124, 2:54 AM Robert Broom - Wikipedia oe) WikirepiA ‘im YY the Free Encyclopedia ‘WIKIPEDIA Robert Broom Robert Broom FRS"! FRSE (30 November 1866 - 6 April 1951) was a British- South African medical doctor and palaeontologist.(21 He qualified as a medical practitioner in 1895 and received his DSc in 1905 from the University of Glasgow. From 1903 to 1910, he was professor of zoology and geology at Victoria College, Stellenbosch, South Africa, and subsequently he became keeper of vertebrate palacontology at the South African Museum, Cape Town, SIl4llsil61 Life Broom was born at 66 Back Sneddon Street in Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland, the son of John Broom, a designer of calico prints and Paisley shawls, and Agnes Hunter Shearer.[7] In 1893, he married Mary Baird Bail sweetheart.(81 ie, his childhood In his medical studies at the University of Glasgow Broom specialised in obstetrics.[2! After graduating in 1895 he travelled to Australia, supporting himself by practising medicine. He settled in South Africa in 1897,9! just prior to the South African War. From 1903 to 1910, he was professor of Zoology and Geology at Victoria College, Stellenbosch (later Stellenbosch University), but was forced out of this position for promoting belief in evolution.!9! He established a medical practice in the Karoo region of South Africa, an area rich in therapsid fossils. Based on his continuing studies of these fossils and mammalian anatomy he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1920. Following the discovery of the Taung child he became interested in the search for human ancestors and commenced work ‘on much more recent fossils from the dolomite caves ipso wikipedia orowhiRober_ Broom Born Died Nationality Education Known for Spouse Parents Robert Broom 6 April 1951 (aged 84) Pretoria, South Africa British, South African University of Glasgow Identification of hominim fossils, The mammal-like reptiles of South Africa and the origin of mammals, The ‘coming of man: was it accident or design? and other books Mary Baird Baillie John Broom (father) 18sa, 24 am Rober Broom - Wikipedia north-west of Johannesburg, particularly Sterkfontein Agnes Hunter Shearer Cave (now part of the Cradle of Humankind World (mother) Heritage Site). As well as describing many mammalian awards Fellow of the Royal Society fossils from these caves he identified several hominin Royal Meda! (000 fossils, the most complete of which was an australopithecine skull, nicknamed Mrs Ples, and a partial skeleton that indicated that australopithecines Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal (1946) Wollaston Medal (1949) walked upright.{2] Scientific career Broom died in Pretoria, South Africa in 1951. Institutions University of Stellenbosch, ‘South African Museum, Cape ce Town Contributions Patrons Jan Smuts Broom was first known for his study of therapsids. After Author abbrev. Broom Raymond Dart's discovery of the Taung Child, an infant | (0°!gy) australopithecine, Broom's interest in Signature palaeoanthropology was heightened. Brooms career seemed over and he was sinking into poverty, when vs orien Dart wrote to Jan Smuts about the situation. Smuts, y exerting pressure on the South African government, managed to obtain a position for Broom in 1934 with the staff of the Transvaal Museum in Pretoria as an Assistant in Palaeontology. Broom has been described as "one of the great Karoo (and, in particular, therapsid) palaeontologists", having managed to describe 369 therapsid holotypes in his lifetime, which he ascribed to 168 new genera, Broom has a reputation as a “splitter” that has resulted in only around 57% of his holotype still being considered valid as of 2003.°! In the following years, he and John T. Robinson made a series of spectacular finds, including fragments from six hominins in Sterkfontein, which they named Plesianthropus transvaalensis, popularly called Mrs. Ples, but which was later classified as an adult Australopithecus africanus, as well as more discoveries at sites in Kromdraai and Swartkrans. In 1937, Broom made his most famous discovery, by defining the robust hominin genus Paranthropus with his discovery of Paranthropus robustus.!"1] These discoveries helped support Dart's claims for the Taung species. For his volume, The South Africa Fossil Ape-Men, The Australopithecinae, in which he proposed the Australopithecinae subfamily, Broom was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1946.12 The remainder of Broom's career was devoted to the exploration of these sites and the interpretation of the many early hominin remains discovered there. He continued to write to the last. Shortly before his death he finished a monograph on the Australopithecines and remarked to his nephew: itpsen.wikipedia.orgwikiRobert_Broom 2061924, 254 AM Robert Broom - Wikipedia "Now that's finished ... and so am I."