Content

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PYQ chapter 1 chapter 2 chapter 3
2013 - 2019 Naxalism North-East India Jammu & Kashmir

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chapter 4 chapter 5 chapter 6
Police Border Cyber Security
Management

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 Previous Year Question Q12. Considering the threats cyberspace
poses for the country, India needs a
Q19. Mob violence is emerging as a
serious law and order problem in India.
“Digital Armed Force” to prevent crimes. By giving suitable examples, analyze
Critically evaluate the National Cyber the cause and consequences of such
Security Policy,2013 outlining the violence.?
challenges perceived in its effective
2013 2015 implementation. Q20. The scourge of terrorism is a grave
challenge to national security. What
Q1. Money Laundering poses a serious Q7. Discuss the advantages and security 2016 solutions do you suggest to curb this
security threat to a country’s economic implications of cloud hosting of servers growing menace? What are the major
sovereignty. What is the significance for vis-a-vis in-house machine-based hosting Q13. Border management is a complex sources of terrorist funding?
India and what steps are required to be for government businesses? task due to difficult terrain and hostile
taken to control this menace? relations with some countries. Elucidate
Q8. India’s Traditional Knowledge Digital the challenges and strategies for effective 2018
Q2. What are social networking sites and Library (TKDL), which has a database border management ? Q21. The China-Pakistan Economic
what security implications do these sites containing formatted information on more Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal
present? than 2 million medicinal formulations Q14. Use of Internet and social media by subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One
is proving a powerful weapon in the non-state actors for subversive activities is Road’ initiative. Give a brief description
Q3. Cyber warfare is considered by some country’s fight against erroneous patent. a major security concern. How have these of CPEC and enumerate the reasons
defense analysts to be larger threat than Discuss the pros and cons of making this been misused in the recent past? Suggest why India has distanced itself from the
even Al Qaeda or terrorism. database publicly available under open- effective guidelines to curb the above same?
source licensing. threat?
What do you understand by Cyber
Warfare ? Outline the cyber threats which Q22. Left Wing Extremism(LWE) is
India is vulnerable to and bring out the Q9. Human rights activists constantly Q15. The term ‘Hot Pursuit’ and ‘Surgical showing a downward trend, but still
state of the country’s preparedness to highlight the view that the Armed Forces Strikes’ are often used in connection with affects many parts of the country.
deal with the same? (Special Powers) Act, 1958(AFSPA) is a armed action against terrorist attacks. Briefly explain the Government of India’s
draconian act leading to cases of human Discuss the strategic impact of such approach to counter the challenges posed
rights abuses by the security forces. actions? by LWE.
Q4. How far are India’s internal What sections of AFSPA are opposed
security challenges linked with border by the activists? Critically evaluate the
management particularly in view of the Q16. Terrorism is emerging as a Q23. Data security has assumed
requirement with reference to the view competitive industry over the last few significant importance in the digitized
long porous borders with most countries held by the APEX Court?
of South Asia and Myanmar? decades. Analyze the above statement? world due to rising cyber crimes. The
2016 Justice B.S Srikrishna Committee Report
Q10. Religious indoctrination via digital addresses issues related to data security.
media has resulted in Indian youth joining What, in your view, are the strengths
2014 the ISIS. What is ISIS and its mission? How 2017 and weaknesses of the Report relating
Q5. “The diverse nature of India as a can ISIS be dangerous for the internal Q17. Discuss the potential threats of to protection of personal data in
multi-religious and multi-ethnic society is security of our country? Cyber attack and the security framework cyberspace?
not immune to the impact of radicalism to prevent it?
which is seen in her neighbourhood.” Q11. The persisting drives of the Q24. India’s proximity to two of the
Discuss along with strategies to be Government for development of large Q18. The North-East region of India has world’s biggest illicit opium-growing
adopted to counter this environment. industries in backward areas have resulted been infested with insurgency for a very states has enhanced her internal security
in isolating the tribal population and the long time. Analyze the major reasons for concerns. Explain the linkage between
Q6. How does illegal transborder farmers who face multiple displacements. the survival of armed insurgency in this drug trafficking and other illicit activities
migration pose a threat to India’s security? With Malkangiri and Naxalbari foci, discuss region? such as gunrunning, money laundering
Discuss the strategies to curb this, bringing the corrective strategies needed to win and human trafficking. What counter-
out the factors which give impetus to such the Left Wing Extremism (LWE) doctrine measures should be taken to prevent the
migration? affected citizens back into the mainstream same?
of social and economic growth?
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2019 (Prevention) Act(UAPA), 1967 and the NIA
Act. Analyze the changes in the context
Q25. The banning of ‘Jamaat-e-Islami’ in of the prevailing security environment
Jammu and Kashmir brought into focus while discussing the scope and reasons
the role of over-ground workers (OGWs) in for opposing the UAPA by human rights
assisting terrorist organizations. Examine organizations.
the role played by OGWs in assisting
terrorist organizations in insurgency Q28. Cross-border movement of
affected areas. Discuss measures to insurgents is only one of the several
neutralize influence of OGWs. security challenges facing the policing
of the border in North-East India.
Q26. What is CyberDome Project? Examine the various challenges currently
Explain how it can be useful in controlling emanating across the India-Myanmar
internet crimes in India. border.
Q27. Indian Government has recently Also, discuss the steps to counter the
strengthened the anti-terrorism laws challenges?
by amending the Unlawful Activities

Chapter One

Naxalism

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 • During the Indo Pakistan war of 1971, • It has been included in the Schedule of » The original struggle was against
Naxalism Indira Gandhi suppressed the Ultra Terrorist Organizations along with all feudal landlords and land ownership,
• The term Naxal derives from the leftist movement and arrested its its formations and front organizations but the new struggle is against state
name of the village Naxalbari in West leaders including Charu Mazumdar on under the Unlawful Activities domination, modernization and
Bengal, where the movement had its 16th July 1972 and he was reported to (Prevention) Act, 1967. development which has increased
origin. be dead by July 28th, 1972 itself. • The Government has given a call to the Inequality in rural India.

• Peasant uprising led by Charu • Similarly, during the emergency period Left Wing Extremists to abjure violence
1975 Indira Gandhi banned the naxalite and come for talks. This plea has been • Administrative and Judicial
Majumdar started in Darjeeling district System
of West Bengal, after a tribal boy organization across India and arrested rejected by them, since they believe in
named Bimal Kissan who ploughed naxal cadres which were a great violence as the means to capture State
setback to the movement. However power. This has resulted in a spiraling
» Administrative and Judicial delay in
the land with judicial order without dealing with cases. Of these pending
the consent of Zamindar was attacked after the emergency, the release cycle of violence in some parts of India.
cases, majority litigants are from
by the Landlords goons and killed on of naxalite leaders helped them to • In a nutshell, the CPI (Maoist), the main villagers. The longer the case takes, the
March 2, 1967. organize different groups. LWE outfit in India, aims to overthrow more expensive it becomes to get justice.
• In response to this incident, the tribals the existing democratic state structure
with violence as their primary weapon,
» Naxalites are running a parallel
retaliated and started capturing their government and they have their quick
lands forcefully. and mass mobilization and strategic
judicial mechanism.
united front’s as complementary
• The Naxalite movement spread rapidly components and plans to usher in » They settle their disputes instantly
in the West Bengal State attracting So-called ‘New Democratic Revolution’ based on their rational perspective.
particularly the urban elite youth and in India. Consequently the poor local people
the bhadralok class. are approaching their naxalite leaders
• Various splinter groups of Naxalites for solving their problems instead of
Causes of Naxalism/Maoism
i n d i r a g a n d h i wa s a n

started resurfacing in various parts of indian politician and approaching the complicated court or
a central figure of
India and the influence of naxalism t h e i n d i a n n at i o n a l harassing police stations.
Naxalism in India is an outcome of
started spreading in other states such congress
failure of democratic India to win the • Exploitation of Natural
as Bihar, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, West
Bengal, Odisha, and Karnataka.
• In the subsequent years Naxalite hearts of the deprived people by sharing
Resources
activity was dormant due to development progress which they are
• In 1969 All India Coordination fragmentation among different group » Tribal areas to the policy makers are
Committee of Communist and different ideologies leading to • Socio-economic
simply mineral rich areas.
Revolutionaries (AICCCR) formed formation of two main group i.e.
a new party CPI (ML) on the birth » Tribal belt in India is one of the most » Mining is encouraged by the
anniversary of Lenin. » Naxalite of Andhra Pradesh - CPI-ML underdeveloped regions of the country. government but the way mineral
(People War Group/PWG) The state fails to provide them with extraction industry operates
• Charu Mazumdar was elected as adequate education, healthcare or environmentally or socially doesn’t
the Secretary of Central Organizing » Naxalite of Bihar - Maoist Communist sanitation which has increased the lead to prosperity of the locals but
Committee. Centre(MCC) distrust for the government. it certainly leads to prosperity of
• CPI-ML(PWG) became very active in outsiders.
the following years not only in Andhra » Hence mining contributed to the
Pradesh but also in Orissa , tribal belt misery of Tribals.
of Madhya Pradesh.
• In 2004 CPI-ML(PWG) merged with • Denial of Land Rights
MCC to form CPI (Maoist). » Land is not only a source of ownership
• The CPI (Maoist) Party is the major but also identity and strength.
Left Wing Extremist outfit responsible » Tribal people in the name of
c h a r u m a j u m d a r wa s a for a majority of incidents of violence development have been displaced from
marxist-leninist from
and killing of civilians and security the area without proper rehabilitation
india
forces. d a k s h i n g u j a r at a d i va s i s e va m a n d a l
facilities.

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» The government policy for protecting » filling up critical infrastructure gaps being implemented in 330 districts Government on 27.09.2017 as a
tribals or rehabilitation has never fully under the ‘Scheme for Special affected by Naxalism to provide subscheme of the Umbrella Scheme
benefited the tribals. Infrastructure in Left Wing Extremism wage-employment and improve Modernization of Police Forces for a
» For Example - In 2006, Forest Rights (LWE) affected states’, infrastructure. period of 03 years till 2020.
Act was enacted. But the Forest » Besides, the sharing of intelligence, » Other schemes like National Rural
Bureaucracy continued its hostility facilitating inter-state coordination; Health mission (NRHM), Integrated • Media Plan
towards it. assistance in community policing and Child Development Services (ICDS) etc. » This Scheme has been approved by
civic action programmes. the Government on 27.09.2017 as a
• Political Issue • Law and Order strategy sub scheme of the Umbrella Scheme
» Poor representation of tribal aspiration Steps taken by Government » The government has launched a Modernization of Police Forces for a
and needs in the democratic and police modernization scheme in areas period of 03 years i.e. from 2017-18 to
political space like other communities
• Social Economic Development affected by Naxal movements. 2019-20.
like SC/OBC. » The Central Government has granted » Central Para Military Forces have » The Maoists have been misguiding
Finances for developmental activities been deployed on a long term basis and luring the innocent tribals/ local
population in LWE affected areas by
The Government of India’s that would help tackle Naxalism at the by the government to help the state
their So-called poor-friendly revolution
social and economic levels. governments to fight against the
Approach Naxals. through petty incentives or by following
» The government started the Backward their coercive strategy.
• The Government’s approach is to deal Districts initiative in 2003-2004 and » States have also established their
with Left Wing Extremism in a holistic the Backward Regions Grant Fund own special security force in Andhra » Their false propaganda is targeted
manner, in the areas of security, (BRGF) 250 districts have been included Pradesh like Greyhounds to deal with against the security forces and the
development, ensuring rights and in the BRGF scheme to accelerate Naxal problem. democratic setup. Therefore, the
entitlements of local communities, socio-economic development in these Government is implementing this
improvement in governance and public districts which is to be administered by • Security Related Expenditure Scheme in LWE affected areas.
perception management. the Ministry of Panchayati Raj. (SRE) Scheme » Under the scheme activities like
• The central government closely Tribal Youth Exchange programmes
monitors the situation and supplements • Infrastructure Development » Under the Security Related Expenditure organised by NYKS, radio jingles,
and coordinates their efforts in several (SRE) Scheme, the central Govt. documentaries, pamphlets etc. are
ways. » Various schemes launched have reimburses to the State Governments being conducted.
been launched by the government of 11 LWE affected States Security
» These include providing Central Armed like the Pradhan Mantri Gram Related Expenditure of 90 districts • NITI Aayog Initiative
Police Forces (CAPFs) and Commando Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) which offers relating to
Battalions for Resolute Action (CoBRA) tremendous opportunities for rural road » NITI Aayog has launched an initiative
and sanctioning India Reserve connectivity. − Training and operational needs of for rapid transformation of relatively
(IR) battalions for reinforcing the » The National Rural Employment security forces, backward 115 districts including 10
policing efforts by the affected state Guarantee Programme (NREGP) is − Ex-gratia payment to the family districts of Chhattisgarh.
governments. of civilians/ security forces killed/ » A large number of LWE affected
» The setting up of sundry Counter injured in LWE violence, districts are also included in these 115
Insurgency and Anti Terrorism (CIAT) − Compensation to Left Wing aspirational districts.
schools along with modernization and Extremist cadres who surrendered » One officer for each district has been
upgradation of the state police and in accordance with the surrender designated as “Prabhari (in-charge),
their intelligence apparatus under the and rehabilitation policy of the who are working in collaborative
scheme for ‘Modernization of State concerned State Government, manner with the state and district
Police Forces’ (MPF) have yielded rich teams to achieve effective convergence
− Community policing, Security
dividends. between various Central and State
related infrastructure for village
» Initiatives like re-imbursement of defence committees and publicity Government programmes.
security related expenditure under the materials. » Each State has also appointed a Nodal
‘Security Related Expenditure’ (SRE) Officer of Secretary rank for regular
Scheme, o p e n pa n c h ayat n e a r n a r s i n g a r h , m a d h ya
pradesh
» This Scheme was extended by the interaction.

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» Strategy of this initiative includes » The States of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Naxal Incidents
leadership of states, setting up of real Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra
time monitoring mechanisms and Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra,
convergence of existing schemes of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and
Central and State Governments. Kerala are considered LWE affected,
» Focus of this initiative is empowerment although to varying degrees.
in health & nutrition, education,
infrastructure, water resources and
financial inclusion etc.
Current Status of LWE
• Steadfast implementation of the Action
Plan-2015 has resulted in consistent
Monitoring Mechanisms decline in LWE related violence and
• The Union Home Minister, the Home considerable shrinkage in geographical
Secretary & the Special Secretary/ spread.
Additional Secretary and a Review • In 2018 LWE related violence was
Group chaired by the Cabinet reported in 60 districts in the year
Secretary review the LWE situation on 2018 with 10 districts accounting for
a regular basis. 2/3rd violence.
• The Progress of the various schemes • However to assist the States to
is regularly monitored by MHA though combat LWE, support is being given
meeting and Video Conferencing with to 90 districts under Security Related
the Central Ministries/Departments Expenditure (SRE) scheme. Naxal Affected Districts
concerned and State Governments.
Red Corridor
Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) • The Red Corridor is the region in the
• The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) eastern, central and the southern parts
monitors the internal security situation of India that experience considerable
of the Left Wing Extremist insurgency. Naxalite–Maoist insurgency.

