Name: Niel Adrian B.

Garig Program & Section: BSCS-1A Course: Computer Architecture &

Organization

Computer Architecture
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTURE –
and Organization
VIDEO 1

Basic illustration for describing

Architecture and Organization

 Similarly, when creating a machine or

device, to achieve the goal; first, we build the structure of it and once you make
a plan, we will try to organize our resources to achieve the final product.
 Example: In order to create a machine or device, we need to determine the
structure. See the photo below.

This means that Architecture and Organization are systematic

approach of deriving the solution of any problems.

 Deals with  Deals with

functional structural
behavior of relationship.
Computer Systems.  Operational
Attributes are
 Design linked together
  A generate computer is comprise
of various functional units, among
them is the Processor – which is
the most important one.

 Next, we have the Memory. It

stores all the instructions that the
processor reads it accordingly.
We can also store data inside the
Memory.

 I/O Peripherals is another

functional unit also known as
devices.

 All of these are very essential

when computation in computers
is concern.
  The programs or the set-up instructions are stored into the memory using input
devices, so that the processor can execute them. During execution, the required
inputs can either be pair into the system using the same input peripherals or
stored into the memory beforehand. Finally, the outputs can be generated into
the output devices or else can be stored into the memory for later use.
 The intercommunication of all these functional components is carried out with
the help of the System Bus.

Syllabus
 Basic and classifications of Computer Architecture
 Memory interfacing and Hierarchy
 Computer Organization
 I/O Interfacing
 Instruction Pipelining
 Number System

Name: Niel Adrian B. Garig Program & Section: BSCS-1A Course: Computer Architecture &
Organization

Computer Architecture
and Organization
BASICS OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE – VIDEO 2
What is Computer Architecture?
 Computer Architecture is the design of computers, including their instruction
sets, hardware components and system organization.

ARCHITECTUR
E

Instruction Set Architecture Hardware System

(ISA) Architecture
 Include specifications but (HSA)
determine how machine  Deals with the computers’
language programs will major hardware subsystems
interact with the computer. like CPU, Storage, I/O Devices,
etc.
 It includes both the logical
design and the data flow
organization and hence
determines the efficiency.

HISTORY
1. Analytical Engine – It was the first propose mechanical general purpose
computer design by Charles Babbage (the great computer pioneer) and was
assisted by Ada Lovelace (the first one to come up with the basic idea of
having a language in order to operare the proposed machine).

The advent of Computability and Non-computability

Alan Turing Not everything is

computable!!!
Haven’t you heard about the
computability and non-
computability?
 Alan Turing figured out that problems can be solved using computers. He is
widely considered as the Father of Computer Science. Alongside Turing,
there is another man which is very associated with computation – Johann Von
Neumann.
Johann Von
Neumann He can divide an 8-digit number
by another 8-digit number within
just a fraction of second when he
was just 6 years old.

The great mathematician who

grabbed the full-time professor
position at Princeton University by
the age of 30.

David Brailsford
He is from the University of
Nottingham in UK. He has been
teaching computer science for
more than 50 years

Name: Niel Adrian B. Garig Program & Section: BSCS-1A Course: Computer Architecture &
Organization

Computer Architecture
and Organization
Classifications of Computer Architecture – VIDEO 3

COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE

Von Neumann Architecture Non-Von Neumann

A.K.A. Princeton Architecture Architecture
 Harvard
Architecture

Modified Harvard Architecture

CLASSIFIACTION OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

1. SISD (Single Instruction stream, Single Data stream) - A single processor
executes one instruction at a time on one data set. This is the typical operation
of a basic, sequential computer.

2. SIMD (Single Instruction stream, Multiple Data stream) - One instruction is

executed on multiple data points simultaneously, making it ideal for tasks like
image processing and scientific computations that involve large sets of data.

3. MISD (Multiple instruction stream, Single data stream) - Multiple processors

execute different instructions on the same data set. This architecture is rare and
is used in specialized applications such as fault-tolerant systems.
 4. MIMD (Multiple instruction stream, Multiple data stream) - Multiple processors
perform different instructions on different data sets concurrently, commonly
used in multicore processors and distributed computing systems.

Name: Niel Adrian B. Garig Program & Section: BSCS-1A Course: Computer Architecture &
Organization

Computer Architecture
and Organization
Introduction to Memory – VIDEO 4

What is Memory?
 Memory is the faculty of the brain by which data or information is encoded,
stored, and retrieved when needed.

 With the increasing size of the Memory, the time to access them gets
increased, and time is the essence.
How fast are the processor nowadays?
 Suppose that you have 2GHz processor on your phone, to calculate this, see the
photo below.

 Computer designers tend to perform a medium task as

Primary Memory.

 And the memory which is used as a

Permanent storage is known as
Secondary Memory.

OTHER MEMORY STORAGE:

1. Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) - is a type of volatile memory that
stores data in capacitors. It requires periodic refreshing to maintain data
integrity, as the stored charge can leak over time. DRAM is commonly used as
the main memory in computers and devices due to its balance of speed,
capacity, and cost.

2. Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) -

is a type of volatile memory that uses bistable
 latching circuitry to store each bit of data. Unlike DRAM, SRAM does not require
periodic refreshing to maintain data, making it faster and more reliable.
However, SRAM is more expensive and less dense than DRAM, which limits its
use primarily to cache memory in processors and other high-speed applications.

SECONDARY MEMORY ARE:

 Slower than Primary Memory
 Retains Data Permanently
 Bigger in size
 Cost-effective
 Semi-Random accessibility

Here is an illustration/example:
 Name: Niel Adrian B. Garig Program & Section: BSCS-1A Course: Computer Architecture &
Organization

Computer Architecture
and Organization
Memory Hierarchy & Interfacing – VIDEO 5

Acces Size Cost Usage

s Time Frequency

Memory Interfacing
 Parts of Computer Organization
 Deals with the way of connecting various level of Memory units to processor &
I/O Peripherals.

UNITS OF MEASURING SPEED: MIPS (Million Instruction Per Second)

1. WAY 1 – All the different memory
levels are simultaneously connected
to the processor. the processor wants
some information, it can look for it in
all different Whenever levels side by
side. Here, the processor is connected
to a 3-memory unit of different levels.

Access Time
Calculate Hit
ratio

FORMULA: EFFECTIVE/AVERAGE MEMORY ACCESS TIME (T avg)

2. WAY 2 – Here the processor is not

simultaneously connected to all the
memory unit.

FORMULA: EFFECTIVE/AVERAGE MEMORY ACCESS TIME (T avg)