PRESIDENT’S OFFICE

REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

MASASI DISTRICT COUNCIL
FORM FOUR PRE NATIONAL EXAMINATION
013 GEOGRAPHY

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (16 Marks)

1. A candidate is required to choose the correct answer from among the given
alternatives and write its letter beside the item number in the answer booklet(s)
provided.

QUESTION (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)
ANSWERS B B D A B A, D C A A

@ 1 mark. (Total 10 marks)

2. A candidate is required to match the description of features formed by wind erosion

in Column A with the corresponding feature in Column B by writing the letter of
the correct answer beside the item number in the answer booklet provided.

LIST A (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

LIST B E F G D C B

@ 1 mark. (Total 6 marks)

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 SECTION B (54 Marks)

3. (a) A candidate is required to calculate the distance of the road in kilometres

from “NYANZA SALT MINES” grid reference 134362 to grid reference 064426.

GIVEN
Map scale = 1:50000 (1cm to 0.5 km)
Obtained map distance = 22.2 cm
Ground distance = x
Map scale = map distance
Ground distance
Ground Distance = map distance
Map scale
Ground Distance = 22.2cm
1/50000cm
Ground Distance = 22.2cm ÷ 0.00002
Ground Distance = 1,110,000 cm
Change 1,110,000 cm into kilometres
If 1km = 100,000cm
x = 1,110,000 cm
x = 1km x 1,110,000cm = 11.1 km
100,000 cm
Therefore, the distance John covered is 11.1 kilometres.
03 marks

ALTENATIVELY

GIVEN

Map scale = 1:50000 (1cm to 0.5 km)

Obtained map distance = 22.2 cm
Ground distance = x
With reference to the map scale which is;
1cm on a map represents 0.5 km on the actual ground
Therefore, 1cm = 0.5 km
22cm = x
x = 22 cm x 0.5 km
x = 11.1 km
Therefore, the distance John covered is 11.1 km

03 marks

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(b) A candidate is required to identify the predominant method which has been
used to show the relief of the mapped area and with two (2) reasons to state
why it is considered a very useful method of portraying relief.
Response:
• The predominant method is; contouring method/use of
contours/contours.
• It is considered the very useful method of portraying relief because of
the following reasons;
(i) The height of any point on the map can be found with reasonable
accuracy.
(ii) They form different patterns which depict different landforms like,
valleys, spurs, saddles, cols, ridges, escarpments, slopes etc.
(iii) Contours may show the shape of the features as they appear on the
actual ground.
(iv) Contouring method is associated with other methods of showing relief
like spot height and trigonometrical point.

(any two (2) relevant and valid reasons) @ 1 mark x 2= 2 marks

(c) A candidate is required to describe any two (2) major factors which account
for population distribution of the mapped area.
• Population distribution entails to the way in which people are spread
on the given area. Population distribution on the mapped area is due
to the following accounting factors;
(i) Vegetation.
For example, presence of reserved forest at the North western side of
the mapped area.
(ii) Relief
For example;
(iii) Drainage systems.
For example, river “Ruchugi”
(iv) Social factors.
For example, presence of social services.
(v) Transport and communication networks.
For example:
(vi) Economic factors.
For example, ‘NYANZA SALT MINES”
(vii) Administrative factors: For example, judicial activities.

(consider any two (2) relevant factors with relevant description and
evidence from the map) ) @ 1 mark x 2= 02 marks
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(d) A candidate is required to describe two (2) roles of transport networks of the
mapped area toward the social economic development of the area.
• The mapped area (Uvinza) is characterized by presence of numerous
means or type of transport systems namely; road networks, railways
networks and marine ways networks. These transport networks of the
mapped area have the following significant roles toward the social
economic development of the area as follows;

(i) They have facilitated the growth and development of Uvinza town.
(ii) They have facilitated growth and development of trade activity,
evidenced by presence of Market at Uvinza town (grid reference
099350).
(iii) They have facilitated the growth and development of industrial sector.
For example, presence of “NYANZA SALT MINES” at grid
reference 140364.
(iv) They have facilitated the efficient and quality provision of social
services like health care services, water, education etc. for example
evidence of schools, hospitals, water tanks on the mapped area.
(v) They have facilitated the smooth and efficient administration of
judicial and different administrative activities. For example, presence
of the court house (grid reference 99346) also presence of Police post
(grid reference 101349).
(vi) They have facilitated the efficient and smooth management of the
forest reserve, and exploitation of forest produce for economic
development. For example, presence of many minor roads ending in
the forest.