• Left Wing Extremist (LWE) Division: • The districts that comprise the Red
Corridor are among the poorest
» It was created w.e.f. October 19, 2006 in the country; these areas suffer
in the Ministry, to effectively address because of high illiteracy, poverty and
the Left Wing Extremist insurgency in a overpopulation.
holistic manner. • These areas span parts of Andhra
» The LWE Division implements security Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh,
related schemes aimed at capacity Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh,
building in the LWE affected States. Maharashtra, Odisha, Telangana,
and West Bengal and eastern Uttar
» The Division also monitors the LWE Pradesh states.
situation and counter-measures being
taken by the affected States. • The region has significant natural
resources, including mineral, forestry
» The LWE Division coordinates and potential hydroelectric generation
the implementation of various capacity.
development schemes of the Ministries/
Departments of Govt. of India in LWE • A key characteristic of this region is
affected States. primary sector based economies that
solely depend on agriculture, mining
and forestry.

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Operation Green Hunt self cultivate, and to use minor forest with a focus on solar lights, mobile • They wish to keep the population in
produce. Activities such as hunting and towers with 3G connectivity, and road- their areas of influence marginalized to
• Operation Green Hunt is the name trapping are prohibited. rail connectivity. perpetuate their outdated ideology.
given by the Indian media to describe
• The Gram Sabha is empowered to » Indian Army or specialized forces - • Consequently, the process of
the government offensive against the
initiate the process of determining the such as Greyhounds - to train forces to development has been set back by
Naxalites.
extent of forest rights that may be given take on Naxals. decades in many parts of the country
• The operation is believed to have to each eligible individual or family. under Left Wing Extremists influence.
begun in November 2009 along five
Conclusion • This needs to be recognised by the
states in the “Red Corridor.
Operation ‘SAMADHAN’ civil society and the media to build
• The government of India does not use • It is the belief of the Government of pressure on the Left Wing Extremists to
the term “Operation Green Hunt” to • SAMADHAN stands for S-smart India that through a holistic approach eschew violence, join the mainstream
describe its anti-Naxalite offensive. leadership, A-aggressive strategy, focussing on development and security- and recognise the fact that the socio-
M-motivation and training, A-actionable related interventions, the LWE problem economic and political dynamics and
• In 2009, the Central Reserve Police
intelligence, D-dashboard-based KPIs can be successfully tackled. aspirations of 21st Century India are far
Force (CRPF) and Chhattisgarh police
(key performance indicators) and • However, it is clear that the Left removed from the Maoist world-view.
started an offensive against the
KRAs (key result areas), H-harnessing Wing Extremists do not want root
Maoists.
technology, A-action plan for each
• Further, an ideology based on violence
causes like underdevelopment to be and annihilation is doomed to fail in
• From 223 districts that were affected theatre and N-no access to financing. addressed in a meaningful manner a democracy which offers legitimate
due to naxalism in the year 2010, the
number has come down to 90 in nine
• Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is since they resort to targeting school forums of grievance redressal.
the nodal agency for Operation buildings, roads, railways, bridges,
years.
SAMADHAN. health infrastructure, communication
• It will following measures: facilities etc in a major way.
The Scheduled Tribes and
» The MHA has suggested the use of
Other Traditional Forest trackers for weapons, and biometrics in
Dwellers (Recognition of Forest smart guns.
Rights) Bill, 2005 » At least one UAV or Mini UAV for each
• The Scheduled Tribes (Recognition of the Central Armed Police Forces
of Forest Rights) Bill, 2005 seeks (CAPF) battalions deployed in the
to recognise forest rights of forest Maoist hotbed.
dwelling Scheduled Tribes (FDSTs) who » More helicopter support for operations.
have been occupying the land before Helicopters to be used to rush in
October 25, 1980. supplies and reinforcement. Increased
• An FDST nuclear family would be number of flying hours.
entitled to the land currently occupied » Joint Task Forces for operations along
subject to a maximum of 2.5 hectares. inter-State boundaries to be set up.
The land may be allocated in all forests Better inter-state coordination and
including core areas of National Parks intelligence sharing.
and Sanctuaries. » 400 fortified police stations to be set
• In core areas, an FDST would be up in the Naxal belt.
given provisional land rights for five » Resumption of Left Wing Extremism
years, within which period he would (LWE) specific schemes.
be relocated and compensated. If the
relocation does not take place within » Prevention of Money Laundering
five years, he gets permanent right over Act (PMLA) to be reviewed to ensure
the land. effective choking of fund flow to LWE
groups.
• The Bill outlines 12 forest rights which
include the right to live in the forest, to » Fast tracking building infrastructure,

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 North East India
is situated around and within the
Brahmaputra river valley and a number
of mountains.
• The North Eastern Region comprises
eight States viz. Arunachal Pradesh, » Naturally this region was nearly cut
Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, from the rest of India. Geographical
Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. atmosphere was the greatest obstacle
in the process of development.
• The Region covers 8% of the country’s
geographical area and about 4% of » That is the reason why there were less
the national population. than limited means of conveyance up
to 1970.
• Almost all of its borders of about 5,484
Kilometers is international border along
• Historical Causes
Bangladesh (1880 kms), Myanmar
(1,643 kms), China (1,346 kms), Bhutan » The British colonization, which for
(516 kms) and Nepal (99 kms). the first time in history integrated the
• The northeastern region is also an Northeast in a single political system
ethnic minefield, as it comprises in the subcontinent, promoted and
around 160 Scheduled Tribes, besides legitimized the isolation within the
an estimated 400 other tribal or sub- region by its segregating policies that
tribal communities and groups. created hillsplains divide.
• Unlike other parts of the country, the
North East holds an important position
• Political Causes
Chapter Two
from a strategic point of view as these » Politics in this area is also one of the
North-East India states share their borders with other
countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan,
important reasons of insurgency and
separatism.
Myanmar and China.
» All the political parties, small or big,
• The terrain, the state of Socio- with an object of winning elections,
economic development and historical have always encouraged and fuelled
factors such as language/ethnicity, regionalism and encashed this feeling
tribal rivalry, migration, control over at the time of elections.
local resources and a widespread
feeling of exploitation and alienation • Dependency on Central
have resulted in a fragile security
Government
situation in the North Eastern States.
• This has resulted in violence and » Economy of North-East Indian states
diverse demands by various Indian became dependent on the assistance
Insurgent Groups (IIGs). of the Central Government for
stimulating economic growth.
Causes of Insurgency in North • Agriculture
East India
» Agriculture, which is the mainstay
The root causes of the present situation and on which 70-80 percent of the
are to be found in many areas of political, population depends is still traditional
social and economic realm. and rice output is only one-third that of
Punjab.
• Geographical Situation » The region is rich in horticultural
products but again the productivity
» Entire North-East Indian region
is low. Due to lack of market access,

17
 farmers do not get remunerative prices » ULFA − Bodo demand for Bodoland was
and get discouraged. backed by Bodo armed groups
− On 7 April 1979, ULFA was formed, leading to the emergence of a
• Cross Border Factor vowing to fight against the colonial security situation.
Indian Government with the
» Illegal migration from neighboring − Finally, after a series of rounds of
ultimate aim to achieve a sovereign,
countries which created fears among deliberate and meaningful talks,
socialist Assam.
locals being reduced to a minority in the militant cadres laid down their
their own territory.
− The late 80s witnessed ULFA‘s arms and signed an agreement with
influence in Assam reaching new the government called the Bodo
» Support received by our tribal insurgent heights. Accord-2003.
groups from their co-tribes in Myanmar
territory.
− In 2011, to facilitate the peace talk, a − As per the provisions of this Accord,
tripartite agreement for Suspension a Bodo Territorial Council (BTC) was » Karbi and Dimasa tribes
of Operations (SoO) against established and a Bodo Territorial
Arunachal Pradesh ULFA was signed between Indian Areas Districts (BTAD) was created − Apart from ULFA and the Bodo
Government, Assam government under the Sixth Schedule of the insurgency, Assam has been
• The State of Arunachal Pradesh and ULFA. Constitution of India. affected by insurgent movements
does not have any active indigenous initiated by Karbi and Dimasa tribes
− The aim of creating BTAD was to
insurgent group. » Bodos safeguard the interests of Bodo and the Adivasis.
• The State is affected by spill-over − The ULFA insurgency paved the people and ensure their appropriate − Karbi and Dimasas have demanded
militant activities of Naga insurgents autonomy for their homelands
way to formation of other insurgent
from Nagaland-based UG factions of whereas the Adivasis have
outfits in Assam.
National Socialist Council of Nagaland demanded greater recognition of
[NSCN] (NSCN/Isak-Muivah, NSCN/ − The Bodos, the largest plains their rights.
Khaplang, NSCN/Reformation and tribes of Assam initiated a violent
movement in the 1980s. − United People‘s Democratic
NSCN/Neopao Konyak- Kitovi) in Tirap,
Solidarity (UPDS) was formed in
Changlang and Longding districts, as − In 1986, the National Democratic March 1999 with the merger of two
also activities of Assam-based ULFA/ Front of Bodoland (NDFB) was insurgent groups Karbi National
Independent and NDFB/Saoraigwra. formed to attain their dream of an Volunteers (KNV) and Karbi People‘s
• Cadres of NDFB(S) and ULFA(I) independent Bodo country. Front (KPF).
frequent the State in the areas − Officially, the Bodoland Movement − UPDS entered into a cease-fire
bordering Assam and Myanmar for for an independent state of agreement with the government on
shelter and transit. Bodoland started on 02 March
b o d o m a n a n d wo m a n
May 23, 2002.
• Security situation in Arunachal Pradesh 1987, under the leadership of ABSU
leader Upendrenath Brahma. − In 2011, the Centre and the Assam
improved substantially with decline in representation in socio-political Government signed a Memorandum
insurgency incidents. decision making processes in the of Settlement (MoS) 12 with the
region. UPDS and the outfit was formally
Assam − NDFB (P) [National Democratic disbanded on December 14, 2011
• Assamese insurgency can be traced Front of Bodoland (Progressive)] − Another Karbi insurgent group,
back to the influx of illegal migrants signed the Suspension of Karbi Longri North Cachar Hills
from East Pakistan after Partition and Operations ( SoO) agreement on Liberation Front (KLNLF), was
after 1971 onwards which led to the 24.5.2005 and is presently valid up formed in 2004 as a breakaway
formation of Bangladesh. to 31.12.2019. faction of the UPDS.
• Large scale Bengali migrant influx − On January 27 2020, the 3rd − The KLNLF also laid down their
created tension among the Assamese Bodo Peace Accord in the form arms on February 11, 2010 and the
people who resented the rapidly of Bodoland Territorial Region outfit is presently engaged in talks
changing demographic profile of the was signed, effectively ending with the government.
b o d o wo m e n at h o r n b i l l f e s t i va l
insurgency that has lasted years.
state. − Meanwhile, another insurgent

18 19
 group Karbi People‘s Liberation most violent State accounting for • There was significant improvement
Tigers (KPLT) was formed in 2011, about 50% of the total incidents in in the security situation in the State
by the anti-talk faction of KLNLF the region in 2018. and security forces have been able to
with the objective of carving out − Meitei insurgency accounted for contain violent activities of the militant
an Autonomous Karbi state out of about 57% of insurgency incidents groups to a great extent.
Assam. in the State.
− The KPLT continues to remains a − A total of 23 UG outfits under two Nagaland
major agent of violence in the Karbi conglomerates (United Progressive
Anglong district of Assam. • The British annexed Assam in 1826, and
Front [UPF] -8 and Kuki National
in 1881, the Naga Hills too became part
Organization [KNO] -15) are
• However, the government has been of British India.
currently under Suspension of
able to bring most of these groups to • The first sign of Naga resistance was
Operation with the Government
the negotiation table. seen in the formation of the Naga
since August, 2008.
Club in 1918, which rejected the Simon
Manipur Commission in 1929.
Meghalaya
• Manipur, one of the important states of
India in the North-Eastern region has • The insurgency in Meghalaya began
been affected by insurgency since the in the latter part of the 1980s,
Independence of India. Manipur acceded secession since its inception therefore wherein it started as a movement
to Indian Union on 15 October, 1949. is the most lethal group. against the socio-economic and
• Manipur has a diverse ethnic • All these insurgent groups have been political domination of the outsiders,
demanding a separate state. exploitation of natural resources,
population with Meitis controlling the
border disputes with Assam.
Valley, Nagas on the surrounding hills
and Kukis interspersed in between.
» Nagalim or Greater Nagaland • Many militant groups were then formed
There are a number of other smaller by the locals to seek greater autonomy
− The demand for Nagalim or Greater
tribal groups as well. or a separate/sovereign state.
Nagaland includes the part of
• The State of Manipur is an insurgency Naga inhabited areas Manipur, • The major militant outfits presently
ridden State affected by activities of Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh, and active in the State are
Meitei, Naga, Kuki, Zomi, Hmar and integrated to the adjacent state of a b r i t i s h i n d i a 1940 m a p s h ow i n g n a g a l a n d

Muslim UG outfits. Nagaland. » Garo National Liberation Army a n d ko h i m a c i t y a s pa r t o f a s s a m .

