Operating

System
Definition of Terms
The kernel is the core inner component that processes
data at the hardware level. It handles input-output
management, memory and process management.

The shell is the outer layer that manages the

interaction between the user and the operating
system. It communicates with the operating system by
either taking input from the user or a shell script, which
is a sequence of system commands stored in a file.
 OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system (OS) is an interface between
the computer hardware and the user. It manages
software resources and computer hardware,
while providing various services for computer
programs. The operating system is essential
software running on a computer, enabling it to
work effectively.
 OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system is the most important
software that runs on a computer. It manages the
computer's memory and processes, as well as all
of its software and hardware. It also allows you
to communicate with the computer without
knowing how to speak the computer's
language. Without an operating system, a
computer is useless.
 OPERATING SYSTEM

highly organized computer programs

designed to perform a wide range of
essential functions, from managing
computer hardware to running
applications to enabling users to
communicate with computers through a
user-friendly interface.
Functions of Operating System
Processor Management
➢ This involves managing every process that the system
hardware executes. The OS decides the order in which
processes are performed, prioritizing them based on
variables like efficiency and necessity.
➢ allocating various tasks to a processor and giving it
enough time to function.
➢ Keeps track of processor and status of process.
➢ Allocates and de-allocates the processor to a process.
Functions of Operating System
Memory Management
➢ The operating system oversees your computer's
memory, allocating space to processes when
they run and deallocating them when they halt.
Your computer's memory is a critical resource,
and keeping it organized is key to maintaining
your system's performance
➢ allocating and deallocating memory across
different processes
Functions of Operating System

Device Management
➢ An operating system manages all input, output,
and storage devices. The system ensures that your
devices run as effectively as possible and that
their essential data is stored safely.
➢ controlling the workings of input-output devices,
including receiving and communicating requests,
performing tasks and interacting with peripheral
devices such as printers and cameras
OPERATING SYSTEM
File Management
➢ The OS also manages your data files. It uses a
systematic way to store, arrange, and retrieve files
and data. Furthermore, it keeps track of all the
data, ensuring that it doesn't get lost or overwritten
accidentally.
➢ tracking information that supports file system
storage and maintaining integrity of data.
OPERATING SYSTEM
File Management
➢ The OS also manages your data files. It uses a
systematic way to store, arrange, and retrieve files
and data. Furthermore, it keeps track of all the
data, ensuring that it doesn't get lost or overwritten
accidentally.
➢ tracking information that supports file system
storage and maintaining integrity of data.
OPERATING SYSTEM
Security
➢ Maintaining system security is crucial. The OS ensures the
security of the system by limiting hardware access to trusted
applications and programs. It uses methods like password
protection and controlled user access to uphold privacy and
data integrity.
➢ ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of data, including
protecting against unauthorized or malicious access and
relaying vulnerabilities
OPERATING SYSTEM
Error detection – checking for external threats,
malicious software and hardware changes
Job scheduling – determining which
applications need to run in which order
How does an Operating System Works?
Types of Operating
System
Real-time operating system
• In Real-Time Systems, each job carries a
certain deadline within which the job is
supposed to be completed, otherwise, the
huge loss will be there, or even if the result
is produced, it will be completely useless.
• used to control machinery, scientific
instruments, and industrial systems
Real-time operating system
Advantages of Real-time operating
system
• Easy to layout, develop and execute real-time
applications under the real-time operating system.
• In a Real-time operating system, the maximum
utilization of devices and systems
Disadvantages of Real-time
operating system:
• Real-time operating systems are very costly to develop.
• Real-time operating systems are very complex and can
consume critical CPU cycles.
Single-user, single task