(consider any two (2) relevant points supported with evidence from the
mapped area) @ 1 mark x 2= 2 marks

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4. A candidate is required to answer questions in light of the given geographical
phenomenon.
(a) The geographical phenomena that struck the people of Kagera is an
earthquake. (01 mark)
(b) The name of an instrument used to measure the intensity of an earth quake is
seismograph/seismometer/mercall. (01
mark)
(c) The name of the point on the earth’s crust where an earthquake originates is
called focus/ hypocenter (01mark)

(d) A candidate is required to state any three (3) precautions one will have to
take to protect during the occurrence of an earthquake.
• The following are the possible precautions;
(i) If you are inside a house, move out and stay in an open place.
(ii) If you are outside, ensure that you stay away from buildings, trees,
electric poles and electric cables or anything else that might fall on
you.
(iii) Cover your head and body with heavy clothing to protect yourself
from heavy and sharp objects such as glass.
(iv) If you are in a moving vehicle, stop as quickly as safety permits and
stay in the vehicle.
(v) Shout only as a last resort as shouting can cause you to inhale
dangerous particles of dust.
(consider any two (2) relevant precautions) @ 1mark x 3 = 03 marks

(e) A candidate is required to outline three (3) effects associated with the
occurrence of an earthquake.
(i) It can cause the loss of peoples’ life. For example, an earthquake
which occurred in Kagera in October 2016 claimed the life of more
than 20 people.
(ii) It can damage transport and communication lines like gas and oil
pipelines, telephone lines and roads.
(iii) It can cause destruction of houses and other structures. For example,
in Kagera about 1264 buildings were destroyed.
(iv) It can cause fire outbreaks due to the falling of electric poles, and
volcanism.
(consider any three (3) relevant effects of an earthquake)
@ 1 mark x 3 = 03 marks

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5. A candidate is required to answer questions based on the survey techniques scenario
given.
(a) The survey technique used by Form Four students is simple chain survey.
(01 mark)
(b) A candidate is required to give any two (2) importance of simple chain
survey in our daily life;
(i) It is used in mapping small areas of flat or near flat ground and
associated objects such as paths, houses etc.
(ii) It adds details to existing plans on large scale maps. For example, a
school map, village etc.
(consider any two (2) relevant importance) @ 1-mark x 2 = 02 marks

(c) A candidate is required to explain with two (2) reasons why chain survey is
referred to as a simplest method of surveying;
(i) It does not involve complicated mathematical calculations.
(ii) The equipments can be easily replaced. Example tapes, and land
measuring wheels.
(iii) It does not deal with angular measurements.
(iv) It also involves only few people to conduct the exercise. The survey
team may have only three people.
(v) It is a cost-effective technique.

(consider any two (2) relevant reasons) @ 1-mark x 2 = 02 marks

(d) A candidate is required to identify the first procedure/step employed in

simple chain survey and by giving two (2) reasons explaining why that first
procedure/step is important.
• The first procedure/step employed in simple chain survey is
reconnaissance. It is a step which involves visiting the area to e
surveyed to get familiar with it before the actual survey is conducted.
• Importance of reconnaissance;
(i) It equips surveyors with general knowledge of the topography.
(ii) It enables surveyors to determine type of equipments required.
(iii) It enables the surveyor to plan for personnels needed and other
resources.

(consider any two (2) relevant importance)

@ 01 mark x 2 = 02 marks

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 (e) A candidate is required to suggest the suitable method with aid of a well
labeled diagram which can be used to overcome a river as an obstacle during
simple chain survey.
• The suitable method which can be used to overcome a river as an
obstacle during simple chain survey is by similar triangle
method/congruent triangles as shown on the diagram below.

(consider a relevant method and diagram) @ 1-mark x 2 = 02 marks

6. A candidate is required to explain six (6) criteria for a good research problem.
The following are the six possible criteria for a good research problem;
(i) It should be clear
• It should indicate clearly the knowledge gap to be filled to generate
relevant knowledge.
(ii) It should focus on the topic to be studied and it should not too broad.
(iii) It should be researchable
• It should be doable in terms of time, resources, expertise and
practicability.
(iv) It should be clearly stated
• The language used should be not be ambiguous or too technical to be
understood by people or learners.
(v) It should be novel (new)
• That, the problem should come up with a new process, product or
principle that can help in improving practices.
(vi) It should be interesting
• In a sense that it draws attention and interest to other people.
(vii) It should be innovative
• Meaning that it improves the current or existing state of affairs and
possibly technology.
(viii) It should be cost effective
• In a sense that, it produces good value for money, time and resources.

