms_output.put_line('THE VALUES OF A AND B ARE');
dbms_output.put_line(a);
dbms_output.put_line(b); end;
e)output:
SQL> @ swapping.sql 19 /
Enter value for a: 5 old 6: a:=&a;
new 6: a:=5;
Enter value for b: 3 old 7: b:=&b;
new 7: b:=3;
THE PREV VALUES OF A AND B WERE 53
THE VALUES OF A AND B ARE 35
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Q2: Write a pl/sql program to find the largest of three numbers
c) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
no. Details of the step
1 Read three numbers through a, b & c
2 Find the biggest among three using nested if statement
3 Display the biggest no as result
d)Program:
SQL>set server output on; SQL>edit
biggest.sql declare
a number; b number; c
number; begin a:=&a;
b:=&b;
c:=&c;
if a>b then if a>c then
dbms_output.put_line ('biggest is:' ||to_char(a)); else
dbms_output.put_line('biggest is :' ||to_char(c)); end if;
elsif b>c then
dbms_output.put_line('biggest is :' ||to_char(b)); else
dbms_output.put_line('biggest is :' ||to_char(c));
end if; end;
e)output:
SQL>@biggest.sql
/
Enter value for a: 5 old 6: a:=&a;
new 6: a:=5;
Enter value for b: 5 old 6: b:=&b;
new 6: b:=8;
Enter value for c: 8 old 6: c:=&c;
new 6: c:=4; biggest is : 8

Q3: write a pl/sql program to find the total and average of 6 subjects and display the
grade
c) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
Details of the step
no.
1 Read six numbers and calculate total and average
2 Find whether the student is pass or fail using if statement
3 Find the grade using nested elseif statement
4 Display the Grade, Percentage and Total of the student
d) Program:
SQL> edit grade.sql declare
java number(10); dbms
number(10); co number(10);
se number(10); es number(10);
ppl number(10); total number(10);
avgs number(10); per number(10);
 begin
dbms_output.put_line('ENTER THE MARKS'); java:=&java;
dbms:=&dbms; co:=&co;
se:=&se; es:=&es; ppl:=&ppl;
total:=(java+dbms+co+se+es+ppl); per:=(total/600)*100;
if java<50 or dbms<50 or co<50 or se<50 or es<50 or ppl<50 then dbms_output.put_line('FAIL');
if per>75 then dbms_output.put_line('GRADE A');
elsif per>65 and per<75 then
dbms_output.put_line('GRADE B'); elsif per>55
and per<65 then
dbms_output.put_line('GRADE C'); else
dbms_output.put_line('INVALID INPUT'); end if;
dbms_output.put_line('PERCENTAGE IS '||per);
dbms_output.put_line('TOTAL IS '||total);
end;

e) output:
SQL> @ grade.sql 31 /
Enter value for java: 80 old 12:
java:=&java; new 12: java:=80;
Enter value for dbms: 70 old 13:
dbms:=&dbms;
new 13: dbms:=70; Enter value for co:
89 old 14: co:=&co;
new 14: co:=89; Enter value for se: 72
old 15: se:=&se;
new 15: se:=72; Enter value for es: 76
old 16: es:=&es;
new 16: es:=76;
Enter value for ppl: 71 old 17: ppl:=&ppl;
new 17: ppl:=71; GRADE A
PERCENTAGE IS 76
TOTAL IS 458
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
EXP-9

PROCEDURE AND FUNCTION

AIM:-
To study and execute the procedure and functions in PL/SQL.

PROCEDURE:-
1. Goto Start and click on programs.
2. Point to Oracle, then Ora81 and click on SQLPlus.
3. Then a pop-up menu will appear to authenticate you as user. Type 'scott' as
username, 'tiger' as password and 'orcl' as the host.
4. Now SQLPlus window will get opened for working with various SQL commands
in it.

SYNTAX AND DEFINITION:-

1. PROCEDURES:
A procedure is a subprogram that performs a specific action.

SYNTAX:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE <proc_name>[parameter list] IS

[local declarations];
BEGIN
(executable statements)
[exception] (exception handlers)
END;

A procedure has two parts namely, specification and body. The procedure
specification begins with keyword procedure and ends with procedure name or parameter list. The procedure body begins
with keyword is and ends with the keyword end. It can also include declarative, executable and exceptional parts with in
the keywords are and end. Syntax to execute a procedure is given below :

EXECUTE proc_name[parameter list];

2. FUNCTIONS:
A function is a subprogram that computes a value.

SYNTAX:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION<function_name> [argument]
RETURN datatype IS
(local declaration)
BEGIN
(executable statements)
[exception]
(exception handlers)
END;
Similar to a procedure, a function also has two parts namely, the function specification and the function body. The
function specification begins with the keyword function and ends with the return clause. The function body begins with
the keyword is and ends with the keyword end. A PL/SQL block can also be included in a function body.