designed to manage the computer

so that one user can effectively do
one thing at a time.
Single-user, single task
Single-user, multi-tasking
The multitasking operating system is a logical
extension of a multiprogramming system that
enables multiple programs simultaneously. It
allows a user to perform more than one
computer task at the same time.
• A type of operating system most people use
on their desktop and laptop computers today
Single-user, multi-tasking
Advantages of Real-time operating
system
• This operating system is more suited to supporting
multiple users simultaneously.
• The multitasking operating systems have well-defined
memory management.
Disadvantages of Real-time
operating system:
• The multiple processors are busier at the same time to
complete any task in a multitasking environment, so the
CPU generates more heat.
Multi-user Operating System
allows many different users to
take advantage of the computer's
resources simultaneously
Multi-user Operating System
Remember:
Operating system is responsible
for everything from the control
and allocation of memory to
recognizing input from external
devices and transmitting output
to computer displays.
Common Operating System
History of OPERATING
SYSTEM
MS-DOS
Microsoft –
Disk Operating
System (MS-
DOS)
History of Operating System
The First Generation (1940's to early 1950’s)
Duringthis generation computers were generally used to solve simple
math calculations, operating systems were not necessarily needed.
The Second Generation (1955-1965)
The first operating system was introduced in the early 1950's, it was
called GMOS and was created by General Motors for IBM's machine the
701. Operating systems in the 1950's were called single-stream batch
processing systems because the data was submitted in groups. These
new machines were called mainframes, and they were used by
professional operators in large computer rooms. Since there was such as
high price tag on these machines, only government agencies or large
corporations were able to afford them.
 History of Operating
system
The Third Generation (1965-
1980)
By the late 1960's operating
systems designers were able to
develop the system of
multiprogramming in which a
computer program will be able
to perform multiple jobs at the
same time. The introduction of
multiprogramming was a major
part in the development of
operating systems because it
allowed a CPU to be busy
History of Operating system
The fourth generation of operating
systems saw the creation of
personal computing. Although
these computers were very similar to
the minicomputers developed in
the third generation, personal
computers cost a very small fraction
of what minicomputers cost. A
personal computer was so
affordable that it made it possible
for a single individual could be able
to own one for personal use while
minicomputers where still at such a
high price that only corporations
Microsoft Windows
Windows is an operating system designed by Microsoft. The operating system
is what allows you to use a computer. Windows comes preloaded on most new
personal computers (PCs), which helps to make it the most popular operating
system in the world.
Windows makes it possible to complete all types of everyday tasks on your
computer. For example, you can use Windows to browse the Internet, check
your email, edit digital photos, listen to music, play games, and do much more
Windows 1
Windows 2
Year of launch : 1987
“Windows 2” made debut
around sometime in 1987.
The version had some
features added to the past
ones, which made it more
interesting. New Windows
introduced Microsoft Word
and Excel, new graphical
interfaces. “Word” was used
to write text while “Excel” was
an application used to store
information in a grid layout
and is the most popular
Spreadsheet used until now.
 Windows 3

It was in 1990, that Microsoft

unveiled the next version of
Windows. “Windows 3” was
leveled against Macintosh’s
interface. Microsoft just upped
their ante to take Apple Inc.
Windows went step ahead to its
previous version and introduced
the concept on ‘Virtual memory.’
The sound card, CD-ROM and
multimedia features were liked
by the public and Microsoft sold
Windows 3 like hot cakes.
Microsoft sold around 10 million
copies. Though there were some
bug-corrections done in
between, but nothing stopped
Microsoft to grow bigger.
 Windows 95
Windows 95 launched in 1995, went to sell 7
million copies in less than two months’ time. It
was sort of a massive success for Microsoft.
386DX processor and 4MB RAM was the
minimum requirement to run Windows 95. This
is a time when Microsoft truly commercialized
the Windows. Microsoft put on advertisement
that went on air called “Start Me Up,” sung by
Rolling stones. The commercial prompted the
users to purchase the new version because
the commercial featured the significance of
“Start” button. This feature exists till date and
we know that as ‘Start Menu.’ Similarly, task
bar was also introduced.
Internet happened around the same time and
Microsoft precisely took the opportunity to
launch Windows 95 with all the ability to run
Internet on it. It came with Dial-up connections
and In-built Internet support. E-mail was a
major part of communication and Microsoft
came with total support to these features by
having Plug and Play capabilities, these made
it convenient for users to Install software.
 Windows 98

In 1998, “Windows 98”