(consider any six (6) relevant points and explanations) @ 1.5 marks x 6= 09

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7. A candidate is required to study carefully the given photograph and then answer the
questions that follow;

(a) A candidate is required, with two (2) evidence from the photograph to name
the type of photograph.
• The type of the photograph is ground level photograph. It is taken
from the ground perspective when the axis of the camera is placed
horizontally towards the object (s). 01 mark
• Reasons;
(i) It shows the side or front view of the object clearly.
(ii) It shows large objects at the fore ground.
(iii) It shows objects whose sizes decrease from the fore ground to the back
ground.
(iv) It shows a small horizon at the background.
(v) The photograph is easily divided into three main parts, namely the
fore ground (front view), middle ground (middle view) and back
ground (back view).
(vi) The photograph is clear and does not show the top view.

(consider any two relevant reasons) @ 0.5-mark x 2 = 01 mark

(b) The name of the dominant vegetation shown on the foreground of the
photographed area is cactus. 01 mark
(c) The climate of the photographed area is semi-arid/arid climate. 01 mark
Evidence
(i) The photographed area is characterized by very poor vegetation cover
such as, cactus, thorny plants and grasses. This suggests that the area
has high temperature, excessive evaporation and insufficient rainfall.
(ii) Dry and course soils that support little plant life. This is caused by
extreme evaporation.

(consider any one relevant evidence from the photographed area) 01 mark

(d) A candidate is required in three (3) points to show how vegetations on

arid/semi-arid areas adapt to the climatic conditions.
(i) Most of the desert vegetations have long taproots which go far deeper
to the water table to collect water from the deep surface.
(ii) They have sunken stomata that reduce the loss of water through
leaves.
(iii) They have capacity to store water in their stem and leaves.
(iv) Other plants grow waxy or needle shaped leaves which reduce
transpiration (loss of water from plant through stomata) rate.
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 (v) Most of plants have strong water storage organs, hence help them to
survive.
(vi) Most of the plants are deciduous plants, thus they have a tendency of
shading off their leaves during the dry season in order to cut off the
rate of transpiration while flourishing back during the wet season.
(vii) Some of the plants have spines which usually store water.
(viii) The thorn found in most of arid areas and semi-arid deserts help them
to fight parasite vegetation.

(consider any three (3) relevant points) @ 01 mark x 3 = 03 marks

(e) A candidate is required to name the feature which is appearing on the

background of the photographed area and describe the geomorphic process
responsible for its formation.
• The name of the feature is a hill. 01 mark
Considering the fact that, a hill is a raised area of land that has a
distinctive summit which is generally more rounded than a mountain’s
summit.
In general, hills have an elevation of up to 1,000 feet (though there is
no longer an official elevation cut off value).
• The possible geomorphic process responsible for its formation is:
Faulting/ erosion/deposition. 01 mark
NOTE:
Faulting: is the change in elevation resulting from tectonic shifting.
Erosion: is the gradual wearing away of the surrounding land (large
land forms) such as mountains.
Deposition: is the gradual deposition of small particles.

8. (a) A candidate is required to draw a multiple bar graph then precisely to comment
on the graph. Multiple bar graph is also known as grouped bar graph or
comparative bar graph. In drawing the graph, a candidate should consider the
following;
• Identify the required data.
• Identify the independent and dependent variables.
• Decide on horizontal and vertical scales
• Draw and divide the vertical axis (y-axis) and horizontal axis (x-axis)
• Insert the values of the same year by drawing the bars.
• Choose different colours to shade the bars and make sure one item is
represented by the same shade/colour in different years.
• Write the caption of the graph, scale and the key.
(consider the graph drawn on the graph paper)

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 MARKS ALLOCATION
• Relevant graph caption/title .............................................. 0.5 mark
• Correct labeling of variables in y-axis and x-axis… ........ 0.5 mark
• Correct vertical and horizontal scale ................................ 0.5 mark
• Relevant key… .................................................................. 0.5 mark
• The graph itself ................................................................... 02 marks

Comment of the graph;

• Generation of gas is relatively/comparatively high between 2016 to 2020

followed by hydro-electric power. High production of gas and consequently
production of hydro-electric power might be caused by favorable conditions
of production. However, generation of heavy oil is comparatively low in all
the years, this might be because of unfavorable conditions of production.
(consider any relevant comment) 02 marks

(b) A candidate is required to give two (2) advantages and two (2) disadvantages
of using multiple bar graph.

Advantages of multiple/grouped/comparative bar graph

(i) It is easy to construct as it does not involve long mathematical

calculations.
(ii) It is simple to make comparisons of production in a given period.
(iii) It is easy to interpret due to distinguished shading.
(iv) It enables a reader to get a good visual impression about the totality
and individuality of the studied items.
(v) It saves space, as many items can be presented together in the same
graph.
(consider any two (2) relevant points) 0.5 mark @ x 2 = 01 mark

Disadvantages of multiple/grouped/comparative bar graph

(i) It consumes time in construction as it includes more than one item in

a specific year.
(ii) It is challenging in choosing the scale to suit all the variables
(iii) It may be difficult to understand, especially in case a lot of data is to
be presented.

