Fe % a RUMBER. se oni ” 9 THEORY 5. Wy xb oy aks W a ge “Pare o é Dae Dn BO ee 3s of te ere. y \ iss aoe “Hh : : » ® Sap reat al Fab 4, P 3 Pate ae S . Ao. -\jae" a 2, NS cs i Me. Magsoot go # Ae we a $1293.43 7 NIMs. e an as {Horns} *%Noweee Trecer " D Hi fnlewer b issaid to be divisible by 3n Dusbilty, te ' siprbels ‘2 , if there exisis sorme inte: Cc aeh that beac a s i ob w& rot dusible by a then we wide to Vreoren Os Fropeartes O, Danser: For ine follonings hold al “yy oR. “als la? is Yi @- ah iff a=th y if a and ls then melee if a Eocee | mined! aia (tensile roperty) = al, and cla fe ae & if ais and bo then tal<\bl = 7 3 teers cS ele ow ean + WYER Proves: 4- Since ie = et (c= 0) lo also, a-1a > Al, em) and F a-at sel (ca) = ek > 3 gome ce2 such ‘that 1eca > asC=th Hence a=t1 3- Suppose is and aI 93 [Link] €2 such that =b=ac, and d-CG muliipling — the both equations. = bd =ae, ce, > bd -ac GG 3 bd -ac-G (lel = GG€2) > ac bdA- 5- qe Suppose a and | 33 4,G e2 goch = that be ac, and c= be substivie the vale of b from eq th tr eq > C= (ag)c, 3 c= a(ac) 3 ol. Suppose aN and dL, = 3 %,G €2 guch = that b= 3c and a-be, cubstittle the value of b from ey © to ey 8 = a= (ag)c, = 4a GG > Se Gath Equation f) becarmes; a = b(t) a-tb i a\ and bs0 b 3 4 ce2z such that beac 3 Ibi = lacl = lallel ty D#O 4 CHO) gince C#0 4 |elot 3 \alicl> tal > \bl > tal ~ — by eq @ ie lal < Ibi a. Sa 6, 4,¢2 Such hall # baste aoc, > br-eaan , cy=acy Faye= brea(Gqyn —t ey=alay 4 Adding @® and w 3 bre = alert Gy) since G.G sh €2 >} Grey e2 let, C= GL 4GY = brit cy= acs = = e bu+cy iJ SI Shon ths ao) y lb ‘ov te ils and Has also Ga) 1 Sol: a 3 A qgez suth = idrst be ae, multiplying eq) by -4 4 -b= -ac, — 9 = -b= al-G) (since ez Eyer. -c,02) = -b- 3a —@ Sa b=--a, —®@ i)- 2 lew) i)- a) eg aN ~ Ney : Given. Inleges 3 bod verify dha: ay % then hee Hy ih, and | then % om. t eet ed d d ) If 4, then By)-Suppese At and b id Becnes Ga.s2 such that b= aq, and d=cG bd= ac, CG bd- [Link] ac loa Greenest Common Darr (G CD): ld a add b te Wen — tnlegers , wilh a least one of them ifferent form 22YO GCdD of a ad b, denoted by cd (a,b) is the posite irleger satshyng: , i doo i c| and | a lb te cl nd Cj cy. . " la 2 |b ee la Exwnmtes God (8.41) <4 ged 8,36) 4 Bed (16,20) =4 WNele: (d- Giren inegers «898% ob nat bath ff which are zero , there = en Inlegers andy ‘such that 5 (ab) = avsby L ged ¢a,b) and (eb) ae same mdiations for J. W- Tp ,b)=4 then a and b se said to be relative prime Pame Nomees: Numbers whose sel ‘actors Cortai eacty wo elements are ae f rie Nites Comnresrr Numeces: Inlegets whose set of ~— factors contal ae — 4wo elernents ave called cornpestReumvew Peame WNorsees: Integers — whese QCD t$ 4 te they have TO commen — qurnbers except 4 ae called relatively Prime If a % b are jelatively prime then we wvite (@by=4 In tis case , Syrby= t Preven 0; G C D ‘ (@by-1 then 3 wye2 such that awrby=1 z : (abd then (§.B)=! : b)=t 1 sf a and O, and (a,b)=1 then abl, we We and (@b)-1 then a Ibe, Ic & I there exis! Integers © and y for Which ceauby 6 If there © exist integers -& and y fe Which aby = (eb) then (w,\)=t * Y (ab)=! and (&,c)=4 then § (abe)= t Beat (a,b)=! and q then (b,c)=4 * (b=! then — (atsb) = (¢,b) w- Tf (@b)=4 and | ren (@.c)tb.e) atl m If (ab)-4 ole and di, then 4, r- I (a,b) =4 qhen = (att) =! 