What is Inductive Proximity Sensor?
The inductive proximity sensor detects the metallic object that is present next to its active side.
This sensor operates under the electrical principle of inductance, where a fluctuating current
induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a target object. These non-contact proximity sensors
detect ferrous targets, ideally mild steel thicker than one millimetre. They consist of four major
components: a ferrite core with coils, an oscillator, a Schmitt trigger, and an output amplifier. This
sensor has two main versions and they are:
Unshielded: Electromagnetic field generated by the coil is unrestricted, allowing for wider and
greater sensing distances
Shielded: The electromagnetic field generated is concentrated in the front, where the sides of the
sensor coil are covered up
Working Principles of Inductive Proximity Sensor
The oscillator creates a symmetrical, oscillating magnetic field that radiates from the ferrite core and
coil array at the sensing face. When a ferrous target enters this magnetic field, small, independent
electrical currents (eddy currents) are induced on the metal’s surface.
An inductive proximity sensor has a frequency range of 10 to 20 Hz in AC, or 500 Hz to 5 kHz in
dc. Because of magnetic field limitations, inductive sensors have a relatively narrow sensing range
from fractions of millimetres to 60 mm on average Due to this, load will be caused on the sensor that
decreases the electromagnetic field amplitude. If the metal object moves towards the proximity
sensor, the eddy current will increase accordingly. Thus, the load on the oscillator will increase,
which decreases the field amplitude.
The Schmitt trigger block monitors the amplitude of the oscillator and at a particular level
(predetermined level) the trigger circuit switches on or off the sensor. If the metal object or target is
moved away from the proximity sensor, then the amplitude of the oscillator will increase.
The above image shows the waveform of the inductive proximity sensor oscillator in the presence
of the target and in the absence of the target.
Nowadays, inductive proximity sensors are available with different operating voltages. These
inductive proximity sensors are available in AC, DC, and AC/DC modes (universal modes). The
operating range of the proximity sensor circuits is from 10V to 320V DC and 20V to 265V AC.
Advantages of Inductive Proximity Sensors
Contactless detection
Environment adaptability- resistant to common conditions seen in industrial areas such as
dust and dirt
Capable and versatile in metal sensing
High switching rate
No moving parts, ensuring a longer service life
Disadvantages of Inductive Proximity Sensors
Lack in detection range, averaging a max range of up to 60 mm
Can only detect metal objects
External conditions like extreme temperatures, cutting fluids, or chemicals affect the
performance of the sensor.
Applications of Inductive Proximity Sensors
Machine tools, assembly lines, automotive industry
Detection of metal parts in harsh environments
High-speed moving parts