(consider any two (2) relevant points) 0.5 mark @ x 2 = 01 mark

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 (c) A candidate is required to identify two (2) alternative methods which may be
used to present the same statistical information given.
(i) Compound bar graph
(ii) Multiple line graph
(iii) Compound line graph

(consider any two (2) relevant points) 0.5 mark @ x 2 = 01 mark

9. A candidate is required to write an essay by explaining any six (6) consequences of

rapid population growth on environment.

INTRODUCTION
The candidate is required to explain the key terms and give any relevant explanation.
For example;
MAIN BODY
A candidate is required to explain any six (6) consequences of rapid population
growth on environment.
Sample points:
(i) Land degradation.
(ii) Loss of wildlife habitats and biodiversity.
(iii) Deterioration of aquatic systems.
(iv) Deforestation.
(v) Environmental pollution
(vi) It causes depletion of non-renewable resources such as …
(vii) It increases the production of solid and liquid wastes.
(viii) Ineffective management of electrical and electronic equipment waste (e-
waste).
(ix) Climate change.
(x) Lack of accessible good quality water for rural and urban inhabitants.

(consider any six (6) relevant points and explanations and where necessary reference
of relevant examples.)

CONCLUSION
Any relevant conclusion

MARKS ALLOCATION
Introduction ........................ 1.5 marks
Main body ........................... 2 marks @ x 6 = 12 marks
Conclusion .......................... 1.5 marks
Total marks ............................................................................................... 15 marks

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10. A candidate is required to explain six (6) challenges facing power and energy
harnessing in Tanzania

INTRODUCTION
A candidate is required to explain the key terms and give any relevant explanation.
For example:
Power and energy harnessing can be defined as the process of exploiting different
sources of energy for sustainable and effective use to meeting different uses
sustainably.

MAIN BODY
A candidate is required to explain six (6) challenges facing power and energy
harnessing in Tanzania.
Sample points:
(i) Negative impacts of climate change. For example, drought and its associated
negative impacts.
(ii) Inadequate capital for investing efficiently in the power and energy sector.
(iii) Poor technology to exploit different sources of power and energy. For
example, wind, bio gas etc.
(iv) Negative effects of human activities on energy and power sources. For
example, generation of hydro-electric power.
(v) Sabotage and vandalism on the power system infrastructure.
(vi) Poor and worn out power and energy infrastructures.
(vii) Lack of enough community awareness on power and energy.
(viii) Inadequate trained and skilled personnel with current technology on power
and energy production.
(ix) Environment destruction. For example, destruction of sources of water has
affected much the production of hydro-electric power.
(x) Overdependence on hydro-power production which is susceptible to weather
changes.
(xi) Poorly coordinated policies that hinder private investors’ effective
participation in the energy sector to compete well with TANESCO
monopoly.
(consider any six (6) relevant points and explanations and where necessary
reference of relevant examples.)

CONCLUSION
Consider any relevant conclusion

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 MARKS ALLOCATION
Introduction ........................ 1.5 marks
Main body… ....................... 2 marks @ x 6 = 12 marks
Conclusion .......................... 1.5 marks
Total marks ............................................................................................. 15 marks

11. A candidate is required to explain the importance of mining sectors to the economy
of Tanzania by giving six (6) points.

INTRODUCTION
A candidate is required to explain the key terms and give any relevant explanation.
MAIN BODY
A candidate is required to explain six (6) importance of mining sector to the
economy of Tanzania.
Sample points:
(i) It contributes to government revenue in terms of taxes and royalties.
(ii) It contributes employment opportunities both direct and indirect.
(iii) It contributes to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
(iv) It stimulates construction of infrastructures. For example, roads to and from
mining centres.
(v) It stimulates the development of other sectors of the economy. For example,
agriculture sector.
(vi) It stimulates the development and growth of the service sector which in turn
has a significance contribution to the economy.
(vii) It provides raw materials for various industries. For example, building
materials. Gypsum is used as a raw material in cement industries.
(viii) It stimulates development and growth of towns which in turn have
significance contribution to the economy of a country through revenue
collection.
(consider any six (6) relevant points with explanations and where necessary
reference of relevant examples.)
CONCLUSION
Consider any relevant conclusion
MARKS ALLOCATION
Introduction ........................ 1.5 marks
Main body ........................... 2 marks @ x 6 = 12 marks
Conclusion .......................... 1.5 marks
Total marks ............................................................................................... 15 marks

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