13° (maymb)= mila,b) . mo Poors: AD @.b)-1 the 3 * * eet elie gece hs| auiby=1 awtby = (3b) Wye 2 since (a,b) = 4 2 awiby= 1 Now, Conversely Suppose thal awtby = —0 let (ab) =-d oe , als Ali, (uy & 2)> 4 1 Since d & we frleger zdel Henae ja,b)=1 2 I~ tab)ed then (3-3)! Suppose (,b) =d d | la b | ee sy a-dq, + bedg, Now Gane d ts the Ged of(a.b) s oJ 21 (By theorem \) Gn Hence (4 °9,) = (4-8) =4 3- If a and be and (@b)=1 then ab| Suppose a g Dt SI 454% €2 guch that co Ce Now Seen 4. awtby multiplying by ¢ C= acy + bey c= alby,yw + bq (by © | 0) Ce abl4~t 9). e| ic ic4-\ as and (a,b)=4 then 4 Since (A@b)=4 oe autby-4 6 a, @ 2 Proof + | aac cies ne, b nee acwHeY=¢ —A) st bee Ga — @ 4, & ‘| Bb=15 anyee c be sd artby =! 4) Multipying by c: leew, + bey act by x4 i Acwt+ (G8) Yat by sls tn + eae B(Cw + Gy) = C 3G, =c c a Where Cys Cutdy S- Yo there exkt iniegers wand Whi awry = (a,b) then cee \ een let (ab) =d antby -d dividing by d By +by- Fi seal a Let we 8 > ye$ yw ay y=! Ve ANy= (wy) =f 6- Y tere ext byez for which CBX tby F feb) Ic Suppose ayer sf C= anrtby let [abjed ae? a b d tsry ic ve (>| Ic Conversely Suppose s (a Me IC lt (abd a A Ic Cx dq yek e= (Avs+by,)Y Ce Skyy + by C= awrby (we, 2yaeey) Fh tabst ad Os) hen (ibe) 4 (ab)=1 h (3.0) =4 avr bye arsroy =f fom Ez awtby =! Proof of tris Eee eating Bik, ees cs, ok eg & and ii). Blut biey) + BC Ga) =! 2(a, beet Consider B- if tab)-1 and | Then (bot (ab)= 4 a Saw e2 si awtby=1 © sce S|, 4 aqéz st puting the vate of a cq +by <4 Clq) + bys 1 (C,b) = 4 (be) 4. - Wt (Bb)ei then cacb) = (d). a=e—y In ©:§B3-—— trmaymb) = MAD) Consider ([Link]) = max +rnby =m (awtby) =™ (a,b) Soren Niles Ress Poor GOD: Resuu-9: Show thal if (.b)=1 then (a-b,+b)e4 or2. Lel {a-b,atb)-d ° he : alee 2 aga e2 St a-b =da, —% atbs do) — 6 Adding © 4 2a = Cg, +4.) Subhscting © % ©: 2b= dq, -4,) Now, (aadb)= Latqaa) » 4(9,-4.)) uab)= d[tqrq) +(4,-99) 2a) = Ales) (9,-4.3 (a,b) 4 2 = Alege), (4-%)) Since d and (449,549) are i texte | ae i Soo | deta 2 Resut-2: Show that mo cancellation fs possible inthe Fraction ata, if ab a,b, =+4 barb Suppose a,b, - a,b = +4 We Fae to poe thal ata, thas no common faclor except 4. BEES ie B43, b +b)-MVsiake © let (ata. bstb,) -d 3a 1) ara, 33% €2 St; Seara, =dq, > babe dq, 3 &=dq,-8 8, b= dg-b, ab(d9,-)b, » abe Bttae b,) = Bib, - 8,5, = (9,-8,)b, - a,(dq,,-b,) > th = bdo, -a.b, -a,do i a.b, #1 = (bg,- 2.9,)d de 4! Sine dis a we frleger wi Theat 3S (B48 ,btb)eat ve Bt has mo common fatlor cher than brb, is possible 4 me mo cancellation Resux 5 Shows