["3) Spiritual evolution Broom was a nonconformist and was deeply interested in the paranormal and spiritualism; he was a ism and materialism. Broom was a believer in spiritual evolution. In his book The : Was it Accident or Design? (1933) he claimed that "spiritual agencies" had guided evolution as animals and plants were too complex to have arisen by chance. According to Broom, there were at least two different kinds of spiritual forces, and psychics are capable of seeing them.!4] Broom claimed there was a plan and purpose in evolution and that the origin of Homo sapiens is the ultimate purpose behind evolution. According to Broom "Much of evolution looks as if it had been planned to result in man, and in other animals and plants to make the world a suitable place for him to dwell in."5) After discovering the skull of Mrs. Ples, Broom was asked if he excavated at random, Broom replied that spirits had told him where to find his discoveries.|") Research on the Khoisan Broom had a noted interest in the Khoisan peoples, which included collecting their remains, including those of the recently deceased, as well as by digging up old graves.7! Broom first began collecting modern human remains in 1897, shortly after he moved to South Africa. In that year he collected the remains of three elderly "Hottentot" people that had died around Port Nolloth following a drought in the region. Broom stated that he "cut their heads off and boiled them in paraffin tins on the kitchen stove". Their skulls were later sent to the medical school of the University of Edinburgh,!"®) alongside a7 month old foetus, from which Broom had removed the brain which he preserved separately.7! Broom also obtained remains of deceased prisoners, stating: "If a prisoner dies and you want his skeleton, probably two or three regulations stand in the way, but the enthusiast does not worry about such regulations." Broom said that he had buried several corpses in his garden allowing them to decay before later retrieving their bones. These include the remains of two men who were imprisoned in Douglas jail: Andreas Links, an 18 year old !Ora man, (catalogued as MMK 264), as well an unnamed 18 year old "bushman” from Langeberg (catalogued as MMK 283), who was photographed while alive at the request of Broom, despite this being against policy. The skeletons of both men were added to the collections of the McGregor Museum in 1921.28] Broom described the Khoisan peoples as a "degenerate" and "degraded race", speculating in 1907 that they descended from "the race which built the Pyramids" and "Mongoloids", but had "degenerated" due to South Africa's hot climate. In his later works he divided the Khoisan peoples into three races, the Bushmen, Hottentot and Korana, based on supposed typological differences,"7! with the type specimen of the Korana race being the skeleton of Links.8] Other contemporary anthropologists questioned this classification scheme, especially the Korana race. Broom later said that he had “invented the Koran". All such typological racial classification schemes are discredited today, due to itpsen.wikipedia.orgwikiRobert_Broom 361924, 254 AM Robert Broom- Wikipedia being based on vague criteria, resulting in the rigid categorization ultimately being arbitrary. Anatomist Goran Strkalj wrote that: "It is obvious that Broom's anthropological work was .. influenced by the racist stereotypes and prejudices of the day".[171 Publications Among hundreds of articles contributed by him to scientific journals, the most important include: "Fossil Reptiles of South Africa” in Science in South Africa (1905) "Reptiles of Karroo Formation" in Geology of Cape Colony (1909) "Development and Morphology of the Marsupial Shoulder Girdle” in Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1899) "Comparison of Permian Reptiles of North America with Those of South Africa” in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (1910) "Structure of Skull in Cynodont Reptiles" in Proceedings of the Zodlogical Society (1911). The South Africa Fossil Ape-Men, The Australopithecinae Bust of Robert Broom and Mrs. Ples (1946). Books ees ‘Memorial plaque at the Sterkfontein = The origin of the human skeleton: an introduction to human caves osteology (1930) = The mammal-like reptiles of South Africa and the origin of mammals (1932) = The coming of man: was it accident or design? (1933) = The South African fossil ape-man: the Australopithecinae (1946) = Sterkfontein ape-man Plesianthropus (1949) «= Finding the missing link (1950) Legacy Robert Broom is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of Australian blind snake, Anilios broomi,"9! the Triassic archosauromorph reptile Prolacerta broomi, the rhinesuchid amphibian Broomistega and the Permian dicynodont Robertia broomiana. Also Aloe broomii See also = List of fossil sites (with link directory) = List of hominina fossils (with images) = Berard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research itpsen.wikipedia.orgwikiRobert_Broom 4161924, 254 AM Robert Broom- Wikipedia = John Talbot Robinson, co-discoverer of Mrs Ples. * PanAfrican Archaeological Association Notes and references 1. Watson, D. M. S. (1952). "Robert Broom. 