Discrete mathematics
Lecture- 04
Propositional Logic(Part-2)
Implication / if-then (→): An implication A→B is the proposition “if
A, then B”. It is false if A is true and B is false. The rest cases are
true.
Example: If you get 90% on the final, then you will get an A+.
Soln:
Let,
A = You get 90% on the final
B = You will get an A+
According to the logical connective Implication
The logical statement is A → B
Example: Find the Implication of the propositions: If Jibon learns discrete
mathematics, then he will find a good job.
Soln:
Let,
A = Jibon learns discrete mathematics
B = He will find a good job
According to the logical connective Implication
The logical statement is A → B
Example: Find the Implication of the propositions: If it is sunny, then we
will go to the Bazar.
Soln:
Let,
A = It is sunny
B = We will go to the Bazar
According to the logical connective (Implication):
The logical statement is A → B
Example: Let p and q be the propositions
p : I bought a lottery ticket this week.
q : I won the million dollar jackpot.
Express the propositions p → q as an English sentence.
Soln:
p → q : If I bought a lottery ticket this week, then I won the million dollar
jackpot.
Bidirectional / If and only if (⇔):− A⇔B is bi-conditional logical
connective which is true when p and q are same, i.e. both are false or
both are true.
Example: Let p be the statement “You can take the flight,” and
let q be the statement “You buy a ticket.”
Then p q is the statement “You can take the flight if and only
if you buy a ticket.”
The proposition p q is read "Henry eats halibut if and only if
Catherine eats kippers."
Example: Find the Implication of the propositions: Rahim learns discrete
mathematics and he will find a good job.
Soln:
Let,
A = Rahim learns discrete mathematics
B = He will find a good job
According to the logical connective Biconditional
The logical statement is A B
Example: Let p and q be the propositions
p : I bought a lottery ticket this week.
q : I won the million dollar jackpot.
Express the propositions p q as an English sentence.
Soln:
p q : I bought a lottery ticket this week if and only if I won the million
dollar jackpot.
Practice problem:
Draw the truth table for the following logical statements:
I. (a) ¬ p ∧ (¬ q ∨ r)
II. (b) p ∨ (¬ q ∧ ¬ r)
III. (c) ((p ∨ q) r) p
IV. (d) (¬ q ∧ ¬ r) (p → (q ∨ r))
Logical Expression Tree: Find the expression tree for the following
formulas: LE = ((¬ p) ∨ q) → ((r → p) ∧ t)
Practice problem:
Find the expression tree for the following formulas:
(a) ¬ p ∧ (¬ q ∨ r)
(b) p ∨ (¬ q ∧ ¬ r)
(c) ((p ∨ q) r) p
(d) (¬ q ∧ ¬ r) (p → (q ∨ r))
❑ Combinational circuit: A combinational circuit is a circuit in which the
output depends on the present combination of inputs.
➢ Find a the logical expression to represent the following combinatorial
circuits.
Find a the logical expression to represent the following combinatorial
circuits.
Example: Draw the combinatorial circuit diagram following this logical
expression (p ∨ ¬ r) ∧ (¬ p ∨ (q ∨ ¬ r)).
Example: Find the logical statement from the following propositional
statement: If Rakib eats rice then Rahim eats burger, or if it is raining
then we are not going to the Bazar.
✓ Draw the combinational circuit diagram of the above logical
statement.
✓ Find the expression tree of the above logical statement.
Example: Find the logical statement from the following propositional
statement: If you work overtime, then you'll be paid time-and-a-half,
and If Donald Trump wins the election in 2024, then he will become the
president of USA.
✓ Draw the combinational circuit diagram of the above logical
statement.
✓ Find the expression tree of the above logical statement.
Example: Show that p → q and ¬p ∨ q are logically equivalent.
Example: Show that ¬(p ∨ q) and ¬p ∧¬q are logically equivalent.