that ff thot bye d, —® (a.Q-4, (@,be)= 4, — ity We kMow prove thal d, «dd, 9 a 439,62 st beda, also i) 5 4 3 aqgez sd c-dq, IC we have (b,c) =! BF NE soy tC i ba CS wwe gets then ([Link])= (ab)la.c) 0) S: the valves o AQv +d.9,y=4 Aaja) +g, )= i; aw + ne (aud (Now sine dy & ay hh divisor of a & be. 34, is wmmon ad puttinga 5 Non also dy, g aed 3d. 8 the common divisx ff 8 %\ bo a4, Now we hat al a and (d,d,)=4 cee =o" New consider an tby, =4, (by 1) artcy, =a, by i) dd, = (an,+by,)Gr.1ey,) = ALAb+ ALCY, + bYB®, + bY}, = Blammt+aiye + Dy. t belyy,) since “| ae a Ibe | ‘ Ia(Bemsmy.c #byw,) + belyy) oy ae Nm) + BEY a, By ® ad@ d, -dd, = ([Link]) = (abylac). Use The Exzuvenn Acconrin te Ose Ves a)- (56.92) = s6u+ Ty De (24,138) = Urvr 138) © 2) = Wat 272y )- (1769,2338) = 19641423784 ONS ; sae 5 56,72) = Brae ape de-t vic 76] 36 |3 56 216-348 8 \G= 9-2 BSS Jo => 8 =56- 163 e 236 Brees a 5 sen G23 9 3B = 56(4) + 72-3) web 2 LS)b)- (2h3 5138) = 6 ees 138 = 24-54 98 TT |s Ue 18446 S8. =y6 = 24-184 6 ae 3. = 24 - (438-28:5)-1 = = 2h- 138-4420-S = 2bG = 1381 3G = 246) 41 38(-4) Sere 9 Ye) ©)- anf TH 2 (19.272) = 9 ah iy 3 ANAS Ba D4 AF Tse Fate 4-343 34 | = 49 -(092 -119-2)-3 te = AN ~ 172-3 4119-6 MAT - 2923 Site a) + 2263) yee? eS) » a 64,2.398)= 29 eke 23782176" 4 460% Te, |o st SNe qt Q0%-2 +551 1208 6A = 551-1458 551 | 60% 5542 58° + 2% 5544! =} 29 = 555 - 58:9 38 334 at = 55.1 - (699 -551 -1)% ae F = §54 - GO%-% 4.551% 24158 2 = 551-40 - 609-9 ae = UA -609-2)-10 - 609 4 = 1764-10 -60%-20 - 609-9, = 4969-90 - 609-29 = 1764-10 - (2376 - NE) 2 = 1969-90 - 2318-29 4169-29 SrA =4769-3A4 237829) Sa wBA YEA Theorem + Exon) intecer at can be Product oF | ae more ee cS = PEt we will pre tt by thdudlfon a-2 the sislerment is tue becau: i Suppese the satement 8 tue ear ty Ls 1S. We: inteders up to k can be represey as a product ’ Geertogl that JOIN) ie Hoi kt we compete ren kat eb-c ac bck, Arue for az kel 9 MeeckSob and c ctled " A of primes (By ao BS cS as the prdud @ => kt! can | be represeried 88 roduct of Pints “the “ea Me fe a inlegers aa Thtorem: rey vat n , mpl is diisible by a prime. PE: Consider of divisors of Mm wit ich ‘are eater than jie = Sec qhan on. there are wo cases: ithe sel would be emply WH fs non-empty Case 1q the ve esse, N Is prime Fhe only drisos of n are Bn. Sine on is pine, therefore 1 has 3 Prine want Rs ; b integer HII 3a. 70n See Nan p ened” be eg 2 arated “eer We call it d-if d has a ae ae sand d n would also es a. divisor. But it fs irmpossible “a ja-b am ibs 3m leas = b=a (med ™m) Hence Condruences are 8) mometric. li): Congruences ave reflexive: since i m)o IO 3 ™ ja-3 =) a=3a (med ™) Hence ruences are reflexive iii)- Cong ces. are transitive: Suppose az=bimed m) and bec (md mm) 3 ™| 5 if ja-b Ib-c Saberqg, > bt-™, aBbrB-¢ = m4, +™o, a-c = mq th) a a= «mod m) congtvences are transitive. Hence condvence is an equivalence relation. 