1866-1951" (https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm. 1952.000 4), Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 8 (21): 36-70. doi:10.1098/rsbm. 1952.0004 (https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1952,0004). JSTOR 768799 (https://www/jstor.org/stable/76879 9). 2. "Robert Broom | South African paleontologist" (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Broo m). Encyclopedia Britannica, Retrieved 25 June 2021. 3. Richmond, J, (2009). "Design and dissent: Religion, authority, and the scientific spirit of Robert Broom’. Isis; an International Review Devoted to the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences. 100 (3): 485-504. doi:10.1086/644626 (https://doi.org/10.1086%2F 644626) PMID 19960839 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19960839). S2CID 21204241 (https://api.sema nticscholar.org/Corpus|D:21204241). 4. Clark, W. E. (1951). "Dr. Robert Broom, F.R.S" (https://doi.org/10.1038%2F 167752a0). Nature. 167 (4254): 752. Bibcode:1951Natur. 167Q.752L (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951Natur.16 7.7521). doi:10.1038/167752a0 (https:/idoi.org/10.1038%2F 167752a0). PMID 14833380 (http s://pubmed. ncbi.nim.nih.gov/14833380). 5. "ROBERT Broom", Lancet. 1 (6660): 915-916. 1951. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(51)91306-2 (http s:/idoi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2851%2991 306-2). PMID 14825857 (https://pubmed ncbi.nl m.nih.gov/14825857). 6. "ROBERT Broom, M.D., F.R.S" (https://www.nebi.nim.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2069052). British Medical Journal. 1 (4711). 889. 1951. PMC 2069052 (https://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pme/articles/P MC2069052). PMID 14821559 (https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14821559). 7. Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 - 2002 (http:/iwww.royalsoced.org.uk/em sffiles/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf) (PDF). RSE Scotland Foundation. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.royalsoce d.org.uk/emsffiles/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. 8. Findlay, George (1972). Dr. Robert Broom, F.R.S.; palaeontologist and physician, 1866-1951: a biography, appreciation and bibliography (https://archive.org/details/drrobertbroomfrsO00Ofind). A. A. Balkema 9. "Robert Broom" (http:/ww.sahistory.org.za/people/robert-broom). South African History Online. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2017. 10. Wyllie, A. (2003). “A review of Robert Broom’s therapsid holotypes: have they survived the test of time? (https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39674425. pdf)" Palaeontologia Africana 39: 1-19 11. Johanson, Donald; Edey, Maitland (1990). Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind (hitps://archive.or gidetails/lucybeginningsof0000joha). Simon and Schuster. p. 57 (https://archive.org/details/lucybe ginningsof0000joha/page/57). ISBN 978-0-671-72499-3. 12. "Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110727135304/http://www.nasonline.o rg/site/PageServer? pagename=AWARDS. elliot). National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original (htip://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS elliot) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2011. 13. Morell, Virginia (2011). Ancestral Passions: The Leakey Family and the Quest for Humankind's Beginnings (https://books.google.com/books?id=TKatW21z3r8C&pg=PA188). Simon and Schuster. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4391-4387-2, 14. Bowler, Peter J. (2001). Reconciling science and religion: the debate in the early-twenticth-century Britain. pp. 133-134. hips ven sikipedta.orgwikiRobert_Broom 516‘128, 284 AM Robert Broom - Wikipedia 15. Lewin, Roger (1997). Bones of contention: controversies in the search for human origins. University of Chicago Press. p. 311. ISBN 0226476510. 16. Dreyer, Nadine (2006). A century of Sundays: 100 years of breaking news in the Sunday times, 1906-2006. p. 119. 17. Strkalj, G. (2000). “Inventing Races: Robert Broom’s Research on the Khoisan (https://journals.co. za/doilpdf/10.10520/AJA00411752_49)". Annals of the Transvaal Museum 37: 113-24. 18. Morris, A.G. (1987). “The Reflection of the Collector: San and Khoi Skeletons in Museum Collections (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3887769)". The South African Archaeological Bulletin 42(148): 12-22. 19. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5, ("Broom’, p. 40). External links = Biographies: Robert Broom (http:/www.talkorigins.org/fags/homs/tbroom.htm|), TalkOrigins Archive = Robert Broom: A Short Bibliography of his Evolutionary Works, MPRInstitute.org site, (http:/www. mprinstitute.org/vaciav/Broomevo.htm) = British metaphysics as reflected in Robert Broom's evolutionary theory, translation of an article by Vaclav Petr published in Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, 75(1): 73-85. Praha 2000. Text and photos displayed entire at the MPRinstitute.org site. (http://www. mprinstitute.orgivaclav/Broo m.htm) Retrieved from “https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index. php iit itpsen.wikipedia.orgwikiRobert_Broom