(GNLA), a Garo militant group which is

• The first insurgent outfit to emerge − The movement is presently fighting for a sovereign Goroland in the • Naga National Council (NNC)
in the State is the United National spearheaded by National Socialist three districts of Garo Hills.
Liberation Front (UNLF), which was Council of Nagalim-Isak-Muivah » In 1946 Naga National Council (NNC)
formed in 1964 which has support of (NSCN-IM). » Hynniewtrep National Liberation was formed, under the leadership
Meitis. Council (HNLC), a Khasi militant group of Angami Zapu Phizo, declared
» Kukiland which is fighting for state exclusively for Nagaland an independent state on
• Since then several other outfits, the Khasi tribe free from domination of
like the People’s Liberation Army August 14, 1947.
− The Kukis have also been Garo tribe.
(PLA), founded in 1978, People’s demanding the formation of a » The NNC resolved to establish a
Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak state to be known as Kukiland “sovereign Naga state” and conducted
(PREPAK) set up in 1977 and the that will include more than half of a “referendum” in 1951, in which 99 %
Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) Manipur’s land, viz. Churachandpur supported an “independent” Nagaland.
that came into being in 1980 have and Chandel districts, and part of » In 1952, Phizo formed the underground
emerged in the Manipur State. Senapati, Tamenglong, and Ukhrul Naga Federal Government (NFG) and
• Unlike other insurgent groups like the districts. the Naga Federal Army (NFA).
UNLF or KYKL, the People’s Liberation − Their demand has been opposed by » The Government of India sent in the
Army (PLA), has remained united and Nagas. Army to crush the insurgency and,
committed to the cause of Manipur’s
− The State of Manipur remained the
20 21
 with the Government in February, 2019. • No incident of violence has been a permanent solution to the long
• Though steps have been taken by reported since 2016. standing issue of rehabilitation of the
the Government from time to time to • A tripartite Memorandum of Bru families, an agreement was signed
control insurgency, the NSCN factions Settlement (MoS) was signed here by between the Government of India,
continue to indulge in factional violence the governments of India and Tripura, Mizoram Government and Government
and other violent/illegal activities and the National Liberation Front of of Tripura and representatives of Bru
affecting normal life in the State. Twipra led by Sabir Kumar Debbarma Migrants on 16th Jan 2020.
(NLFT-SD). • As per the new agreement
Tripura » Bru Migrant will be settled in Tripura
Mizoram and would be given financial
• Security scenario in Tripura has shown
marked improvement in recent years • Insurgency began in Mizoram in 1966 assistance by the Government of India
with a steady decline in violence since when a demand was made by MNF for their resettlement in Tripura and all
2013. (Mizo National Front) for creating a round development through a package
sovereign state of Greater Mizoram, of around Rs 6000cr.
• The activities of main UG outfits viz.
The National Liberation Front of which would be independent from » Also each resettled family will be
Twipra/Biswamohan (NLFT/B) and All India. given 30*40 sq.ft piece of land for
in 1958, enacted the Armed Forces
Tripura Tiger Force(ATTF) have been • The MNF wanted that Greater Mizoram construction of house in Tripura.
(Special Powers) Act.
contained. should include the borderline territories » In addition assistance of fixed deposit
• The 1950s to the mid-1990s was a of Tripura, Manipur and Cachar district of Rs 4 Lakh, Rs 5000/- cash assistance
turbulent period with insurgency and of Assam. per month for 2 years.
counterinsurgency resulting in civilian
• However, after some years, » Free ration for 2 years.
deaths.
negotiations for restoration of peace » Rs 1.5 lakh housing assistance to each
• In 1960, a Sixteen Point Agreement was were initiated and ultimately a Peace family.
signed between members of the Naga Accord between the MNF and the
People’s Congress and the Government Government of India was signed on
of India as part of which a new state 30th June, 1986.
of Nagaland was created in 1963. But
• The election of the first Mizoram
even this failed to quell the movement
Legislative Assembly was held on 16th
as a majority of Naga inhabited areas
February, 1987 and Mizoram became a
were left outside the new state.
full-fledged State from 20th February,
• In 1975, the Shillong Accord was 1987.
signed in which the NNC agreed to
• Insurgency related incidents and
give up arms and accept the Indian
security situation in Mizoram, by and
Constitution.
large, remained peaceful, barring a few
• Muivah and Swu, who were then NNC incidents of violence.
members, revolted and formed the
National Socialist Council of Nagaland Resettlement of Bru Migrants
(NSCN) in 1980. • Due to ethinic violence in the western
• The NLFT has been banned under the
• In 1988, the NSCN split due to Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act part of Mizoram in October 1997, a
leadership differences, into the NSCN since 1997 and has been involved in large number of minority Bru(Reang)
(IM) and the NSCN (K). violence, operating from their camps families migrated to North Tripura in
across the international border. The 1997-1998.
• The Government of India signed a
ceasefire agreement with NSCN (IM) group has been involved in violent • These Bru families were given shelter in
on July 25, 1997, which came into effect activities between 2005 and 2015. six relief camps in Kanchanpur District
on August 1, 1997. • Peace talks with NLFT were initiated in of North Tripura.
• The split faction of NSCN/K (i.e. NSCN/ 2015 and there has been no violence by • Considering the demand of the Bru
K-Khango faction) joined peace talks NLFT since 2016. families and in order to arrive at

22 23
Sikkim » Support from the neighbouring Expenditure (SRE) for the States Agriculture
countries to the insurgent groups is a seriously affected by militancy/
• On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the serious security threat to the region. insurgency since 1995. • The region has vast potential for
22nd state of the Indian Union, and the horticulture, medicinal plant and
» System of administration has been • The scheme is being implemented in all organic farming.
monarchy was abolished.
derailed due to frequent clashes NE States except Mizoram and Sikkim.
• A referendum was held in which 97.5 between security forces and insurgent. • Horticulture: Mission for Horticulture
• Under the scheme, fund will be shared Mission for North-East & Himalayan
percent of voters supported abolishing
between Centre and State in the ratio State(HMNEH) promotes horticulture
the monarchy, effectively approving
union with India. Government’s Approach and of 90:10 and expenditure incurred by sector in the North-East.
NE States on various security related
• The State of Sikkim is free from Action Plan to deal with North items, including raising of India Reserve • Organic Farming: Organic Farming is
insurgency related incidents and East Insurgency Battalions, logistics provided to the promoted through various programmes
security situation in Mizoram, by and CAPFs/Army deployed in the State etc. like Organic Value Chain development
large, remained peaceful in 2018,
• The Government of India has adopted for the Northeast region. Sikkim was
an integrated and holistic approach to the first organic state in the country.
barring a few incidents of violence.
deal with the Left Wing Extremist (LWE) Civic Action Programme in the
insurgency by addressing the areas of North Eastern States
security, development and promoting Infrastructure
good governance simultaneously. • In order to take the local populace
in confidence and boost the image
• The North East Region due to its
Scheme for Surrender-cum-Reha- of armed forces among the common
geographical location remains isolated
bilitation of Militants in North East from the rest of the country which has
people, Army and Central Paramilitary
not facilitated the low industrialization
Forces conduct Civic Action
• The Ministry of Home Affairs has been in the region.
Programme.
implementing a scheme for Surrender-
• Under this Programme, various • Special Emphasis on connectivity by
cum-Rehabilitation of militants in North
upgrading the road, airways, railway
East from. 01.01.1998 to wean away the welfare/developmental activities are
infrastructure.
misguided youth and hardcore militants undertaken like holding of medical
who stray into the fold of militancy. camps, sanitation drives, sports • In 2014 Arunachal Pradesh and
meets, distribution of study material Meghalaya were put on the rail map.
• The Scheme also seeks to ensure that the Agartala and Tripura have being
to children, minor repairs of school
militants, who have surrendered, do not
buildings, roads, bridges, etc. and connected to broad gauge lines.
find it attractive to join militancy again.
running adult education centers etc.
• The scheme has been revised w.e.f.
1.4.2018 for six NE States (except Sikkim Current Status of North-East
and Mizoram).
Advertisement and Publicity India Insurgency
• Under the revised policy, following • The Ministry of Home Affairs • The overall situation in the North
Impact of the Insurgency benefits will be extended to surrenderees- implements a scheme of Advertisement Eastern States improved substantially
• The impact of the insurgency activities and Publicity in North Eastern States since 2014.
on security, society, development and » Vocational training to the surrenderees with a view to highlight the activities
for self-employment. being undertaken by the Government • Last six years have seen a decline
politics has been devastating.
for peace in the region. in insurgency incidents by 70%,
• Some of the serious impacts are as » Funds for construction of rehabilitation casualties of security forces by 78%
follows; camps. • Under this scheme, various initiatives and civilian deaths by 80% in the
» Incentives for weapons/ammunitions are undertaken including the visits of region.
» Internal displacement of the surrendered by the militants. youths of NE States to rest of India and
population from within the states. vice-versa under the aegis of Nehru • The year 2019 recorded the lowest
Yuvak Kendra Sangathan (NYKS), insurgency incidents and casualties
» Education of children is frequently Security Related Measure among the civilians and security forces
telecasting of various programmes
disrupted. during the last two decades since 1997.
on Doordarshan and AIR, financial
» People‘s sense of alienation due to • The Central Government has
assistance to various organizations for
deprivation in the economic and been implementing a scheme for
organizing functions on NE themes etc.
social fields reimbursement of Security Related

24 25
Armed Forces (Special Powers) officer has the power to open fire at • Clause 5 of Assam Accord: secured against future infiltration
any individual even if it results in death Foreigners Issue: by erection of physical barriers like
Act-1958 if the individual violates laws which walls, barbed wire fencing and other
• The Armed Forces (Special Powers) prohibit » It determined 1st January 1966 as obstacles at appropriate places.
Act, 1958 (AFSPA) was preceded by the the cut-off date for the purpose of » All effective measures would be
Armed Forces (Assam and Manipur) − The assembly of five or more detection and deletion of foreigners adopted to prevent infiltrators crossing
Special Powers Ordinance 1958. persons; or and allowed for citizenship for all or attempting to crass the international
• The Ordinance gave the armed forces − Carrying of weapons. However, the persons coming to Assam from border.
officer has to give a warning before “Specified Territory” before the cut-off
certain special powers in the ‘disturbed
opening fire. date.
areas’ of Manipur and Assam. It was National Register of Citizens
replaced by AFSPA on September 11, » The authorised officer has also been » It further specifies that all persons who
1958. came to Assam prior to 1st January (NRC)
given the power to
1966 (inclusive) and up to 24th March • The National Register of Citizens (NRC)
• Currently, AFSPA is operational in
− Arrest without a warrant; and 1971 (midnight) shall be detected in is the register containing names of
entire States of Nagaland, Assam,
accordance with the provisions of the Indian Citizens.
Manipur (except Imphal Municipal − Seize and search without any Foreigners Act, 1946 and the Foreigners
area), three districts namely warrant any premise in order to • The only time that a National Register
(Tribunals) Order, 1939.
Changlang, Tirap and Longding of make an arrest or recovery of of Citizens (NRC) was prepared was
Arunachal Pradesh and the areas hostages, arms and ammunition. » Name of foreigners so detected in 1951 when after the conduct of the
falling within the jurisdiction of the will be deleted from the Electoral Census of 1951, the NRC was prepared
eight police stations in the districts of » Individuals who have been taken into Rolls in force. Such persons will by recording particulars of all the
Arunachal Pradesh, bordering the State custody have to be handed over to be required to register themselves persons enumerated during that
of Assam. the nearest police station as soon as before the Registration Officers of Census.
possible. the respective districts in accordance
• AFSPA empowers the governor of • The NRC will be now updated to include
» Prosecution of an authorised officer with the provisions of the Registration
the state, or the central government the names of those persons (or their
requires prior permission of the Central of Foreigners Act, 1939 and the
to declare any part of the state as a descendants) who appear in the NRC,
government. Registration of Foreigners Rules, 1939.
‘disturbed area’, if in its opinion there 1951, or in any of the Electoral Rolls up
exists a dangerous situation in the » Foreigners who came to Assam on or to the midnight of 24th March, 1971
said area which makes it necessary to after 25th March 1971 shall continue to
deploy armed forces in the region.
Assam Accord be detected, deleted and expelled in
or in any one of the other admissible
documents issued up to midnight of
• The Assam Accord was a accordance with law. 24th March, 1971, which would prove
Memorandum of Settlement (MoS) their presence in Assam or in any part of
signed between representatives of the • Clause 7: Economic India on or before 24th March, 1971.
Government of India and the leaders of Development:
the Assam Movement in New Delhi on
• All the names appearing in the NRC,
» The Government takes this opportunity 1951, or any of the Electoral Rolls up
15 August 1985.
to renew their commitment for to the midnight of 24th March 1971
• Accord deals with the the speedy all round economic together are called Legacy Data.
» Foreigners Issue (Clause 5), and development of Assam, so as to • Thus, there will be two requirements for
improve the standard of living of the inclusion in updated NRC –
» Safeguards Economic Development people.
(Clauses 6 and 7). » Existence of a person’s name in the
» Special emphasis will be placed on
» Other Issues (Clauses 8-12), education and science & technology pre-1971 period &
a n a f s p s o l d i e r g ua r d s t h e roa d s i d e

» Restoration of Normalcy (Clauses 13 through establishment of national » Proving linkage with that person.
• Special powers given to army and 14). institutions.
officials • The provisions governing NRC update
• The Home Ministry was the nodal • Clause 9: Security of in Assam are The Citizenship Act, 1955,
» Under Section 4 of the AFSPA, an Ministry for the implementation of the International Border: and The Citizenship (Registration of
authorised officer in a disturbed area Accord. Citizens and Issue of National Identity
enjoys certain powers. The authorised » The international border shall be cards) Rules, 2003.

26 27
• The modalities for NRC updating • At present, this rule is applicable in Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) » The Division deals with the internal
have been developed jointly by three states located in the northeast security and law & order situation in
the Government of Assam and the of the country, Mizoram, Arunachal • The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) the North-Eastern States, including
Government of India in adherence to Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland. monitors the internal security situation matters relating to insurgency and talks
these statutes. of the Left Wing Extremist insurgency. with various extremist groups operating
• The process of updating Assam’s • North East Division : in that region.
Sixth Schedule
part of NRC started in 2013 when the
Supreme Court of India passed an • The Sixth Schedule to the Constitution » The North East Division was created
order for it to be updated. was formulated to provide limited for focusing on the developmental and
autonomy to tribal regions of north- security issues relating to the North
• Since then, the Supreme Court (bench east India based on the report of the Eastern Region.
of Chief Justice of India Ranjan Gogoi
Bardoloi Committee formed by the
and Rohinton Fali Nariman) monitored
Constituent Assembly.
it continuously.
• It stated that due to the administrative
• The entire process was conducted by system followed by the British, the tribal
Prateek Hajela, an IAS, who has been
areas of Assam were isolated from
designated as the State Coordinator of
other parts of the country.
National Registration, Assam.
• Therefore, most of these areas
• The final updated NRC for Assam, remained severely under-developed.
published 31 August 2019, contained
There was a need for a system of
31 million names out of 33 million
administration that would allow the
populations.
tribal areas to become developed while
• It left out about 1.9 million applicants, protecting them from exploitation
who seem to be divided roughly by the people in the plain areas and
equally between Bengali Hindus, preserving their distinct social customs.
Bengali Muslims and other Hindus from
• The Bardoloi Committee drafted a
various parts of India
Schedule to the Constitution detailing
the administrative mechanism for these
Inner Line Permit (ILP) areas.

• Inner Line Permit (ILP) is an official • The Sixth Schedule designates ten
travel document issued by the tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya,
concerned state government to allow Mizoram and Tripura as autonomous
inward travel of an Indian citizen into a districts.
protected area for a limited period. • It stipulates that these areas should
• It is obligatory for Indian citizens from be administered through a system of
outside those states to obtain a permit District and Regional Councils, which
for entering into the protected state. have legislative powers on a range
of subjects such as allotment of land,
• The document is an effort by the inheritance of property, marriage and
government to regulate movement divorce.
to certain areas located near the
international border of India. • The Constitution (One Hundred and
Seventh Amendment) Bill, 2007 and
• The Inner Line Permit was established the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution
by the British government under the (Amendment) Bill, 2007 seek to amend
Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, the Constitution to include Gorkha
1873 to safeguard tribals of eastern Hill Council, Darjeeling in the Sixth
part of Bengal. This 1873 Regulation is Schedule.
additionally referred to as ILR or ILP.