2-1f asbtmed m) and c= (med m) d (rede) (to prove) YH- BcH B=b (mod ™) 5 c=d (mod m) Pal ne la-b eal Sa-b=mg, — © Bais aking 4 o3 mae 2-079, © Beetc-d =n (4°9,) (eic)-brd) = rm(9,19,) 3 om late) -(brd) 3 arc=bid (med m)W- a-c=Sb-d (med m) (te prove) 8 Subtractir © % oO wd 9 a-b-cid = m (9,-9,) 5 (Bt)-tb-d)- mq,-94,) = ej (a-c)-(b-d) > a-C= b-d (mod t)- kas kb \mnod ty cy (to prove) Gnsider O35 = a-be mq, pokeying put k en BS: ka mkq, iliee kb ska=kb (mod mm) W)- acs bd (med mm) (te prove) Soni aty ® by ‘c" and @ by “b” @c-be =meq, — ’ pec oF 6 ® be -bd = mbq, — 3 ac-he +hé-hd - Sng, +bq,) > ac-bd = m (cq, 4 bg,) = ™| lac- bd 3 ac=bd (mod m) W)- B= bY (med mm) and = at =b” (emod m) put c=a q deb in tesutt (vs Kcmercte) ye ei b-b (mod m) 2=b (med m) New g@=b (mod m) , 8=b (mod m) 3} sa=b-b (mod m) 5s F=b {mod ™) it Ahi . 3 Cony Bee en Epa bh Way. we del: 3- fw ts a polynornial ever Ww with integral Co-efficients and i ou a=b (med mm) then ftB)E Fb) trned_ em) (to prove) fowy= Sn +3, U4 --------- + Bo given B=b = irred mm) also a=a, (rod m) —-O = a=a, (mdm) 5 i b (med m) > = ab BENE a ea ay SE Sd m)3 ad=ab* (mdm) —-@ 2. Continuing in, this ways Bn ™ = a,tmed mm) ,» a =b (mod m) > aavea abe! ™) Adal all TUEMCES § a,a"= Rees 7) 4 Bib UM A) -n-.2-- Bgb? (Ad m) at 8.4 Bib +... BAB" )(Mod a4 (8) = f(b) (mod m) A Gne an example to show that cancellation law dees net held in Congrvence . * Example: 3-7 = 3:8 (mod 3) > ‘| U-24 bol 4#8 (mod 3) Hence, cancelistion law does nal hold tn deneral a Treoeem : Tg ac=be ted m) and tamm)e4 then B= b (med m) Pee Seppe aCEbe | (med m) ac-bo P 4 cla-b) am ls [= (G@m)=4 ] >» B=Eb (md m) a=b (mod m) pa las me Conversly § Mis, [+ tom) ] = ™| ac- be ) >ac=be (mod m),Theorem: a a oe et te gi Pe Ke mod ™/d) 2 (Co dl vel 3a9a.¢2 84 andy, 1 ™=dq, also, ac=be (med m) ra Putting the’ values of a = da,9, > (6-b)% = 9,9 c and m, we els er | (a-by, , * (Ae ine (Qe A = 3=b (mod q,) = a=b (mod -) Ex:- If 2=b (red mm) with @.by-d ae ; and (md)=g then Sol: 3=b (mod m) a > a-b=emq -0 Since, (ab)-d 3 CIS Fe yc, b= dq, also, (md)-¢ 3 S| 4 eh > ES a where (q, ayet Pting the values est) em ‘n eq, 05 dq, - 99, = 69,9 dg, - 9)= 99,4 £4,.(4-4)= 4,4 (:4= @4,) a (4.-9)= 9,4 > %s 4G, -9,) 3 4 a 4-4, *(5,.5,)fae Teo 4) 2. Zeb (med ) Ex: Show that =f a=b(modm) then ab (a.m)= (b,), Seti erie | (Gand, = a . a “ 3 im given that; a=b (mod m) 2 P| la-b ee ft 2 Im, ja-b > | [: 4 b ja Now, Since d, er at Ib 3) is the Common | “divisor of b and ES + Saal id, Similarly, a} oiea.| also, ™ la-b 3 E | a-b al q “| 3 mm ad, is . A, a) im a Common divisor of 3s and m. By @ dnd @. we gels ,=, > (a,m)= (bm) Assignments: i)- WY atb=c (med m) | bed(modm) then aidec (me ti)e If abe (eden), bed (med m) then ad=c(enedm). ” a): 1f a=eb (mod m) 4% (am)e1 then (bm )=1.Be. Resrove Casses: Condruence modulo is an Saas relation. If we take ~ aongnence modulo a fixed infleger mm, then the set of inleders is partitioned inlo m dlasses such