QUERIES:-
1. CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE fibonacci(n NUMBER) IS
a NUMBER;
b NUMBER;
i NUMBER;
c NUMBER;
BEGIN
a := 0;
b := 1;
dbms_output.put_line(a);
dbms_output.put_line(b);
FOR i IN 3..n
LOOP
c := a+b;
dbms_output.put_line(c);
a := b;
b := c;
END LOOP;
END;
/

EXECUTE fibonacci(10);

2. CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION fibo(n Number)

RETURN NUMBER IS
a NUMBER;
b NUMBER;
i NUMBER;
c NUMBER;
BEGIN
a := 0;
b := 1;
dbms_output.put_line(a);
dbms_output.put_line(b);
FOR i IN 3..n
LOOP
c := a+b;
dbms_output.put_line(c);
a := b;
b := c;
END LOOP;
RETURN c;
END;
/

DECLARE
n NUMBER;
c NUMBER;
BEGIN
 dbms_output.put_line('Enter the number of terms for fibonacci series : ');
n := &n;
c := fibo(n);
dbms_output.put_line('The last number in series is : '||c);
END;
/
OUTPUT:-
Procedure :
Function :
EXP-10

Triggers

AIM:-
To study and execute triggers in RDBMS.

SYNTAX AND DEFINITION:-

A database trigger is stored procedure that is fired when an insert, update or delete statement is issued against the
associated table. Database triggers can be used for the following purposes.
• To generate data automatically.
• To enforce complex integrity constraints.
• To customize complex security authorizations.
• To maintain replicate tables.
• To audit data modifications.

The triggers are classified into the following types based on when they are fired:
• Before
• After
• For each row
• For each statement (default)

Where,
CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name : Creates or replace an existing trigger with the trigger_name.

{BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF} : This specifies when the trigger would be executed. The INSTEAD OF clause is
used for creating trigger on a view.

{INSERT [OR] | UPDATE [OR] | DELETE}: This specifies the DML operation.

[OF col_name]: This specifies the column name that would be updated.

[ON table_name]: This specifies the name of the table associated with the trigger.

[REFERENCING OLD AS o NEW AS n]: This allows you to refer new and old values for various DML statements, like
INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

[FOR EACH ROW]: This specifies a row level trigger, i.e., the trigger would be executed for each row being affected.
Otherwise the trigger will execute just once when the SQL statement is executed, which is called a table level trigger.

WHEN (condition): This provides a condition for rows for which the trigger would fire. This clause is valid only for row
level triggers.

Syntax for creating triggers:

Create or Replace trigger<trigger name>

[before/after][insert/update/delete] on <table_name>
[for each statement/for each row]
[when <condition>]
QUERIES:-
1. SELECT * FROM production;

2. SELECT * FROM product;

3. CREATE TRIGGER productadd AFTER

INSERT ON product FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
UPDATE production SET unitprice=0 WHERE prodid=1;
END;
/
4. CREATE TRIGGER productupd BEFORE
UPDATE ON product
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
DELETE FROM production WHERE supplier = ‘apple’;
END;
/
5. CREATE TRIGGER productdel AFTER
DELETE ON product FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
INSERT INTO production VALUES (10,’iPhone’,’apple’,45500.00);
END;
/

6. INSERT INTO product VALUES (5,’trigger’,’afterinsert’,0);

7. SELECT * FROM production;

8. UPDATE product SET unitprice = 55000.00 WHERE prodid = 1;

9. SELECT * FROM production;

10. DELETE FROM product WHERE prodid = 1;

11. SELECT * FROM production;

12. CREATE TRIGGER productiodel BEFORE

DELETE ON production FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
Dbms_output.put_line(‘One row deleted!!’);
END;
/

13. DELETE FROM production WHERE prodid = 1;

14. CREATE TRIGGER productioninsert

AFTER INSERT ON production FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line (‘The inserted information is’);
dbms_output.put_line (‘PRODUCT ID – ‘|| : new.prodid);
END;
 /

15. INSERT INTO production VALUES (1,’xps laptop’,’dell’,0);

16. DROP TRIGGER productadd;

OUTPUT:-