28 29
 » The resolution ordered the Government
Jammu & Kashmir of Pakistan to withdraw its troops

Issue fighting in J&K and also asked the

Government of India to reduce its
• Conflict situation in Jammu and forces to the minimum strength.
Kashmir (J&K) has a long historical » It was proposed that after both the
background. parties would withdraw their troops, a
• When the British left India in August plebiscite would be held on the question
1947, by creating two separate states - of accession of the Jammu and Kashmir
India and Pakistan. State to either India or Pakistan.
• The princely states that were not the • In November 1948, the Indian and the
part of British India were given the Pakistani Governments agreed to hold
choice of resuming their independent the plebiscite, but Pakistan did not
status or joining either India or withdraw its troops from Kashmir, thus
Pakistan. violating the conditions for holding
• Kashmir, the Muslim majority state the plebiscite.
was at that time ruled by Hindu ruler • Post partition, India started controlling
Maharaja Hari Singh. However the two-thirds of the State of Jammu and
tribal attack on Kashmir sponsored by Kashmir, which includes Jammu, the
Pakistan Maharaja Hari Singh finally Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh.
decided to accede to India.
Chapter Three • India’s claims have been time and again
contested by Pakistan, which controls
Jammu & Kashmir some one-third region of Kashmir, which
they call Azad Kashmir and the northern
areas of Gilgit Baltistan.
• Since then India and Pakistan have
broadly fought three wars over
Kashmir; the one in 1947, the other two
in 1965 and 1999 respectively.
maharaja hari singh
wa s t h e l a s t r u l i n g
maharaja of the
p r i n c e ly s tat e o f
jammu and kashmir Population(2011
Region
Census)
• On 25 October 1947, the Instrument
of Accession was duly signed by the
Maharaja and it was accepted by the
Kashmir Valley 68,88,475
Indian Government on 27 October 1947.
• India refers the Kashmir issue to the
United Nations (UN) Security Council Jammu Region 53,78,538
and offers to hold a plebiscite under
UN supervision, after tribal raiders are
moved back.
Ladakh Region 2,74,289
• UN Security Council adopt a resolution
setting up United Nations Commission
for India and Pakistan (UNCIP) on 21 Total 1,25,41,302
April 1948

31
• However, the external dimension of the
Kashmir question has been intricately • Kashmir Accord or Indira-Sheikh accord signed on November 3
linked with the internal developments which state that the State of J&K which is a constituent unit of the
within the state of J&K. Union of India, will continue to be governed by Article 370 of the
Constitution of India
1975
Timeline of Event • Parliament will continue to have power to make laws relating
to the prevention of activities directed towards disclaiming,
• Timeline of Events in Jammu and questioning or disrupting the sovereignty and territorial integrity
Kashmir: of India

Year Events
• The decade of 1980s witnessed one when the insurgency broke out in
• •On 17 October, India’s Constituent Assembly adopts Article 370 of the most aggressive phases in the Kashmir, it was spearheaded by
1949 of the Constitution that ensures special status for Jammu and history of Kashmir conflict. Limited Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
Kashmir democratic development in Kashmir (JKLF) the most active militant
brought the growing discontent and organization at that time. It initiated
resentment of Kashmiri natives towards an underground movement with the
• In 1951 the Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly was elected
the Indian Government. objectives of liberating J&K from India
1951 and an interim Constitution for the State came into force in
• By 1989, armed insurgency sparked off and its reunification with Pak occupied
November
in Kashmir, wherein a large number of Kashmir(PoK).
youths aggressively protested against » During this period minority especially
• A Delhi Agreement was arrived at on 24 July between Sheikh the Indian Government and started Kashmiri Pandits feeling threatened
1952 Abdullah and the Government of India demanding autonomy for Kashmir. by the ongoing violence left the valley
• It provided for the State’s autonomy within the Indian Union • The insurgency began in the late 1980s en masse. Their mass exodus had the
and lasted till mid-1990s; it fanned impact of homogenising the Kashmiri
counter-insurgency and resultantly society.
• The State Constituent Assembly adopted the State’s Constitution
and came into force on 26th January, 1957 caused great havoc and devastation in » Though small in numbers, the Kashmiri
1957 Kashmir. Pandits provided a very influential and
• One of the provisions of the Constitution made Jammu and visible face of religious diversity.
Kashmir an integral part of the Indian Union • The Government of India also
conferred the Indian army with
special powers, through Armed Forces
• India and Pakistan go to war Special Powers Act (AFSPA) - with the
• Tashkent Agreement signed by the Indian Prime Minister and the apparent intention of maintaining law,
Pakistani President on ending the war order and peace in Kashmir.
1965
• The Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) is formed in
Pakistan held Kashmir with the aim of fighting for the secession of Different Phases of Conflict
J&K from India
Situation in J&K
Since the eruption of insurgency in J&K,
• 1971 Indo-Pak war and consequent creation of Bangladesh, there the conflict situation has passed through
1971
was an apparent change in the political equation in Kashmir many phases.

• Shimla Agreement concluded on July 2 between Zulfikar Ali • First Phase

Bhutto, President of Pakistan and Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of » The first phase of the movement
India was characterized by large-scale
1972
• The motto of the agreement was to put an end to the conflict demonstrations and mass pro-
and confrontation, to normalize relations ahead, establish friendly independence demonstrations.
relationship and promote peace between the two nations » It is important to mention here that
32 33
• Second Phase • On 5 August 2019, the Government Prime Minister Development and Muslim families migrated from the
of India issued a constitutional order Kashmir Valley to Jammu, Delhi and
» The second phase of conflict saw superseding the 1954 order, and Package for J&K- 2015 other parts of the country.
a marked change in the militant making all the provisions of the Indian (PMDP2015) • The Ministry of Home Affairs,
movement of J&K. constitution applicable to Jammu
• The Prime Minister announced a (Government of India) is running
» There was a gradual decline of JKLF and Kashmir based on the resolution various schemes for relief and
package of ₹80,068 crore towards
during this phase. passed in both houses of India’s rehabilitation of Kashmiri Migrants.
Special Assistance to J&K on 7.11.2015.
parliament with 2/3 majority.
» Since the mid 1990‘s, the rise of radical • For development of 63 Infrastructure • The schemes are being implemented
Islamic groups which added a new • The Jammu and Kashmir by the Government of Jammu and
Projects concerning various sectors
dimension to the militant movement. Reorganization Act, 2019 was passed Kashmir (GoJK) and expenditure
such as Road, Power, New and
by the parliament, enacting the incurred by the GoJK is being
Renewable Energy, Tourism, Health,
• Third Phase division of the state of Jammu and reimbursed by the Ministry of Home
Education, Water Resources, Sports,
Kashmir into two union territories to be Affairs (MHA) under Security Related
Urban Development, Defence,
» The third phase was the phase of state called Union Territory of Jammu and Expenditure (Relief and Rehabilitation)
Textile etc. relating to 15 Ministries/
consolidation. Kashmir and Union Territory of Ladakh. - SRE(R&R).
Departments of Government of India.
» Aggressive counter terrorist operations • The reorganisation took place on 31
inflicted heavy losses on militants and October 2019.
• Further, out of 63 projects, 18 have
security forces registered significant
been completed/substantially Current Status of Jammu and
completed and other are ongoing/ at Kashmir
strategic gains.
Article 35A various stages of implementation.
» New forms of protest started like • The State of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K)
stone pelting, killing of political • Article 35A of the Indian Constitution has been affected by terrorist and
representatives etc. was an article that empowered the Relief and Rehabilitation of secessionist violence, sponsored and
Jammu and Kashmir state’s legislature Kashmiri Migrants supported from across the border, for
to define “permanent residents” of more than two and half decades.
Article 370 the state and provide special rights • Due to onset of militancy in the State
and privileges to those permanent of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) in the • The trends of terrorist violence in J&K
• Article 370 of the Indian constitution during the last few years and current
residents. early 1990s, most of the Kashmiri
gave special status to Jammu and year are shown in the table given below:
Pandit families along with some Sikh
Kashmir, from 1954 to 31 October 2019. • It was added to the Constitution
• The article was drafted in Part XXI of through a Presidential Order, i.e., The
the Constitution titled “Temporary, Constitution (Application to Jammu
and Kashmir) Order, 1954 – issued by Jammu & Kashmir Incident
Transitional and Special Provisions”.
the President of India on 14 May 1954.
• All the provisions of the Constitution
applicable to other states are • Non-permanent residents of the state,
not applicable to J&K except for even if Indian citizens, were not entitled
defence, foreign affairs, finance and to these ‘privileges’.
communications. • On 5 August 2019, the Presidential
• The Article conferred power on Order was issued, whereby all the
Jammu and Kashmir to have a provisions of the Indian Constitution
separate constitution, a state flag are to apply to the State without any
and autonomy over the internal special provisions.
administration of the state. • This would imply that the State’s
• Article 370, along with Article 35A, separate Constitution stands
defined that the Jammu and Kashmir inoperative, including the privileges
state’s residents live under a separate sanctioned by the Article 35A
set of laws, including those related to
citizenship, ownership of property, and
fundamental rights, as compared to
residents of other Indian states.

34 35
UDAAN Muzaffarabad and Poonch-Rawalakot » The Department also coordinates enactment known as the The Armed
routes with effect from 20.10.2008. with various Ministries/Departments, Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special
• Based on the recommendations of the • Consequent upon the increase in primarily concerned with development Powers Act, 1990.
Expert Group constituted under the and welfare activities in Jammu,Kashmir
volume of trade, the number of trading • It empowers the governor or the
chairmanship of Dr. C. Rangarajan, & Ladakh.
days was increased from 2 to 4 days Central government to declare any
the Government of India launched the
per week (w.e.f. 15.11.2011). part of the state as a ‘disturbed area’
Scheme Special Industry Initiative for
Jammu & Kashmir titled ‘UDAAN’ in the • Trade Facilitation Centres (TFC) have Government’s Approach if in its opinion special powers are
required to prevent
nature of Public Private Partnership been established in two checkpoints i.e. and Action Plan to deal with
with the corporates of India. Salamabad, Uri and Chakan-da-Bagh,
Poonch for safe and smooth Cross LoC
Jammu & Kashmir » Terrorist acts aimed at overthrowing
• The Scheme has been implemented the government, striking terror in the
and monitored by National Skill
Trade. • The Government of India in tandem people, or affecting the harmony of
• Cross LOC trade between India with the State Government, has different sections of the people.
Development Corporation (NSDC) in
and PoK has been suspended from adopted a multi-pronged approach to
Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode. » Activities which disrupt the sovereignty
19.04.2019 till a stricter regime is put contain cross border infiltration, which,
• The Scheme aimed at enhancing the in place to ensure that only bonafide includes of India, or cause insult to the national
skills and employability of unemployed flag, anthem or India’s Constitution.
trade takes place for the benefit of the
youths of J&K who are graduate, post
people of J&K.
» Strengthening of the border
graduates or three year engineering infrastructure,
diploma holders. Bharat Darshan/ The Jammu and Kashmir
» Multi-tiered and multimodal
Watan Ko Jano Programme Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) deployment along international Border Reorganisation Bill, 2019
• The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) / Line of Control, • The Jammu and Kashmir
Bharat Darshan/Watan Ko monitors the internal security situation » Construction of border fencing, Reorganisation Bill, 2019 was
Jano Programme of the UTs of Jammu,Kashmir and
» Improved technological surveillance, introduced in Rajya Sabha on August 5,
Ladakh. 2019 by the Minister of Home Affairs.
• Government of India is providing weapons and equipments for Security
• The Ministry of Home Affairs Forces, • The Bill provides for reorganisation
funds for organizing Bharat Darshan
reimburses the expenditure incurred by of the state of Jammu and Kashmir
Tour/Watan Ko Jano Programme for » Improved intelligence and operational
the State Government on a variety of into the Union Territory of Jammu and
children/youth of Jammu and Kashmir coordination; synergized intelligence
security related measures. Kashmir and Union Territory of Ladakh.
with the help of CAPFs, JKP and flow and proactive action against
Government of J&K. • Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh terrorists within the State. • Reorganisation of Jammu and
• The main objective of the program is Division: Kashmir:
• The Government has adopted various
to give exposure to the youth of J&K counter measures to neutralise these
about the social and cultural diversity » Department of Jammu, Kashmir » The Bill reorganises the state of Jammu
and Ladakh Affairs deals with the efforts and capabilities of militants to and Kashmir into:
of India so that they feel socially, disturb peace in the State.
culturally and emotionally integrated UTs of Jammu,Kashmir & Ladakh,
with the rest of the country and also to administration of the Armed • The Government has also encouraged − The Union Territory of Jammu and
Forces(J&K) Special Powers Act,1990 policies to mainstream the youth, Kashmir with a legislature, and
show them cultural and socioeconomic
development taking place in other (21 of 1990) and all matters relating to including providing employment − The Union Territory of Ladakh
parts of the country. the UTs of Jammu,Kashmir & Ladakh, opportunities to wean them away from without a legislature.
including Counter-terrorism within militancy.
• Nearly 5000 Children/Youth have Jammu and Kashmir. » The Union Territory of Ladakh will
participated in the programme in the comprise Kargil and Leh districts, and
year 2018-19. » Coordination in respect of subjects/ The Armed Forces (Jammu and
matters specifically allotted to any other the Union Territory of Jammu and
Ministry/Department like coordination Kashmir) Special Powers Act, Kashmir will comprise the remaining
Cross LoC Trade between J&K with Ministry of Defence as regards 1990 territories of the existing state of
manning and managing the line of Jammu and Kashmir.
• Cross LoC Trade between J&K and • In the backdrop of the growing
control between India and Pakistan, but
PoK in respect of 21 agreed items on insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, the
excluding those with which the Ministry
zero duty basis started on Srinagar- Central government issued a similar
of External Affairs is concerned.

36 37
• Lieutenant Governor: » Further, Parliament will have the power and Kashmir State Financial » These include the Aadhaar Act, 2016,
to make laws in relation to any matter Corporation. These Committees the Indian Penal Code, 1860, and the
» The Union Territory of Jammu and for the Union Territory of Jammu and must submit their reports within six Right to Education Act, 2009.
Kashmir will be administered by the Kashmir. months to the Lieutenant Governor » Further, it repeals 153 state laws of
President, through an administrator of Jammu and Kashmir, who must Jammu and Kashmir. In addition, 166
appointed by him known as the • Council of Ministers: act on these recommendations state laws will remain in force, and
Lieutenant Governor. within 30 days.
» The Union Territory of Jammu and seven laws will be applicable with
» The Union Territory of Ladakh will be Kashmir will have a Council of Ministers amendments.
administered by the President, through • Extent of laws:
of not more than ten percent of » These amendments include lifting of
a Lieutenant Governor appointed by
the total number of members in the » The Schedule lists 106 central laws prohibitions on lease of land to persons
him.
Assembly. that will be made applicable to Union who are not permanent residents of
» The Council will aid and advise the Territories of Jammu and Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir.
• Legislative Assembly of Jammu
Lieutenant Governor on matters that and Ladakh on a date notified by the
and Kashmir: central government.
the Assembly has powers to make laws.
» The Bill provides for a Legislative The Chief Minister will communicate
Assembly for the Union Territory of all decisions of the Council to the
Jammu and Kashmir. Lieutenant Governor.
» The total number of seats in the
Assembly will be 107. Of these, 24
• High Court:
seats will remain vacant on account » The High Court of Jammu and Kashmir
of certain areas of Jammu and will be the common High Court for
Kashmir being under the occupation of the Union Territories of Ladakh, and
Pakistan. Jammu and Kashmir.
» Further, seats will be reserved in the » Further, the Union Territory of Jammu
Assembly for Scheduled Castes and and Kashmir will have an Advocate
Scheduled Tribes in proportion to their General to provide legal advice to the
population in the Union Territory of government of the Union Territory.
Jammu and Kashmir.
» In addition, the Lieutenant Governor • Legislative Council:
may nominate two members to
the Legislative Assembly to give » The Legislative Council of the state of
representation to women, if they are Jammu and Kashmir will be abolished.
not adequately represented. Upon dissolution, all Bills pending in
the Council will lapse.
• The Assembly will have a term of five
years, and the Lieutenant Governor • Advisory Committees:
must summon the Assembly at least
once in six months. » The central government will appoint
Advisory Committees, for various
• The Legislative Assembly may make purposes, including:
laws for any part of the Union Territory
of Jammu and Kashmir related to: − Distribution of assets and liabilities
of corporations of the state of
» Any matters specified in the State List Jammu and Kashmir between the
of the Constitution, except “Police” and two Union Territories,
“Public Order”, and
− Issues related to the generation and
» Any matter in the Concurrent List supply of electricity and water, and
applicable to Union Territories.
− Issues related to the Jammu