that the two in rg are Congruent = iff the belong 4 the same ee es! Example: Congruence modulo 4 Re t4 48,4 12 so = 5,933 od 6,10 14 3 414, 45, Ex: Find “remainder We Known that ; (med 8) 3 (mod 8) is divided by 8. (rnod 8) a (ried 8) * iE (1)" (med 8) P= 1 (red 8). FTE 1-7 (mod 8) P= 7 (mod 8) at is the requived remainder Ex: Fed the remainder wren (15) te. divided by? fa) 2 W354 Ie 4 =45 (mod 7) 41 (med 4) (med 4) Ff) (mod 7) -4 9 (mod 7 and = 6 (med? 4 § ti5)= 6 (med 7) © fs)=6 (red 7) Hence the reqplred — ternainder is 6. Compete arene Sure: CcRS): oN aah element of the oxi Se. ee , 4 then the Sel [ute tm] is Med thy residue system (CRS) med ir) or ORS (NH SETHE Example: yom-4 then the set [69,1013] is complete residue syslerneer | Client Cp WS Set penne to ad if congruence Classes. Remar: thus 3 sel A is CRS mod im iff it satlgy the followings Awe — Conditions; a)-A has ™_ elements. By ae A. tej then NEF W (mod m) Suppose A is CRS (mod mm) then @ porate phen cor s ies OQ follows Now, Conversely suppose thal 8 8 sel solish fing conditions @ % ©. 1 Fen ©3 erery elemerl of A belong fo differen vende class _and @ = thal thas are oy Cengruence Classes Therefore every element of A is 3 “representative of exactly me cengruerce class SA is ORS (mod mM Remaru: A sel a ts CRS cod iff has the following properties 5 YW way A. iyj then 44 (mod em) Befery integer 5 ts wonder! to one of Pre Supp A eT ken then 1 : 5 iS CR: i from definition. wey ge ims Now Conversely, Suppose that @ satity @e, © every Congrvence lak i 3 ee in A ber is elements —_ are conafitent +o one of the inlegers of A - Moreover BSeeCMmeclenmenis, of A canmol exceed m be they ate in Condrvene Hence A Gonsisls of represerialives of all “the congruence class. So Rig GRS med m. Ext Shon that ¢= £64,28,29.32,74,309 is 3 crs mod 6 or net. Pol: No. off elerrerts of C are 6 The elerments of the set £61,24.29,32,94,304 are respectively, congruent to the elerneris of the ‘set £4,3,5,2.1,03 Since 1% 1 ae Conger pod ¢ Therefore, the given sysem fs nol 0-R§ ~mmod m Bs fe (-40,24,-6,2,10,233 CRG mod 6 verify it a-No- of elements of A ae 6. The elermenis of the wt A-f-10,24.-6.2,10,239 are resplk congruent = fo the = elerments: of =the sel2 d 2 are condruent mod 6 £2.3,0.24,5) Sine 2 sa re are ogee ; . Me, CRS modm ‘then ka,Ka,, Wsgaen ot is elec ceaen t b-Lel Keka (med mm) SRM Grey (etker)=1) ie, if two elemenl are congrenl then they are sme go distinct elemenis ate incongruent. AiD- Since Chan) = 4 Then tre 2% Sakntrry —6 has 8 golution for every value Of a. Consider @: Be kat mY Sa-ke = my am a-ky + B=Kx (red ™) has 3 sol for every valve of a. let» be the ool B=K% (mod _m) — @ Sm 1S 8 CRS rod m oh, (mod em) Ad GE wy which is a bontradictio eH the fact that Peer emsn AM CRS cmodm 2 Bx, tbF# BxHIB Cred m) Hence [an+b A@utb,-—- Brmatbj is CRS (mod m) % ez fh _(rn,n)-4 - fan. _Theogem eae Ray ea is Dele feos ™|) Then Be Emme ty 5 fe O82 