38 39
 Police
• Under the Constitution, police is a
subject governed by states.
• The Constitution provides for a
legislative and executive division of
powers between centre and states.
• With regard to police, some of the key
matters regulated by centre and states
are illustrated below:

Responsibilities of centre and states with regard to police

STATES CENTRE

Protecting states from

external an internal
Maintaining public order Criminal law disturbances
Police Criminal procedure Deploying central police
Chapter Four Prisons forces
Institutes for intelligence,
Police investigation and police
training

• Therefore, each of the 29 states have prevention and investigation, and

their own police forces. maintaining law and order.
• The centre is also allowed to maintain » While they also provide the first
its own police forces to assist the states response in case of more intense
with ensuring law and order. internal security challenges (e.g.,
• Therefore, the Centre maintains seven terrorist incident or insurgency-related
central police forces and some other violence).
police organisations for specialised
tasks such as intelligence gathering, • Central Government
investigation, research and record- » The central forces are specialised
keeping, and training. in dealing with such conflicts. For
example, the Central Reserve Police
Force is trained to defuse large-scale
Role of Police riots with least damage to life and
The responsibilities of the state and property, as compared to local police.
central police forces are different.
» Further, the central forces assist the
• State Government defence forces with border protection.
The centre is liable for policing in the
» State police forces are primarily in seven union territories.
charge of local issues such as crime
41
» It also extends intelligence and » The civil police is responsible for
financial support to the state police day-to-day law and order and crime Specialised in carrying out counter-
forces. control. terrorism, counter-hijacking and
National Security Guards (NSG) hostage-rescue operations. In addition,
» Armed police are kept in reserve, it provides VIP security and security for
Police Organisation and till additional support is required in important events.
situations like riots.
Functioning
» In some metropolitan cities and urban
The responsibilities of the state and
areas, the Commissionerate system is Issues Police accountability
central police forces are different.
followed to allow for quicker decision- • Various expert bodies have examined • Police forces have the authority to
• State Police Forces making in response to complex law issues with police organisation and exercise force to enforce laws and
and order situations. functioning over the last few decades. maintain law and order in a state.
» Police forces of the various states » As of January 2016, 53 cities had this However, this power may be misused
are governed by their state laws system such as Delhi, Ahmedabad and in several ways.
Expert bodies that have examined
and regulations. Some states have Kochi. • For example, in India, various kinds
modelled their laws on the basis of a police reforms
of complaints are made against
central law, the Police Act, 1861. • Central Police Forces the police including complaints of
» States also have their police manuals National Police 1977 - 1981
unwarranted arrests, unlawful searches,
• The centre maintains various central Commission
detailing how police of the state is armed police forces and paramilitary torture and custodial rapes.
organised, their roles and responsibilities, forces, of which four guard India’s • The Second Administrative Reforms
records that must be maintained, etc. borders, and three perform specialised Ribeiro Committee 1998 Commission (2007) has noted that this
» State police forces generally have two tasks. control has been abused in the past by
arms: • These are: the political executive to unduly influence
Padmanabhaiah 2000
police personnel, and have them serve
− Civil Police. Committee personal or political interests.
− Armed Police. Vacancies and an overburdened
Malimath 2002 - 2003 force
Committee • Currently there are significant vacancies
Assam Rifles (AR) Guards India’s borders with Myanmar. within the state police forces and some
of the central armed police forces.

Guards India’s borders with Pakistan Police Act Drafting 2005 • As of January 2016, the total sanctioned
Border Security Force (BSF) Committee strength of state police forces
and Bangladesh.
across India was 22,80,691, with 24%
vacancies.
Indo Tibetan Border Police Force (ITBP) Guards the border with China. Supreme Court 2006 • While the United Nations
direcyions in Prakash recommended standard is 222 police
Guards India’s borders with Nepal and Singh vs Union of India per lakh persons, India’s sanctioned
Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) strength is 181 police per lakh persons.
Bhutan
• After adjusting for vacancies, the
Second Administrative 2007
actual police strength in India is at 137
Provides security to critical
Reforms Commission police per lakh persons.
infrastructure installations, such as
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
airports, atomic power plants, defence • Therefore, an average policeman ends
production units and oil fields. up having an enormous workload and
Police Act Drafting 2015
long working hours, which negatively
Committee II
Deployed for law and order, counter- affects his efficiency and performance.
Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) insurgency, anti-naxal and communal
violence operations. • These bodies have highlighted various
issue:

42 43
Expenditure by states on police over the last decade Lack of resources/assets Reform Suggested
• CAG audits have found shortages in Directions of the Supreme Court in
weaponry with state police forces. Prakash Singh vs Union of India
For example, Rajasthan and West
Bengal had shortages of 75% and 71% • In 1996, a petition was filed before the
respectively in required weaponry with Supreme which stated that the police
the state police. abuse and misuse their powers.
Expenditure by States on
Police (Rs Crore) • Also, the Bureau of Police Research • The petition asked the court to
and Development has also noted a issue directions for implementation
Year on year increase (%) 30.5% deficiency in stock of required of recommendations of expert
vehicles with the state forces. committees.
• Directions: In September 2006, the
court issued various directions to the
centre and states including

Crime Investigation Underutilisation of funds for

• Crime investigation requires skills modernisation Seven Directives given by the Supreme Court
and training, time and resources, and • Both centre and states allocate funds
adequate forensic capabilities and for modernisation of state police forces.
infrastructure. • Constitute a State Security Commission (SSC) to ensure that the state
• However, there has been a persistent government does not exercise unwarranted influence or pressure on the police
• The Law Commission and the Second problem of underutilisation of and to evaluate the performance of the state police
Administrative Reforms Commission modernisation funds.
have noted that state police officers
• For example, in 2015-16, the centre
often neglect this responsibility
because they are understaffed and
and states allocated Rs 9,203 crore for • Fixed two year tenure of DGP
modernisation.
overburdened with various kinds of
tasks. • However, only 14% of it was spent.
• Further, they lack the training and • Figure shows a trend of underutilisation • Two year term for SP’s and SHO’s
the expertise required to conduct of funds between 2009-10 and 2015-16.
professional investigations.
• Separate the investigation and law and order functions of the police.
Utilisation of funds for modernisation (%)

• Set up a Police Establishment Board (PEB) to decide transfers, postings,

promotions and other service related matters of police officers of and below the
rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police.

• Set up a National Security Commission (NSC) at the union level to prepare

a panel for selection and placement of Chiefs of the Central Police
Organisations (CPO)

• Set up a Police Complaints Authority (PCA) at state level to inquire into

public complaints against police officers of and above the rank of Deputy
Superintendent of Police in cases of serious misconduct.
% Utilisation of Modernisation Budget

44 45
Implementation » Typically, the CBI takes up an − Promoting use of science and • The IPS officers provide senior level
investigation: technology in police work, leadership to Police Forces both in the
• According to a report of the NITI States and at the Centre.
Aayog (2016), of 35 states and UTs − On the order of the central − Monitoring and assisting with the
(excluding Telangana), State Security government with the consent of
training needs of police forces, • The All - India character of the Service
Commissions had been set up in all but − Assisting state police forces with gives its members a unique advantage
state government, and
two states, and Police Establishments modernization, and of handling specific problems in the
− On the order of the Supreme Court States within the overall perspective of
Boards in all states. and High Courts. − Assisting the centre in developing National unity and integrity.
• The two states in which the State quality standards with respect to
Security Commissions were not set • National Investigation Agency police equipment and infrastructure. • The Ministry of Home Affairs is the
up by August 2016 were Jammu and cadre controlling authority in respect
(NIA) of IPS officers and is responsible for all
Kashmir and Odisha. • Training Academies
» The NIA is an investigating agency set policy decisions related to the Service,
up under the National Investigation » Two key national training academies including cadre structure, training, cadre
Central Government Agency Act, 2008. that come under the central allocation, confirmation, empanelment,
Organisation deals with » It is responsible for investigating
government are the deputation, pay and allowances,
disciplinary matters, etc.
internal security offences against the sovereignty, − The Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
The centre also maintains several police security and integrity of the country National Police Academy in
organisations. Key organisations include: punishable under eight specified Hyderabad is responsible for Umbrella scheme of
laws, such as the Unlawful Activities conducting training courses for IPS Modernisation of Police Forces
• Intelligence Bureau (IB) (Prevention) Act, 1967 and the Anti- officers, and for trainers of various
Hijacking Act, 1982.
(MPF)
police training institutions in the
» The IB is the central intelligence country. • The umbrella scheme of “Modernization
agency for all matters related to
» NIA takes up an investigation on the
order of the central government, either of Police Forces (MPF)” has been
internal security, including espionage, − The North Eastern Police Academy
on the request of a state government approved by the Government on
insurgency and terrorism. in Meghalaya is responsible for
or suo moto (i.e. on the central 27.09.2017 for implementation during
training police personnel of the
» The IB is used to garner intelligence government’s own authority). north east states.
2017-18 to 2019-20, with a total outlay
from within India and also execute of ₹ 25,061 crore.
counter-intelligence and counter- • National Crime Records Bureau • Out of this total outlay, the Central
terrorism tasks. (NCRB) outlay approved is ₹18,636 crore and
» The Bureau comprises employees from the States’ share is ₹6,425 crore.
law enforcement agencies, mostly from » The NCRB is an institution that collects
and maintains records on crime across
• This umbrella scheme comprises of two
the Indian Police Service (IPS) or the schemes, namely,
Indian Revenue Service (IRS) and the the country.
military. » It coordinates and disseminates » Scheme for Modernization of Police
this information to various states, Forces of States and Union Territories.
• Central Bureau of Investigation investigating agencies, courts and » Scheme of Security Related Expenditure
(CBI) prosecutors. (SRE) for Jammu & Kashmir, North-
» The CBI is an investigating agency » It also functions as the national Eastern States and Left Wing Extremism
storehouse for fingerprint records of t h e n o rt h e a st e r n p o l i c e ac a d e m y ( e r st w h i l e affected Areas.
set up under the Delhi Special Police
convicted persons. the regional police training college) is an
Establishment Act, 1946. e s ta b l i s h m e n t o f t h e g ov t o f i n d i a , u n d e r t h e • The objective is to bring all the relevant
» It is responsible for investigating serious • Bureau of Police Research and m i n i s t r y o f h o m e a f fa i r s
schemes that contribute to modernizing
crimes having all India or inter-state Development (BPRD) the police forces and improve their
ramifications, such as those related to Indian Police Service (IPS) functioning, at one place in the union
corruption, financial scams and serious » The BPRD was set up with the mandate budget.
• The Indian Police Service (IPS) is one
fraud and organised crime (e.g., black to identify the needs and problems of • The Government of India has included
of the three All India Services
marketing and profiteering in essential the police forces in the country. the umbrella scheme of “Modernization of
constituted under Article 312 of the
commodities). Police Forces (MPF)” as a ‘core’ scheme.
» Its responsibilities include: Constitution of India.

46 47
• The progress of implementation of the • For the year 2018-19, after following an for grading of Police Stations on • Organisation and recruitment
scheme is regularly reviewed by the objective and transparent procedure, their performance as well as citizen
Union Home Minister and the Union 10 States have been released grants of feedback. » Each state will have one police service,
Home Secretary ₹7.69 crore each. which shall be headed by the DGP.
• Accordingly, the Annual Assessment of
the Best Police Stations Scheme was » Direct recruitments to subordinate
1. Andhra Pradesh
Mega City Policing undertaken to identify and recognize ranks (i.e. below Deputy SP) will be
2. Gujarat the ten best police stations of the made through a state level Police
• The Mega City Policing (MCP) is a 3. Madhya Pradesh country and also the best police station Recruitment Board.
subset of the MPF Scheme. in a particular State or Union Territory.
4. Odisha » Recruitment to officers’ ranks will
• MCP Plans for the cities of Ahmedabad, • The criteria for choosing the best police be through the Union Public Service
Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata 5. Punjab
stations in the country was primarily on Commission or State Public Service
and Bengaluru had been approved by 6. Rajasthan the basis of their performance in crime Commission.
the Ministry of Home Affairs during the 7. Tamil Nadu prevention, investigation and disposal
12th Plan period. of cases, crime detection, community • Responsibilities:
8. Telangana
• These Plans include setting up of policing and maintenance of law and
CCTV Cameras Network, Command 9. Uttar Pradesh order. » The responsibilities of the police serve
will include:
and Control Centre, Dial 100 facilities, 10. Uttarakhand • Citizens Feedback was also obtained.
patrolling of Highways, Unmanned − Enforcing the law impartially, and
Aerial Vehicles and other technology
• The best police stations for 2019 are:
components to make these cities safer. SMART Policing protecting life, liberty and human
» Aberdeen Police Station, Andaman & rights,
• During the 49th DGs/ IGs Annual Nicobar Islands − Preserving public order, and
Incentivizing Police Reforms Conference in 2014, the Prime Minister
preventing terrorist, militant and
introduced the concept of S.M.A.R.T
other activities affecting internal
• To incentivize the implementation Police.
security,
of Police Reforms as recommended
• It implies: − Protecting public properties,
by various committees, up to 10%
of the total annual allocation of the S - Sensitive and Strict
− Preventing and investigating crimes,
scheme of Assistance to States for M - Modern and Mobile
Modernisation of Police, has been kept − Providing help in natural or man-
A - Alert and Accountable made disasters,
aside this year for States who have
done exemplary work for the same. R - Reliable and Responsive − Collecting intelligence, etc.
• States’ performance in implementation T - Trained and Techno Savvy.
of the following police reforms has
• Accountability:
• The best practices have been shortlisted
been evaluated for award of incentive: in accordance with the ten attributes of t h e s o u t h a n da m a n s u b d i v i s i o n i s c o n s i st i n g
» The state government will exercise
o f t h r e e p o l i c e s tat i o n s i . e . a b e r d e e n ,
‘SMART’ policing. A compilation of best pa h a r g a o n a n d c h at h a m superintendence over the police service.
» Transparent Recruitment Process. practices and SMART policing initiatives
» Training of policemen at all levels for Model Police Act, 2006 » This will include laying down policies
has been released. and guidelines, setting standards for
upgrading professional skills and for
• The positive stories/good work being • The central government set up the quality policing, and ensuring that
inculcating the right attitude towards
done at the Police Station level are Police Act Drafting Committee under the police perform their duties in a
the public.
highlighted on on the website of the Chairmanship of Soli Sorabjee in professional manner.
» Improvement of Forensic Science the office of District SSP/SP and 2005 to draft a new model police law
Infrastructure.
» State Police Boards will be constituted
Commissioner of Police. that could replace the Police Act, 1861. in each state to frame guidelines,
» Replacement of orderly system • The committee submitted the Model select officers who are qualified to be
by system of attachment of one Police Act in 2006, 17 states passed promoted to rank of DGP, and evaluate
constable/helper. Ranking of Police Stations police performance.
new laws or amended their existing
» Promotional prospects for Constables. • In 2015, Prime Minister directed during laws in light of this new model law. » Police Accountability Commissions
his address to the DsGP Conference in • Key features of the Model Police Act,
» Computerisation of Police Stations. will also be set up by states to address
Kutch, Gujarat, to lay down parameters 2006 include: complaints of police misconduct.