mt, fe Od, ng is CRS (modee eS - i | ee mi tmyy | MytMYy Se dwlo distinct clerme We claim thst they are incongruent on the conten My Amy; = MIM, (Med m) Nyt (med mm) —O mWAPY, (red n) Mw ATY, (mod n). — @ O34 nN Oi-)= MOy-%)) Ged 4) —@ O43 My 1 (WG-4) (rod 1) —-@ Since My,-y)=O (mod =m) = OS Alw-wW)=O0 (mod ™) Wi We © (med m) = (nm)= 4 Sal % = Le (mod m7) which 38 Contradiction. eke Sine nit-an)= 0 (rnd n) + @®> m™n-*) (ened 1) 3 W-¥ =O (mod n) um,n)= 4 zt eer ied 9) which fs again conbediction Hus our supposition is wrong So ATM YF NLETMY, — (Mod mn) Hence B is CRS (rod mn) Euers ¢ Function: The number of positive integers winich are less than OY equal fo om & telately prime to m is called Evlers g¢ function 0% Totient’ of mm. In other words , the number of elements in the get. Mefa, 32 , oyagmn and tam)z1 9 Example: guy =4 ge) =! (te) = £1,3,7.99 24 gim= m-4 ig mm is prime Reovee Resrove Systems Wp BB. Bh — BYE the representive of Congr. -verce Clases consisting of integer prime to | m, fren the set [5.8,.8,,...-- Spm) 8 called RRS ened om weernple: § F4.23,4,5,04 & &RS (rod 7) Fa-2,4,5, 17,449 RRS Irmed 9) £1.7,4,5.8,23+ satisgy 18 A set Wlegers te an RRS iff # ol air eae ee d-A has im) elements ii)-([Link])= 4 NY ajen WIP 8) ER i¥f then B48; (mod mm) : A set A is RRS ifT a)- &im)e4 Y aca sa [Link] it) then ai¢s, aricslco) S; Every inteder a which is pime fo m is congruent 4 “One of the irleger ir HEOREM! £8,808, .8imd is 8 RRS (med aA and (a:,m).4 , E ah B RRS tered m) BB, BA, ,BB%,......, Bey 4 is also Gre | ole thd set hf a9,,9,,.dajm4 has gim) elements . =o) elements mean the numbers whieh are relatively Prime tf m b: Since (AmM)=4 (given) (8:.m) 24 & (83imM)=1 for f= 4,23 —--- dem) Hence the i NS of A ae relatively prime itj i i Rae oa a (= (amn)=1) whic is Contadiction. 7 act is RRS. Hence aaix#aay (red m) t hat fas. Hence A is RRS (med mn) Theorem: Euler's function ig multiplicative Tes giran)- Ge) HN) IF (Man)ad 1 A function is gad to i a Beem be multiplicative if for ery le mM &O (mynyat We have eRe Conon we hae fo prove in Euler's funciion thal (eon) = dir) din). let Aefa,a,. Bie} iS RR (nod mm) & B= fob, ——bym} 1 RRS (Mod mn). Consider he allowing self gem) -$tn)” elements. C=(3in tbym, ety? =b qa altniteahe which is Seain comtacicton. ae xNote: 5. © is RRS (mod mn) then C must has ¢ (mn) elements. Properly + (be) = (8.b)(b.c) (= (b.c)e4) BMA ABT NM) = (BM, N) AS (4435, 5) = (4.5) #)- for pime numbers let; P, dip)=P-4 for compostie numbers let @ = CQ) <0 game elements ate congruent in the set C. So distinct cleren's are incongruent. Here all the inleges of C ate tneondwent rmedule mn. Gilet acz ot (amn)=1 since wmyn)=4 , we ayoouiny =a " mrory vale RTYZ2 M88 = Solution pr ( Tis 8 3 diephantine eq, % a4.) tel vek & yeY be the sdution. Then mires ss, q Norns bez, othenvise any divisor 2 is not relatively prime ere VEC ests thal Ind X2b (mod'n) Seber be) iso RRS + Sym 8 a al (9, © #) 73,3, a k-bjemy, and Y-a; = mg, Now mkt = mo (b)tnq,) +n (aj +979,) =} B=MD 4 mM,+ NB; +g, 3 a= Mb +n3+ mn(9,+9,)" Ei Saupe nes) = mn (4,+9,) B- (rb; +ni) 3 a=mbi+na; tod mn) H mears that ‘all the integers belong to different classes. ie: gi(rmn) elements ie , 3 athe nuttiba & demas WC? SB? gor) ard go gimmn) = dtm) ¢9: yf Mm=3 .n=5 Then ¢ (15) = $13) 46) = 24-8 Y we want to find RRs med 15, Then 5 let ne5 .me3 (oeye 4 (S%) =4 Fe 42,34 eer is 2 RRS (mod 5) lye a (3y) et 4 y =32 3423 & 3 RRS (rod 3) heave CACO TMG 1212.34 sfe23 ts 3 RRS (mod SC [3 15y . Busy. Sa esy, But SY > Stat5y,, Shst Sys. Bay + Sy, Buy +5Ya 9 = £31) +5) , 301) +50) , 312) 450) , 3l2) 45(2) , 3(3)45(i), 3(3) 512), 3(4)4500)s 314) 50) 4 =[8,13,1,96,44, 49, 17,223 = C=fi 24,9, Bf 93,49 Sesser. dom) = mals. Ip] PE Wetirosbe R=. A e (Whee PiR if are prime ros) m7 gem: ¢ cp) $(R%) .. 4(R*) (0%, pe) a are oe Plime piece) Becben yee. (pp) ee eo t] tte = pp. em [4- ‘Ie J[a- Me] cee [1- Ip} og L- b Ve] ¥ . 3 zo ame] Ome a Examere : Mea i. 4, gur)-s2(4-4\(1-4) 24 (62a) = oaty: ‘ay ‘\3a]hee 4 NW Hrewises 41500) » 4 (784), (372) we a Nae = mgt) Ot) = mite) BOO) = ect em) Nes Let mad = 2’ +3-31 $(3H)~ 6(2-3-31) ae ‘1 Jf! ~j][- Jen ea ee Tei )-1 Ml fen a =1 (red =m) Pee fees.) ts 5 Res (ed) Wen ff SM) et then [23..83,,88,.... adage} ts RRS mod m. Therefore, the inlegers A. a, tee congruent 195 Beat seas. Stueny ei in He) some ander Shas all Fe congruences. we sei BA. By ----- -BAteny = 3.3,-3 Bem) (rmod ay) = ate [3-3.-2. Sy l= ~ Stim (ered) Ri ee. Sy 38a | ey 4 at = 4 (med m) Bample: tet mits, 5.4 then Us) = gia) - $5) = 2-4 =8 a Eulers theorem ; B84 Bre nol necessarily Feawntss: Theoremt y Fa a promen (pel then 31 (end p) PR We know that ip oP iP) = Pa Now pul Msp iq Me evens thearern a=1 (med p) Nele: the — direct Converse of Fermel’s theorern dees nal held. Yo tam).4 See Ccmed <4) ig prime thenit does nal est y mean that mis Hee is a Cony 'eample- ‘ ce o but a is nd price Westems © «= Show a” Where gum varies OR al | tho ah ie el ra fu the divisors of p* are [Link] * TE Bae) ga) 4 ge) eee e604 i Vetp-4) pt (pen) in this case = ne (404 6A) gt ")) (40) 6(P) = 4.46.¢P9) ~ (60) 4 dQ) a ry) by csi = on: mee BY -— (8h) 04 8 kasi we nlecer in congnerce — Class Rese elements gatishy The corgwenLISS . Note: Ht & i kaneoniee is. aul fet all | the ee ae of athe Integers of complete sel of residues Eotr... pe ae In place of &% fn the Congryence : x. CY) SGN) eGR Wt a ey 4 Cn £0 (ened ™m) Der: TAP faye 4 Gm ataats we Cent » GRE tered mn) then we say thal tho Congrerce tx) =0 (ened an) is degree ‘ng tmed om) vere dy ab t3uede e ae 5) is the de gree bet Gid- aes By iho me) Si is of degree 2. Linen Congevence: Det: A Congrwence of degree one is called a Vireay condruerre. go 8 Weer paler ce 1S cong -rwence ol the for auebl mM) whee Bo | ™). Theorern: A Vinesr Gongruence = aneb (mod pa Where 840 (med m) % (m)s1 has