48 49
» However key police functionaries (e.g., » A Police Welfare Board must also
DGP and police station in charge) will be set up to administer and monitor
have a minimum tenure of two years welfare measures for police, including
unless they have been convicted by a medical assistance, group housing,
court, or suspended from service, etc. and legal aid for officers facing court
proceedings.
• Service Conditions:
» The state government will ensure that the There is a need to carry out Police reforms
average hours of duty of a police officer and incentivize police department to
do not exceed 8 hours (in exceptional adopt best practices and it is time that
situations, 12 hours). citizen should put pressure on government
to liberate the police from the clutches of
» Adequate insurance coverage will also be political masters.
provided to personnel against any injury
disability or death caused in line of duty.

Chapter Five

Border Management

50
Internal Security Department of Jammu and
Kashmir (J&K) Affairs
Cyber and Information Security
(CIS) Division
Border Management
• India has 15,106.7 km of land border
• Internal security issues in the country
• Dealing with the constitutional • CIS Division was created in October and a coastline of 7,516.6 km including
can broadly be categorized as follows:
provisions in respect of the State of 2017 to address the issue of growing island territories.
» Terrorism in the hinterland of the Jammu and Kashmir and all other concerns of cyber security and cyber • The Department of Border
country. matters relating to the State, excluding crime in the country. Management was created in the
those with which the Ministry of Ministry of Home Affairs in January,
» Left Wing Extremism in certain areas. External Affairs is concerned; Women Safety (WS) Division 2004 to devote focussed attention to
» Security situation in Jammu & Kashmir. the issues relating to the management
» Insurgency in the North Eastern States Department of Border • The Government has set up a Women of the international land & coastal
Safety Division in the Ministry of Home borders, strengthening of border
Management Affairs on 28th May, 2018 to strengthen
• The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) policing & guarding, creation of
discharges multifarious responsibilities, • Dealing with management of measures for safety of women in the infrastructure such as roads, fencing
the important among them being - international borders, including country and instill greater sense of and flood lighting of the borders and
internal security, border management, coastal borders, strengthening of security in them through speedy and implementation of the Border Area
Centre-State relations, administration border guarding and creation of effective administration of justice in Development Programme (BADP).
of Union Territories, management of related infrastructure, border areas a holistic manner and by providing a
Central Armed Police Forces, disaster development, etc.; safer environment for women.
management, etc.
Left Wing Extremism (LWE) Division International Land Border
Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) • LWE Division monitors the LWE i n d o - a f g h a n i s ta n (106 km)
• The Ministry of Home Affairs situation and counter-measures being
continuously monitors the internal taken by the affected States with the
objective of improving ground-level indo-china (3488 km)
security situation, issues appropriate
advisories, shares intelligence inputs, policing and development response as
extends manpower and financial per the location specific action plans i n d o - pa k i s ta n (3323 km)

support, guidance and expertise to the formulated / to be formulated by the

i n d o - b h u ta n (699 km)
State Governments for maintenance of affected States.
security, peace and harmony without i n d o - n e pa l (1751 km)
encroaching upon the constitutional North East (NE) Division
rights of the States.
• The NE Division deals with the internal
• Ministry of Home Affairs has the security and law & order situation in
following constituent Departments
the North-Eastern States, including
dealing with Internal Security:
matters relating to insurgency and
talks with various extremist groups
Department of Internal Security operating in that region. i n d o - m ya n m a r
(1643 k m )
• Dealing with the Indian Police Service,
Central Police Forces, internal security Police – I (P-I) Division indo-bangladesh

and law & order, insurgency, terrorism, (4096.7 k m )

• Police-I Division functions as the
naxalism, activities of inimical foreign
cadre controlling authority in respect
agencies, rehabilitation, grant of visa
of Indian Police Service (IPS) and arabian sea c oa st l i n e (7516.6 km) b ay o f b e n g a l
and other immigration matters, security
also deals with all matters relating
clearances, etc;
to training of police personnel, all
matters relating to Central Armed
Police Forces (CAPFs), including their
deployment. indian ocean

52 53
Objective of Border Management Indo-Bangladesh Border (IBB) Indo-Pakistan Border (IPB)
Border Security Bangladesh and
• Securing the country’s borders against Force (BSF) Pakistan borders • The Indian side of the Indo-Bangladesh • India shares 3323 km of its land border
interests hostile to the country and Border passes through West Bengal, with Pakistan.
putting in place systems that are Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and • This border runs along the States of
able to interdict such elements while Indo-Tibetan Mizoram. Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab and J&K.
facilitating legitimate trade and Border Police China border
• The entire stretch consists of plains, • The Indo-Pakistan border has varied
commerce are among the principal (ITBP)
riverine belts, hills & jungles. The area terrain and distinct geographical
objectives of border management. is heavily populated and is cultivated features.
• As part of strategy to secure the Sashastra Seema Nepal and right upto the border.
borders as also to create infrastructure Bal (SSB) Bhutan borders
• This border is characterized by
• Border is marked by a high degree of attempts of infiltration by the
in the border areas of the country, porosity and the checking of illegal terrorists and smuggling of the arms,
several initiatives have been cross border activities and illegal ammunition and contraband; the LoC
undertaken by the Department of Assam Rifles Myanmar border migration from Bangladesh into India being the most active and live portion
Border Management. have been major challenges. of the border.
• In order to prevent illegal migration • The Government has sanctioned fences
Management of International • Indian army is guarding land borders and illegal activities including anti- and floodlights around the border.
along the LOC on Pakistan border
Borders along with BSF and Line of Actual
national activities from across the
• Comprehensive Integrated Border
border, the Government of India had
• As part of strategy to secure the Control (LAC) on China border along sanctioned the construction of border Management System (CIBMS) in
borders as also to create infrastructure with ITBP. fencing with floodlight Phase-I, a Pilot project along two
in the border areas of the country, stretches of five km each has been
several initiatives have been implemented in Jammu on Indo-
undertaken by the Department of Pakistan Border.
Border Management. • In Phase-II & Phase-III, CIBMS will be
• These include construction of the implemented in Gujarat and Punjab.
fence, floodlighting, Border Out
Posts and building roads along Indo-
Pakistan, Indo-Bangladesh, Indo-China
and Indo-Nepal borders, development
of Integrated Check Posts (ICPs) at
various locations on the international
borders of the country. t h e b o r d e r f e n c e c l o s e to t h e h i l i b o r d e r
indian army armoured vehicles during yudh
• In addition, various developmental
s tat i o n i n w e s t b a n g l a d e s h
a b h ya s e x e r c i s e s
works in the border areas have been
• The Government of India has taken an
undertaken by the Department • Indian Navy is responsible for overall initiative to cover the area where physical
under the Border Area Development maritime security which includes coastal
fence is not feasible with non-physical
Programme (BADP) as part of a and offshore security.
barriers in the form of Comprehensive i n d i a n b s f at wa g a h
comprehensive approach to the border • Indian Coast Guard has been Integrated Border Management System
management. additionally designated as authority Indo-Myanmar Border (IMB)
(CIBMS).
• Deployment of forces along the responsible for coastal security in
• CIBMS includes integration of manpower, • The States of Arunachal Pradesh,
borders is based on the principle of India’s territorial waters including areas
sensors, networks, intelligence and Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram
‘One border, One Border – Guarding to be patrolled by the Coastal Police
Command & Control Solutions to improve have a common border with Myanmar.
Force’ (BGF). • Approach and practices of border situational awareness at different levels • There is a Joint Boundary Working
• Accordingly, domination of each management vary from one border of hierarchy to facilitate prompt and Group (JBWG) between India
border has been entrusted to a to another, based on the security informed decision making and quick and Myanmar to examine/discuss
particular border guarding force as perceptions and relationship with the response to emerging situations. all boundary related issues in a
under: neighboring country.
comprehensive manner.

54 55
• A Free Movement Regime (FMR) exists for discussing the issues of mutual • The programme covers all the villages • Indian Navy is assisted by Indian Coast
between India and Myanmar. concern such as containing cross which are located within 0-10 km Guard (ICG), Coastal Police and other
border crimes, smuggling, situations distance of the International Border. Central and State agencies.
» Under the FMR, every member of the arising out of terrorist activities, at the
hill tribes, who is either a citizen of • Funding pattern under BADP: • ICG is also designated as an authority
national and regional/local levels. responsible for coastal security in
India or a citizen of Myanmar and who
» As per the BADP guidelines (June, Territorial Waters including areas to be
is resident of any area within 16 km on
either side of Indo-Myanmar Border
Indo-Bhutan Border 2015), annual budgetary allocation is patrolled by Coastal Police.
divided into two components- • The Director General of ICG has been
(IMB) can cross the IMB on production • To improve the security environment
of a border pass with one year validity, along the Indo-Bhutan border − 40% of total allocation is for the designated as Commander Coastal
issued by a Competent Authority. measuring 699 km, Sashatra Seema eight North-Eastern (NE) States Command and is responsible for
Bal (SSB) has been deployed as the overall coordination between Central
» Citizens of Myanmar can move into the (including Sikkim); Remaining
Border Guarding Force. and State agencies in all matters
area in India which is within 16 km from − 60% of total allocation is relating to coastal security.
India-Myanmar Border and can stay up • A bilateral mechanism in the shape of distributed among the 9 States
to two weeks per visit. a Secretary level India-Bhutan Group having international land borders.
on Border Management and Security
Indo-China Border exists.
• This mechanism has proved to be very Coastal Security
• To redress the situation arising out
useful in assessing threat perceptions • India has a coastline of 7516.6 km
of lack of infrastructure along the
of the two countries from elements bordering the mainland and the islands
Indo-China border and for effective
attempting to take advantage of this in Bay of Bengal in the East, the Indian
movement of Indo-Tibetan Border
open border and in discussing ways Ocean on the South and the Arabian
Police (ITBP), the border guarding
of improving the security environment Sea on the West.
force for this border.
along the border areas.
• The Ministry of Home Affairs has • There are nine States viz. Gujarat,
undertaken the construction of roads Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala,
along the Indo-China border in the Border Area Development Pro- Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha i n d i a n n av y f l ot i l l a i n c l u d i n g a i r c r a f t
c a r r i e r i n s v i r a at e s c o r t i n g i n s v i k r a m a d i t ya
States of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal gramme (BADP) and West Bengal o n i t s way h o m e i n 2014
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and • Four Union Territories (UTs) viz. Daman
Arunachal Pradesh. • The Department of Border & Diu, Lakshadweep, Puducherry and Coastal Security Scheme (CSS)
Management, Ministry of Home Affairs
Andaman & Nicobar Islands situated
is implementing the Border Area
on the coast.
• The Department of Border
Indo-Nepal Border Development Programme (BADP) Management is implementing CSS
• India and Nepal share an open border through the State Governments as a in phases with the objective of
of 1,751 km. part of a comprehensive approach to strengthening infrastructure of the
border management. Police Force of Coastal States/UTs for
• The main challenges are to check patrolling and surveillance of coastal
misuse of open border by the terrorists • The aim of BADP is to meet special
developmental needs and well being areas, particularly shallow waters close
and criminals for illegal and anti to the coast.
national activities and to improve the of the people living in the remote
security along this border and inaccessible areas situated • The CSS (Phase-I) was implemented
near the international borders and from 2005-06 with an outlay of ₹ 646
• To facilitate bilateral dialogue on to provide essential infrastructure crore over a period of 6 years.
matters of mutual concern regarding through convergence of the Central/
border management, Governments b e a c h i n v i s a k h a pat n a m , a n d h r a p r a d e s h
• The CSS (Phase-II) has been
State/BADP/Local schemes through formulated in the context of the fast
of India and Nepal have decided participatory approach.
to constitute an institutionalised Maritime and Coastal Security Set-up changing coastal security scenario
mechanism in the form of Home • Funds are provided to the States subsequent to the Mumbai incidents
Secretary-level talks and Joint Working for execution of projects relating to • Indian Navy has been designated as on 26/11/2008 and followed by a
Group at the level of Joint Secretaries. infrastructure, livelihood, education, the authority responsible for overall vulnerability/ gap analysis carried
health, agriculture and allied sectors etc maritime security, which includes out by coastal States and UTs which
• These mechanisms serve as platforms coastal and offshore security.
56 57
 projected additional requirements • In accordance with the decisions of • India is a signatory to The UN Single • The Governments’ policy has thus been
for strengthening the coastal security NCSMCS, ISRO is in process of delivery Convention on Narcotics Drugs 1961, to promote their use for medical and
infrastructure. and integration of 500 transponders The Convention on Psychotropic scientific purposes while preventing
• The CSS (PhaseII) has been approved each for Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. Substances, 1971 and The Convention their diversion from licit sources, and
with an outlay of ₹ 1579.91 crore and is on Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and prohibiting illicit traffic and abuse.
Psychotropic Substances, 1988 which • The NDPS Act divides the powers
under implementation upto 31.03.2020. Coastal Mapping prescribe various forms of control and responsibility of regulation of licit
• Coastal mapping is an important step aimed to achieve the dual objective of activities.
Other Coastal Security Initia- towards strengthening coastal security. limiting the use of narcotic drugs and
tives • Coastal mapping is a process of psychotropic substances for medical » Section 9 of the Act has listed
and scientific purposes as well as various activities which the Central
putting information on the map which
preventing the abuse of the same. Government can, by rules, regulate.
Community Interaction Pro- includes vital details and location of
grammes (CIP) Coastal Police Stations, local Police • The basic legislative instrument of the » Section 10 lists various activities which
Stations, intelligence set up, fish Government of India in this regard is the State Governments can, by rules,
• ICG has been undertaking CIPs for the landing points, fishing villages, Ports, the Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic regulate.
fishermen to bring in awareness about Customs Check Posts, Hospitals, Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985.
safety issues at sea. Railway Stations, Bus Stations, Bomb • Various Ministries and Departments • The NDPS Act has created statutory
• The CIPs are also conducted to disposal facilities etc. authorities such as the Narcotics
under the Government of India as well
sensitize the fishing community on Control Bureau was created through a
• The Coastal States/UTs of Gujarat, as the State Governments exercise
notification under Section 4 of the Act.
the prevailing security situation and Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, various functions pertaining to drug
develop them to be the “Eyes and Ears” Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, demand and supply reduction.
for intelligence gathering. West Bengal, Daman & Diu, Puducherry Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
and A&N Islands have completed the » The aspect of drug supply reduction
process of Coastal Mapping. is looked after by various enforcement • The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
Fishermen Biometric ID Cards agencies under the Ministry of Finance, is the National Nodal Agency created
• Fisherman Biometric ID Cards are issued • Lakshadweep is in process of Ministry of Home Affairs and State under the Narcotic Drugs and
completing the exercise. Governments. Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 for
to the Fishermen by the Department of
Animal Husbandry Dairying & Fisheries. preventing and combating drug abuse
» The aspect of drug demand reduction
• DAHD&F have informed that out National Academy of Coastal is handled by the Ministry of Social
and illicit trafficking in Narcotic Drugs
and Psychotropic Substances.
of 19,90,521 fishermen identified for Policing (NACP) Justice & Empowerment.
issuance of biometric ID cards by the » The treatment of drug addicts and • NCB is responsible for coordination
Coastal States/UTs, Biometric enrolment • The Government of India has approved with various Ministries, other offices
their rehabilitation falls under the
in respect of 19,74,098 (99%) fishermen the setting up of National Academy and State/Central Enforcement
domain of the Ministry of Health.
have been completed. of Coastal Policing (NACP) in Mojap Agencies.
Village, District, Devbhoomi, Dwarka,
• The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) is
in the State of Gujarat, for which 100 Narcotic Drugs and also responsible for implementation
Tracking of Vessels/Boats hectares of land has been identified by
Psychotropic Substances of the International obligations under
• All vessels above 20 metres length are MHA.
(NDPS) Act, 1985 various United Nation Conventions
mandatorily required to be fitted with • The temporary campus of the NACP is 1961, 1971, 1988 (to which India is
Automatic Identification System (AIS) functional w.e.f. October, 2018. • The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic signatory) against illicit trafficking
equipment. Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985 was of narcotics drugs and psychotropic
• As per the directions of National framed taking into account India’s substances.
Narcotics obligations under the three UN drug
Committee on Strengthening Maritime • Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) with
and Coastal Security (NCSMCS), • The system of control of Narcotic Conventions as well as Article 47 of the
its Headquarters at New Delhi has
Indian Space Research Organization Drugs in India has been put in place Constitution.
three Regional Deputy Director General
(ISRO) has been requested to provide considering the requirement of narcotic • This Act prohibits, except for medical offices i.e. Northern Region at (Delhi),
500 transponders each to the sensitive drugs and psychotropic substances or scientific purposes, the manufacture, South Western Region at (Mumbai),
coastal States of Gujarat and for medical use and the country’s production, trade, use, etc. of narcotic Eastern Region at (Kolkata).
Tamil Nadu. obligations towards the UN conventions. drugs and psychotropic substances.