exactly one solution. in gi #*e PL: congrvene is wna to the 12 finest, ae dhaphentfes equation. a a” an my 2b whee yez —(y are Since (Sim )-4 therefore the eq has Ba-myeb Solution 5 aunty) =» hs We + mt 71 18 any inleg er al sal where 4A is arbilrar fatewten reer) is a Sdlution of eA y S$ & iy Neon, the trlecet wen, trmt =WWhexe 1 6? Foran the congruence cla the Hence there is only one sevtion of tre cengruence. (i) neesary & Ssupficl ic the Thecternt The 9 necesar q suffisient: condition thal congruence = Sn =Eb dae a) a ig Selvable thal oe Belmetnicmis, ime case then 6 s, thore = are exactly Cam) Solutions PLE the condryence is equivalent to e an -my = b — v) a re equation O) hes a colviion. If 7 (mod mm) newnerec lam): a ag Now Convers ly Suppsse that el ave Soy then the eq) has solutions glven b bebe + Mat Where 1 iS any —— (3) . 7 h Vey + Flay arbitrary inleger and (we, ye) is a selution OF eq, (2). Consider ine folloning values. of We or Wo + ™y! tee + mgr Pee. to 4d-Yen_, ethan 4 HeHlSit) er, 7 Wet dinden a, = Fist dof them represerd| ie Solution of being incongruent to each other. fiiso, the (det) the integer vepresenis the same Salulion the Git) the integer represen! the sare Selutfon as the = inleger. Hence the Cangruence (i) has just dd sabiers = Where = de (a.m) ® Olher mneitheds of sd of linear Condruences 4- If module is 3 smaller number, then put 4-0,4,2.-.. en-1 40 Find out the solutfon - The. = mumber which alishy the Consrveré is a Sdlution of congruence es; MES (mod 4) Then find sol from (o..2, 8). We sel that 3 is 8 — Sdlufor of congruence. AR line@r coniruence = ansh (red m) whee @mi=! . can semnetimes be weal b Aine ox subtiacting — suitble multiple op earl or As of w divide the other side eg: 3ny =4 (med 5) a,mr)=1 Se = 445 (rd 5) (3.5) 4 BLEA (erod 5) w= 3 (med 5) exists itr coer ti- -Clers et is + Exerises | rod are reksthely Deo mem umd 7) ten.4 Prime H)- Maa =O Ged 13) ns. me Ue = (rod 43) tng. 43a ee ed) 4 oe . AY Rees 25 5 kt, (red 66) J => Linire Aeshiicts ore More Tuan One Var aBve : Ex: Qwedy S5 (mod 2) mer This fs equwalent 4g Unt Iy- i222 5 Vy-5 = No-Ww oD ge -, BS a 2 (62-9) ar -5 FP We 5 (med 2) GY 2 4 & , go Slution exists. Now Ss 5 Vy = 542 (med 2) aS (md 2) ees (med 2) | |> = BS.5.0.0, (ened 12) Pu these values in) ne gel 6 Congruences Uy- ned = 5 (mod 2) 25-4 (mad 12) IME -2 (med 12) = -i (mod 6 ) w= 5 (mod 6) 25.11 demod 42) CH- 2m4 46) = 5 (aod m) Wns 5 (ered n) Te B16 (mod 47) wE -8 (red 6m) we 4 (med 6) w= 40 (mod 12), Ci) wy HS) ES (red 12) Y= -30 (med 12) WE W415 (med 6) we 3 (med 6) yo (mod 12)Wye ise FA) SS (med 12) 3 i e5 - 84) (mod 1) awe ~Mk (mad 12) =o (med 62) w= Umned 6) E78 — od 12) Wes TOS 5 Unod 12) Dh wo ECoes (pwd 12) ota e (med 2) = -14 (ered 6) = 4 (mod 6) w = ALF Cenod 42) Q)- w+ WG) 25 (med 12). awe5s- tt (med 2) me -t2 (red 42.) WE -36 (mod 6) a) (mod 6) bei (mod 12) s f- eae eeu arsy (sey! (35).C48)..95 (79), loll), aud