58 59
Narcotics Enforcement Efforts • 200 such courses were organized • Administration and management they should be kept separate from
in various States during the period of prisons is the responsibility of the convicted prisoners. Since under
• NCB initiated the acquisition/ 01.04.2018 to 31.03.2019 wherein respective State Governments. trials constitute a sizable portion
creation of the following infrastructure approximately 7701 personnel of State of prison population, their number
• However, the Ministry of Home Affairs
to strengthen the enforcement Police forces, Forest Dept., Central/ can be reduced by speedy trials and
provides regular guidance and advice
capabilities of the organization: State Excise, Customs, Central Armed liberalization of bail provisions.
to States and UTs on various issues
Police Forces (CAPFs), Coast Guard concerning prisons and prison inmates. » The Government should make an
and Courier Agencies were trained. Endeavour to provide adequate
Destruction of Illicit Cultivation of
resources and funds for prison reforms.
Poppy and Cannabis Committee on Jail Reforms
International Obligations/
• During the year 2018-2019 (upto Report of All India Committee on
Cooperation Krishna Iyer Committee on Jail
31.03.2019), the Narcotics Control Jail Reforms (Mulla Committee)
• Drug trafficking and abuse has assumed Reform
Bureau with the help of various • In light of the observation made by the
Drug Law Enforcement Agencies, global proportions. International • In 1987, the Government of India
Supreme Court, it was imperative for
coordinated the efforts that eventually cooperation is one of the most potent appointed the Justice Krishna Iyer
the rights and duties of prisoners to be
resulted in eradication of standing and tools in this common fight. Committee to undertake a study on the
clearly spelt out.
fruiting illicit Opium cultivation and • To achieve this objective, India has situation of women prisoners in India.
Cannabis cultivation. • In this respect, All India Committee on
entered into agreements both bilateral • It has recommended induction of more
Jail Reforms 1980-83 chaired by
and multilateral, MLATs and JWGs with women in the police force in view of
Mr. Justice A.N.Mulla.
Assistance to States and Union various countries. their special role in tackling women
• Some of the prominent recommendations and child offenders.
Territories • It is also an active participant in various
of the Mulla committee are:
international forums both Regional like • The National Expert Committee on
• A Scheme “Assistance to States and SAARC,BRICS,BIMSTEC etc.
Union Territories” to finance State » The condition of prisons should Women Prisoners headed by Justice V.R.
• To enhance bilateral cooperation, the be improved by making adequate Krishna Iyer report submitted its report
Governments to strengthen their
Narcotics Control Bureau/Government arrangements for food, clothing, to the Government in February 1988.
enforcement capabilities for combating
illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and of India has entered into Bilateral sanitation, ventilation etc.
Psychotropic Substances was initially Agreements for mutual cooperation for » The prison staff should be properly
launched by the Union Ministry of reducing demand, and preventing illicit trained and organized into different
Home Affairs in 2004. trafficking in Narcotics Drugs. cadres. It would be advisable to
• The scheme was valid for a period of 5 constitute an All India Service called
years i.e till 31.3.2009. The scheme was Prison the Indian Prisons & Correctional
further extended from 2009 to 2017 on Service for recruitment of Prison
• ‘Prisons’/’persons detained therein’ officials. justice v.r. krishna
a regular basis.
is a State subject under Entry 4 of i y e r wa s a n ot e d
• The Government of India had further List II of the Seventh Schedule to the
» After-care, rehabilitation and judge who became a

decided to extend this Scheme for a probation should constitute an integral pioneer of judicial
Constitution of India. ac t i v i s m i n i n d i a
period of three years i.e. 2017-18 to part of prison service. Unfortunately,
2019-20 with an estimated budget of probation law is not being properly
₹21.00 crore for States to purchase implemented in the country Steps Taken by Government
equipment like Surveillance equipment; » The media and public men should of India for Administration of
Laboratory equipment etc. be allowed to visit prisons and allied Prison Reforms in India
correctional institutions periodically
so that public may have first-hand • The Government of India requested the
Training State Government and different Union
information about conditions inside
• The Narcotics Control Bureau regularly prisons and be willing to cooperate Territories to bring out changes so as to
coordinates with various training with prison officials in rehabilitation make proper administration of changes.
Academies and Drug Law Enforcement work • Various states from time to time had
Agencies for organizing training » Lodging of under trials in jail should adopted such recommendations in
courses on Drug Law Enforcement. the central prison in puzhal, chennai
be reduced to bare minimum and their prison manuals.

60 61
• These recommendations can be E-prisons Project
summed up as follows:
• The Ministry of Home Affairs has
» To appoint Review Committees for the introduced the Eprisons project.
under trial prisoners at the district and
• The Eprisons project aims at
state levels;
computerisation of the functioning
» To provide legal aid to indigent of all prisons in the country including
prisoners and to appoint whole-time or digitisation and availability of prisoner
part-time law officers in prisons; data (convicts, under-trial prisoners,
» To strictly adhere to the provisions of detenues etc.) in an electronic platform
the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, which is accessible to designated
with regard to the limitations on time authorities of Central and State
for investigation and inquiry Governments.
» To prepare a time bound programme • The objective of this project is to
for improvement in the living create an end-to-end IT solution for
conditions of prisoners with priority automation of prison operations.
attention to sanitary facilities, water • Eprisons suite is useful in creating a
supply, electrification and to send it centralized standard information
to the Ministry of Home Affairs for database of prison inmates with their
approval; identification, activity and other critical
» To develop systematically the details.
programmes of education, training and • This is a cloud based National platform Chapter Six
work in prisons; which acts as an interactive portal to
» To set up a State Board of Visitors to provide information and services for
prison inmates.
Cyber Security
visit prisons at regular periodicity and
to report on conditions prevailing in the
prisons for consideration of the State
Government.

62
What is personal data the entity such as a service provider
who has access to this data.
the data protection regime, and
can take action against any data
any other data fiduciary in certain
circumstances,

and data protection? » Obligations of fiduciaries:

fiduciary responsible for the same. − Restrict continuing disclosure of
their personal data by a fiduciary
• Data can be broadly classified into two − To prevent abuse of power by The Personal Data Protection
types: • Grounds for processing personal
service providers, the law should Bill, 2019
establish their basic obligations, data:
» Personal Data • The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019
including:
was introduced in Lok Sabha by the » The Bill allows processing of data by
− Personal data pertains to Minister of Electronics and Information fiduciaries only if consent is provided
1. The obligation to process data
characteristics, traits or attributes by the individual.
fairly and reasonably, and Technology on December 11, 2019.
of identity, which can be used to
identify an individual. 2. The obligation to give notice to the • The Bill seeks to provide for protection » However, in certain circumstances,
individual at the time of collecting of personal data of individuals, and personal data can be processed
» Non-personal data data to various points in the interim. establishes a Data Protection Authority without consent. These include:
for the same.
− Non-personal data includes » Definition of personal data: − If required by the State for
aggregated data through which
• Applicability: providing benefits to the individual,
individuals cannot be identified. − The Committee noted that it » The Bill governs the processing of − Legal proceedings,
is important to define what
• For example, while an individual’s own personal data by: − To respond to a medical emergency.
constitutes personal information.
location would constitute personal data; − It defined personal data to include − Government, • Data Protection Authority:
information derived from multiple drivers’ data from which an individual may
location, which is often used to analyse − Companies incorporated in India,
be identified or identifiable, either and » The Bill sets up a Data Protection
traffic flow, is non-personal data. directly or indirectly. Authority which may:
• Data protection refers to policies − Foreign companies dealing with
and procedures seeking to minimise » Consent-based processing: personal data of individuals in India. − Take steps to protect interests of
intrusion into the privacy of an individuals,
− The Committee noted that consent » The Bill categorises certain personal
individual caused by collection and
data as sensitive personal data. − Prevent misuse of personal data,
usage of their personal data. must be treated as a pre-condition and
for processing personal data. » This includes financial data, biometric
data, caste, religious or political beliefs, − Ensure compliance with the Bill.
− Such consent should be informed or
Data Protection Framework meaningful. or any other category of data specified » It will consist of a chairperson and
by the government, in consultation six members, with at least 10 years’
• The Committee of Experts on a Data with the Authority and the concerned
Protection Framework for India under » Participation rights: expertise in the field of data protection
sectoral regulator. and information technology.
Chairman Justice B. N. Srikrishna was
− The rights of the individual
constituted in August, 2017 to examine • Rights of the individual:
are based on the principles of • Transfer of data outside India:
issues related to data protection,
autonomy, self-determination,
recommend methods to address them,
transparency and accountability to » The Bill sets out certain rights of the » Sensitive personal data may be
and draft a data protection Bill. individual (or data principal).
give individuals control over their transferred outside India for processing
• Recommendation of Committee are as data. » These include the right to: if explicitly consented to by the
follows: individual, and subject to certain
» Enforcement models: − Obtain confirmation from the additional conditions.
» Fiduciary relationship: fiduciary on whether their personal
− The Committee also recommended data has been processed, » However, such sensitive personal data
− The Committee observed that setting up a regulator to enforce should continue to be stored in India.
− Seek correction of inaccurate,
the regulatory framework has the regulatory framework. incomplete, or out-of-date personal » Certain personal data notified as critical
to balance the interests of the personal data by the government can
− The Authority will have the power data,
individual with regard to his only be processed in India.
to inquire into any violations of − Have personal data transferred to
personal data and the interests of

64 65
Cybercrime Types of Cybercrime • Once trapped, the attackers can use of mobile applications, associated
exploit the victim by either stealing security risks have also increased.
• Cyber Crimes are offences that may • We will discuss following common money or stealing sensitive personal • Fraudsters use this to attack the victim
be committed against individuals, types of cybercrimes prevalent today: information (name, Aadhaar details, by infiltrating through such popular
companies or institutions by using bank account details etc.) or harm the mobile applications.
computers, internet or mobile victim in any other way.
technology.
Identity Theft • They infect the applications with
• The entire basis of this kind of attack malicious software, called Trojan.
• A cybercrime is a crime involving • Identity theft is the act of wrongfully is to make the victim fall into their trap
computers and networks. This includes obtaining someone’s personal by sending fake emails, calls or SMSs. • This Trojan can get access to your
a wide range of activities, from illegally information (that defines one’s identity) messages, OTP, camera, contacts,
downloading music files to stealing without their permission. e-mails, photos etc. for malicious
money from online bank accounts. • The personal information may include Social Media Frauds activities.
• Cybercrimes include non-monetary their name, phone number, address, Social Media has become an integral
offenses as well. bank account number, Aadhaar part of our lives. This poses a threat to Online Banking Frauds
number or credit/debit card number an individual as unwanted access to
• It can include frauds such as job etc. social media profile can cause loss of • As the banking services are shifting
related frauds, matrimonial frauds; information, defamation or even worse towards online platforms, cyber frauds
stealing and misusing sensitive consequences such as physical/sexual related to banking are also increasing.
personal information (Aadhaar details, Psychological Tricks
assault, robbery etc. • Examples of online banking fraud are
credit/debit card details, bank account • Psychological tricks are where Digital Payments Applications related
credentials, etc.); defamation of an attackers play with the minds of the
• Cyber Stalking
attacks, Hacking of Bank Account due
individual on social media; distribution user to trap them with lucrative offers. » Cyber stalking is a crime in which to Weak Password etc.
of computer viruses etc.
the attacker harasses a victim using
electronic communication, such Virus Attack on Personal
as e-mail, instant messaging (IM), Computers/Laptops
messages posted on a website or a
discussion group. • Personal Computers or laptops play
a very important role in our lives. We
» A cyber stalker relies upon the fact that
store our crucial information such as
his/her true identity is not known in the
bank account numbers etc.
digital world.
• Therefore, protection of all this data is
• Cyber Bullying highly essential.

» Cyber bullying is bullying that takes • Examples on how our personal

place over digital devices. computer can get affected by viruses
are Virus Attack through external
» Cyber bullying can occur through SMS, devices, Virus Attack by downloading
social media, forums or gaming apps files from untrusted websites, Virus
where people can view, participate or Attack by installation of malicious
share content. software etc.
» Cyber bullying includes sending,
posting or sharing negative, harmful,
false content about someone else.
Cyber Security
» The intention is to cause • Computer security is the protection of
embarrassment or humiliation. computer systems and networks from
the theft or damage to their hardware,
software, or electronic data, as well as
Mobile Applications Fraud from the disruption or misdirection of
• With the increase in the use of smart the services.
phones and the consequent rise in the • Cyber security’s core function is to
66 67
 protect the devices like smartphones, − The current setup involves infrastructure in cyberspace, as enable the government department
laptops, tablets, computers etc and the overlapping responsibilities of many build capabilities to prevent and on steps that need to be taken to create
services from theft or damage. departments, agencies and banks. respond to cyber threats, reduce a Cyber Resilient IT setup.
• Cyber security is important because − Cyber crime cells should be vulnerabilities and minimize damage • The objective of the programme is
electronic devices like smartphones, constituted in each state, district from cyber incidents through a to educate and enable the Chief
computers and the internet are such and block, connected to a combination of institutional structures, Information Security Officer (CISO) and
a fundamental part of life, from online centralised system. people, processes, technology and border IT community to address the
banking and shopping it is more cooperation. challenges of cyber security.
important than ever to stake steps that » International Standards
• Objectives » Create awareness on the emerging
can prevent cyber criminals getting hold Organisation certification:
of our accounts, data, and services. landscape of cyber threats.
» To create a secure cyber ecosystem
− The Committee identified that » Provide in-depth understanding on key
in the country, generate adequate
government organisations should activities, new initiatives, challenges
trust & confidence in IT systems and
Standing Committee on obtain the appropriate certification
transactions in cyberspace and thereby and related solutions.
Information Technology for best practices related to
enhance adoption of IT in all sectors of » Applicable frameworks, guidelines and
information security.
• The Standing Committee on the economy. policies related to the subject.
Information Technology under » Shortage of manpower: » To strengthen the Regulatory framework » Share best practices to learn from
Chairperson of Rao Inderjit Singh for ensuring a Secure Cyberspace success and failures.
presented its report on Cyber Crime, − Pointing out the inadequacy of ecosystem.
existing initiatives, it suggested
» Provide key input to take informed
Cyber Security and Right to Privacy on » To enhance the protection and decisions on Cyber Security related
February 12, 2014. conducting extensive training
resilience of Nation’s critical issues in their respective functional
programmes to overcome shortage
• Key recommendations of the information infrastructure by operating areas.
of security experts and auditors,
Committee pertained to: a 24x7 National Critical Information
and skilled Information Technology
Infrastructure Protection Centre
(IT) personnel in the country. CERT-In
» Establishment of protection (NCIIPC) and mandating security
centre: practices related to the design,
» Funding for research and acquisition, development, use and
• CERT-In is a functional organisation
− The Committee noted the existence development: operation of information resources
of the Ministry of Electronics and
of 20 types of cyber crimes, Information Technology, Government
− The Committee highlighted the » To create a workforce of 500,000 of India, with the objective of securing
worldwide. professionals skilled in cyber security
need for innovative research and Indian cyber space.
− With India amongst the top five development to enhance security of in the next 5 years through capacity
countries with respect to cyber building, skill development and
• CERT-In has been operational since
cyberspace.
crimes, a growing need to protect January, 2004.
training.
its 11 critical sectors (power,
− It expressed concern over budgetary • CERT-In provides Incident Prevention
cuts in the sector as large funds are » To enhance global cooperation by
atomic energy, space, aviation, and Response services as well as
needed for the development of key, promoting shared understanding and
transportation, etc.), is arising. Security Quality Management Services.
strategic technologies. leveraging relationships for furthering
− The Committee recommended the cause of security of cyberspace. • The Information Technology Act,
establishing a National Critical 2000 designated CERT-In to serve as
Information Infrastructure National Cyber Security Policy the national agency to perform the
Protection Centre to field cyber -2013 Cyber Surakshit Bharat following functions in the area of cyber
attacks. security:
· National Cyber Security Policy 2013
• Ministry of Electronics and Information
Technology(MeitY), launched the » Collection, analysis and dissemination
» Institutions to deal with cyber serves as an umbrella framework
Cyber Surakshit Bharat initiative in of information on cyber incidents
crime: for defining and guiding the actions
association with Nationale-Governance
related to security of cyberspace.
Division(NeGD) and industry partners.
» Forecast and alerts of cyber security
− The Committee recommended the incidents
installation of a single, centralised
• Mission • The purpose of the program would be to
spread awareness, build capacity as well
» Emergency measures for handling
body to deal with cyber crime. » To protect information and information cyber security incidents

68 69
» Coordination of cyber incident creating a secure cyber ecosystem in especially women and children to National Cyber Forensic
response activities the country. register cybercrime complaints
Laboratory (NCFL)
» Issue guidelines, advisories, vulnerability • This centre operates in close » To setup a National Cyber Forensic
notes and whitepapers relating coordination and collaboration with Laboratory (NCFL) for effectively • Under the project, Cyber-crime
to information security practices, Internet Service Providers and Product/ tackling the cybercrimes by supporting Protection against Women and
procedures, prevention, response and Antivirus companies. scientific investigation, analysis and Children (CCPWC) under Nirbhaya
reporting of cyber incidents reporting Fund Scheme.
• This website provides information and
» Such other functions relating to cyber tools to users to secure their systems/ » Assist States/ UTs in capacity building • MHA has approved setting up of a
security as may be prescribed devices. of police officers, public prosecutors National Cyber Forensic Laboratory
and judicial officers with focus on at CFSL Hyderabad with an outlay of
• Various types of incidents handled by • This centre is being operated by the
women officers in the areas of cyber ₹37.34 crore.
Indian Computer Emergency Response
CERT-In during 2019 is in figure below: security, cyber forensics, cyber hygiene, • Establishment of this laboratory will
Team (CERT-In).
criminology etc. provide the necessary forensic support
» Spreading awareness amongst public in cases of investigation against
about preventing cybercrime in general cybercrime, especially against women
16% virus/ malicious code and against women and children, in and children.
particular • This laboratory will act as a Model
6% w e b s i t e d e fa c e m e n t s Laboratory for other Central and State
• Key Components of the CCPWC Forensic Science Laboratories in the
Scheme are country.
1% phishing

1% website intrusion & m a lwa r e » Online Cybercrime Reporting Portal

p r o pa g at i o n
» Forensic Laboratory Indian Cyber Crime
1% ot h e r s
» Capacity Building Coordination Centre(I4C)
75% n e t wo r k s c a n n i n g / p r o b i n g /
» Research & Development • MHA has approved ‘Indian Cyber
v u l n e r a b l e s e rv i c e s » Awareness Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)’
scheme at an estimated cost of
₹415.86 crore to be implemented by
Cybercrime Reporting Portal 31.03.2020.
• Cyber-crime Reporting Portal was • The scheme aims at providing a
launched on 20th September 2018 platform to deal with cyber crime in
to provide a centralized platform to a coordinated and comprehensive
Cyber Swachhta Kendra Cyber Crime Prevention for enable citizens to report online content manner.
• The “ Cyber Swachhta Kendra “ (Botnet Women and Children (CCPWC) pertaining to Child Pornography (CP)/ · I4C is envisaged to perform the
Cleaning and Malware Analysis Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) or following:
• The Ministry of Home Affairs
Centre) is a part of the Government of sexually explicit content such as Rape/
(MHA) has formulated Cyber Crime
India’s Digital India initiative under the Prevention for Women and Children
Gang Rape (CP/RGR). » To act as a nodal point to deal with
Ministry of Electronics and Information • Complaints reported on this portal cyber crimes in a coordinated and
(CCPWC) Scheme and it is under
Technology (MeitY) to create a secure are dealt by respective police comprehensive manner.
implementation.
cyberspace by detecting botnet authorities of States/ UTs based » To act as an early warning system
infections in India and to notify, enable • The objectives of the CCPWC scheme on the information furnished by the for law enforcement agencies for
cleaning and securing systems of end are listed below:
complainants and after collecting detection and prevention of cyber
users so as to prevent further infections. connected evidence. crimes.
» To act as nodal point of contact in
• The “ Cyber Swachhta Kendra “ (Botnet the fight against cybercrime against • National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB) » Suggest amendments, if required,
Cleaning and Malware Analysis women and children has been entrusted with the task of in cyber laws to keep pace with
Centre) is set up in accordance with operations and maintenance of the fast changing technologies and
» To establish an open platform for
the objectives of the “National Cyber Cybercrime Reporting Portal. International cooperation.
complainants as well as victims
Security Policy”, which envisages

70 71
Money Laundering » To prevent and control money has been entrusted to the Enforcement reporting directly to the Economic
laundering. Directorate. Intelligence Council (EIC) headed by
• Money laundering is the processing of » To confiscate and seize the property • The Directorate is under the the Finance Minister.
criminal proceeds to disguise their illegal
obtained from the laundered money. administrative control of the
origin.
» To deal with any other issue connected Department of Revenue for
• Money-laundering is a dynamic three- operational purposes.
Black Money
with money laundering in India.
stage process that requires: • Black income is the aggregate of
» The Act also proposes punishment • The policy aspects of the FEMA, its
legislation and its amendments are incomes which are taxable but not
» Placement, moving the funds from direct under section 4. reported to the tax authorities.
association with the crime; within the purview of the Department
• PMLA empowers certain officers of the of Economic Affairs. • Such wealth may consist of income
» Layering, disguising the trail to foil Directorate of Enforcement to carry generated from legitimate activities or
pursuit; • Functions:
out investigations in cases involving activities which are illegitimate per se,
» Integration, making the money available offence of money laundering and also » To collect, develop and disseminate like smuggling, illicit trade in banned
to the criminal, once again, with its to attach the property involved in intelligence relating to violations of substances, counterfeit currency, arms
occupational and geographic origins money laundering. FEMA, 1999, the intelligence inputs are trafficking, terrorism, and corruption.
hidden from view. received from various sources such as
• PMLA envisages setting up of an • Thus, in addition to wealth earned
Adjudicating Authority to exercise Central and State Intelligence agencies, through illegal means, the term black
• These three stages are usually referred to complaints etc.
as placement, layering and integration. jurisdiction, power and authority money would also include legal income
conferred by it essentially to confirm » To investigate suspected violations of that is concealed from public authorities:
• In response to mounting concern over attachment or order confiscation of the provisions of the FEMA, 1999 relating
money laundering, the Financial Action attached properties. to activities such as “hawala” foreign » To evade payment of taxes (income tax,
Task Force on money laundering (FATF) exchange racketeering, non-realization excise duty, sales tax, stamp duty, etc);
was established by the G-7 Summit in • It also envisages setting up of an
Appellate Tribunal to hear appeals of export proceeds, non-repatriation of » To evade payment of other statutory
Paris in 1989 to develop a coordinated foreign exchange and other forms of
against the order of the Adjudicating contributions;
international response. violations under FEMA, 1999.
Authority and the authorities like » To evade compliance with the
Director FIU-IND. » To provide and seek mutual legal provisions of industrial laws such as the
The Prevention of Money assistance to/from contracting states in Industrial Dispute Act 1947, Minimum
respect of attachment/confiscation of Wages Act 1948, Payment of Bonus Act
Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 Institutional Framework for proceeds of crime as well as in respect of 1936, Factories Act 1948, and Contract
• The Prevention of Money Laundering Preventing Money Laundering transfer of accused persons under PMLA. Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act
Act (PMLA), 2002 was enacted in • Powers of investigation and 1970; and / or
January, 2003. » To evade compliance with other laws
prosecution for offences under the Act Financial Intelligence Unit - India
• The Act along with the Rules framed have been conferred on the Director, (FIU-IND) and administrative procedures
there under have come into force with Enforcement Directorate.
effect from 1st July, 2005. • Financial Intelligence Unit – India
was set by the Government of India Institutions to Deal with Black
• Section 3 of PMLA defines offence ED (Enforcement Directorate)
of money laundering as whosoever
dated 18th November 2004 as the Money
• The Directorate of Enforcement was central national agency responsible for
directly or indirectly attempts to
receiving, processing, analyzing and • The responsibility of dealing with the
indulge or knowingly assists or established in the year 1956 with its challenge of unaccounted wealth
Headquarters at New Delhi. disseminating information relating to
knowingly is a party or is actually and its consequences is jointly and
suspect financial transactions.
involved in any process or activity • It is responsible for enforcement of the collectively shared by a number of
connected with the proceeds of crime Foreign Exchange Management Act, • FIU-IND is also responsible for institutions belonging to the central
and projecting it as untainted property 1999 (FEMA) and certain provisions coordinating and strengthening efforts and state governments.
shall be guilty of offence of money- under the Prevention of Money of national and international intelligence,
investigation and enforcement agencies • These include various tax departments
laundering. Laundering Act.
in pursuing the global efforts against which are assigned the task of
• The PML Act seeks to combat money • Work relating to investigation and enforcement of tax laws.
money laundering and related crimes.
laundering in India and has three main prosecution of cases under the PML
• FIU-IND is an independent body • Among them the important ones are
objectives:

72 73
 the CBDT and the Central Board of of women, some heinous incidents of System for Sexual Offences (ITSSO) Safe City Projects
Excise and Customs (CBEC). rape and sexual assaults in various portal under ICJS was launched on
parts of country in early part of last 19th February 2019. • Ministry of Home Affairs has approved
• Other regulatory authorities Safe City projects in 8 large cities,
undertaking supervision and policing year had been marked by increased • ITSSO is a cloud - based analytics
brutality and violence on minor girls. i.e. Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai,
include the Enforcement Directorate portal available for the law Delhi, Hyderabad, Lucknow, Kolkata,
(ED), Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), • The Women Safety Division enforcement agencies with drill-down and Mumbai.
Economic Offences Wing of the State features starting from national level
Police, Central Bureau of Investigation » The Government has set up a Women up-to FIR level. • The projects have been prepared
(CBI), Serious Frauds Investigation Safety Division in the Ministry of by State Governments taking into
Home Affairs to strengthen measures
• It can be used to generate reports account the need for identification of
Office (SFIO), and Narcotics Control and dashboards on ageing of cases
Bureau (NCB). for safety of women in the country hot-spots for crimes against women
and has the ability to flag pendency for development of critical assets in
and instill greater sense of security in
at district and police station level to urban areas including infrastructure,
them through speedy and effective
expedite resolution.
Efforts of Government in administration of justice in a holistic technology adoption and capacity
manner and by providing a safer building in community through
Tackling Black Money
environment for women. Emergency Response Support awareness programmes.
• With increased globalisation and » The Division is responsible for policy System (ERSS) Project • The projects are being funded as a
economic liberalisation, there has been formulation, planning, coordinating, Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
a manifold increase in cross-border • With a view to enable active use of
formulating and implementing projects/ • In preparing the Safe City projects,
transactions. technology to strengthen emergency
schemes to assist States/ Union States/Union Territories have consulted
response services, especially for safety
• This has also resulted in increased Territories to achieve this objective the Ministry of Women & Child
of women in public places, the Ministry
opportunities for sophisticated through inter-alia increased use of Development, Ministry of Housing and
of Home Affairs (MHA) is implementing
schemes for avoiding tax payment IT and technology in criminal justice Urban Affairs, Ministry of Electronics
a project titled Emergency Response
using the different tax rules of different system, more online access to crime & Information Technology (Meity),
Support System (ERSS).
countries and use of tax havens. & criminal records which facilitates Municipal & Police Commissioners
analytics for investigation and crime • The mandate of ERSS is to provide
• The Government of India has resorted of respective cities and civil society
prevention; enabling a supportive eco- an operational platform which would
to a five-pronged strategy, which organizations connected to the
system for forensic sciences; as also support linking of various emergency
consists of the following: purpose, and comprise of a mix of
prison reforms and related subjects. service providers in States/ Union
solutions relevant for the city and its
» Joining the global crusade against Territories to 112 emergency numbers.
communities.
black money; National Database on Sexual
» Creating appropriate legislative Offends
framework;
• National Database on Sexual Offenders
» Setting up institutions for dealing with (NDSO), to reduce crime and violence
illicit money;
against women through identification
» Developing systems for of known and habitual sexual offenders
implementation; and has been launched in 2018.
» Imparting skills to personnel for • The NDSO is available 24X7 to all Law
effective action. Enforcement Agencies and enables
antecedent verification and speedy
detection in cases of sexual offences.
Women Safety
• As per the Census 2011, the country has Investigation Tracking System for
48% female population. Sexual Offences (ITSSO)
• While several Ministries/ Departments • In order to facilitate the States/ UTs to
in the Government are undertaking
track the completion of investigations
various programmes for development
in such cases, an Investigation Tracking

74 75
 Photograph Credits
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warrior - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons. from this British Library web site (see also this site for
wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=65346492 information) by Fowler&fowler«Talk» 02:46, 19 June
2012 (UTC), PD-US, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.
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php?curid=36182504
CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.
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www.nepa.gov.in/
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handle.net/10648/ac97ef5a-d0b4-102d-bcf8- page 49 / Aberdeen Police Station: http://spsa.and.
003048976d84, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/ nic.in/Aberdeen/index.htm
index.php?curid=86481396 page 54 / Indian Army: By T-90_Bhisma.jpg:
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org/w/index.php?curid=87197001 wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11216345
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