released. This time
there were internet
cafes all around due to
the internet revolution
happening all around.
Therefore, Microsoft
had to bring in better
tools to run the internet
better on the machines.
Windows ME
“Windows ME,” which just
enriched the experience of
the user in terms of
Multimedia like Video,
Music etc. Many people
could just easily play
around with the music and
videos by editing and
saving lot of things
simultaneously. This was
especially a boon for people
belonging to Cinema
Industry.
Windows XP
Windows VISTA
Windows 7
Windows 8
Windows 10
Windows 11
 Mac OS
 macOS retained the major version number 10 throughout its
development history until the release of macOS 11 Big Sur in 2020.
 macOS have always been named after big cats (Versions 10.0 – 10.8) or
locations in California (Version 10.9 – Present).
 32-bit PowerPC applications were supported on Intel processors with
Rosetta and 64-bit Intel applications are supported on Apple silicon Macs
with Rosetta 2. However, Intel-based Macs are unable to run ARM-based
applications, such as iOS and iPadOS apps.
 For the past 10 years, Apple announces the new macOS at Worldwide
Developers Conference (WWDC) held every year in the month of June.
 macOS never had a separate left-click or right-click like Windows,
whenever you need left-click just make a single click, and for a right-
click make two consecutive clicks.
macOS Big the seventeenth major release of macOS, Apple Inc.'s operating
Sur (version 11) system for Macintosh computers. It was announced at
Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) on June 22,
2020, and was released to the public on November 12, 2020.
macOS the eighteenth major release of macOS, Apple's desktop operating
Monterey (versi system for Macintosh computers. The successor to macOS Big Sur, it
on 12) was announced at WWDC 2021 on June 7, 2021
macOS nineteenth and current major release of macOS, Apple's
Ventura (versio desktop operating system for Mac computers. The successor
n 13) to macOS Monterey, it was announced at WWDC 2022 on June 6,
2022, and launched on October 24, 2022
Kodiak is the internal code name Apple
gave to its Mac OS X public beta. It
was the first instance of Apple’s Aqua,
a GUI and visual theme that offered a
new font set, app icons, and other
features. The public beta also
introduced the Dock and menu bar,
which created a unique navigation
experience. As is the case with many
public beta versions of software, it
was meant to find various bugs and
flaws before the operating system’s
final release. The public beta
included a suite of native apps that
can still be found in the operating
system today:
• TextEdit
• Preview
• Mail
• Terminal
• QuickTime media player
Cheetah is the internal code
name Apple gave to the first
official release of Mac OS X
version 10.0. Rather than
introducing many new
features, this version
addressed the criticisms and
flaws found in the public
beta. However, many users
felt it still had room for
improvement with its
responsiveness, reliability,
and variety of applications it
offered
Mac OS X version 10.1, internally
named Puma, was offered to
version 10.0 users as a free
upgrade because many
critics felt Cheetah was not
ready for public release. In
addition to system-wide
performance improvements,
Apple introduced a few new
features:
• DVD playback support
• Easier CD and DVD burning
in Finder app
• Wider printer compatibility
Version 10.2 was the first Mac OS X
version to use its internal code name,
Jaguar, as part of its marketing
strategy. Jaguar was a paid upgrade
for all Mac OS X users, though Apple
offered free upgrades for K–12
teachers in the United States. New
features in the Jaguar release
included:
• Graphics compositing directly on the
video card with Quartz Extreme
• Contact storage with Address Book
• Network sharing capabilities with
Rendezvous (later named Bonjour)
• AOL-based instant messaging with
iChat
• Search functionality in Finder
• Accessibility tools with Universal
Access
• MPEG-4 support for QuickTime
Version 10.3, called Panther, was the first
version to discontinue support for
some of Apple’s oldest hardware
models—namely the Power
Macintosh and PowerBook. Panther
included the following
improvements and new features:
• Safari web browser
• Fast user switching
• FileVault encryption
• Font Book
• Better interoperability with Microsoft
Windows and support for Microsoft
Office files
• Video conferencing capabilities in
iChat
• Better multi-window navigation with
Exposé
• Built-in fax support
• Faster PDF rendering with Preview
Tiger was the longest-running version of
Mac OS X, with 30 months between
its launch and the launch of its
successor. It was the first version of
Mac OS X that was native to Macs
made with Intel processors. Tiger
included the following
improvements and new features:
• Spotlight search
• Voice control with VoiceOver
• A scripting tool called Automator
• RSS reader in Safari
• Smart Mailboxes in Mail
• Mini applications layer based
on HTML, CSS, and JavaScript called
Dashboard
• 64-bit architecture
• Dictionary and thesaurus
• A mathematical program called
Grapher
Apple’s release of Leopard was significantly
delayed because of the concurrent
development and launch of the iPhone.
Leopard was thought to bring some of the
most significant changes to the Mac OS X
environment, and it included the following
improvements and new features:
• Remote access for MobileMe users with
Back to My Mac
• Redesigned menu bar and Dock with a
new organization feature called Stacks
• Parental Controls
• Calendar sharing and group scheduling
with iCal
• Green screen support and live filters with
Photo Booth
• Advanced file preview framework called
Quick Look
• Virtual desktop capability called Spaces
• Automated backup with Time Machine
(required separate hardware)
Snow Leopard was the last version of
Mac OS X that was released in disc
form and at a significantly lower price
point. This version focused heavily on
expanding the Mac OS X 64-bit
architecture and improving
performance, efficiency, and stability.
As such, there were minimal updates
to the “look and feel” of the OS, but
noticeable improvements to the
amount of disk space available
(about 7GB) and system-wide
responsiveness. New features and
improvements introduced in Snow
Leopard include:
• Mac App Store for digital app/OS
installation aligned with the iOS App
Store
• Finder and QuickTime X rewritten in
Cocoa, Apple’s object-oriented API
• Crash resistance in Safari
• Multi-touch trackpad support
Lion was the first version of Mac OS X to be
released in the Mac App Store. This proved to
be prohibitive for users who had not upgraded
to Snow Leopard, so Apple began offering Lion
upgrades via in-store downloads or USB flash
drive installations. Lion was also the first release
that was not priced for individual licenses—
instead, users could purchase the upgrade
once and download it to all of their supported
Mac devices. Lion included the following new
features and updates:

Peer-to-peer wireless sharing with AirDrop

Video conferencing with FaceTime
Apple Push Notification System (APNS)
Emoji support
Launchpad
Multi-touch gestures
Mission Control
System-wide support for full screen apps
Resume functionality, which restarts apps in their
most recent state
“Natural” scrolling which mimics touchscreen
scrolling behavior
Mountain Lion marked Apple’s shift toward an
annual update release cycle. Its primary
goal was to incorporate more apps and
behaviors found in iOS to create a cohesive
user experience across all Apple devices.
These apps and behaviors include:
• Cross-device synchronization with iCloud
• Messages app
• Reminders app
• Notes app
• Notification Center
• Game Center app
• Device mirroring with AirPlay
• System-wide sharing
• Embedded Facebook and Twitter
integration
• Dictation
Mavericks was the first update to OS X—
dropping “Mac” from the official
title—offered completely free of
charge. It was also the first release
that departed from the “big cat”
naming convention in favor of a new
theme centered around California
landmarks. Mavericks included the
following feature updates and
additions:
• iBooks
• Maps
• Password storage with iCloud
Keychain
• Better multi-display support
• Interactive notifications
• Finder tabs and tags for better file
organization and navigation
• Improved battery life and reduced
energy consumption
• Compressed memory to improve
responsiveness
Yosemite expanded the Continuity
features introduced in Mountain
Lion and Mavericks to create a
fluid hand-off experience
between Mac and iOS devices.
Yosemite feature updates and
additions include:
• Today view in Notification
Center
• iCloud Drive cloud storage
• Safari update optimized for
streaming
• Mail update with support for in-
app PDF editing
• Messages update with more
fine-grained controls
• Family Sharing
• iTunes 12
• Swift programming language
for app developers
Because Yosemite brought many
function and design updates to OS
X, El Capitan was more focused on
refinement. Apple’s developers
wanted to make the operating
system faster and more responsive
while also offering more intuitive UX
capabilities. Feature updates and
additions in El Capitan include:
• Split screen window management
• Streamlined, gesture-driven Mission
Control functionality
• Advanced Spotlight features for
stocks, weather, sports, and natural
language processing
• Pinned sites in Safari
• Smart Suggestions in Mail
• Improved graphics performance with
Metal
Sierra was the first update to use the
“macOS” moniker that’s still in place
today. This was meant to bring
consistency to all of the operating
systems in the Apple family,
including iOS, watchOS, and tvOS.
Sierra introduced a number of new
features and improvements that
continued to streamline the user
experience across all of these devices.
These include:

• Siri, Apple’s virtual assistant

• Universal Clipboard for copying and
pasting from one device to another
• iCloud Desktop and Documents
• Auto Unlock with Apple Watch
• Apple Pay
• Tapback reactions in Messages
• Picture in picture support
• Optimized Storage
• Apple Music support in iTunes
Similar to Snow Leopard, Mountain Lion,
and El Capitan, High Sierra brought
mostly under-the-hood updates to
macOS. Specifically, High Sierra
introduced the following feature
updates and additions:

Apple File System (APFS) for improved

storage performance, security, and
reliability
Metal 2, an updated graphics API, with
support for virtual reality, machine
learning, natural language
processing, and external GPUs
Support for High-Efficiency Video
Coding (HEVC)
Relatively minor performance and
design updates to Photos, Mail,
Messages, Safari, Notes, and Siri
Mojave introduced several design
and productivity updates that
elevated the macOS user
experience. New and improved
features include:
• Dark Mode
• Customizable file sorting for
desktop with Stacks
• Screenshot and screen
recording capabilities
• iOS apps, including News,
Stocks, Voice Memos, and Home
• Redesigned Mac App Store
• Intelligent Tracking Prevention
for safer internet browsing with
Safari
macOS Catalina introduced new
features and enhancements that
focused on entertainment and iPad
integration. Specifically, these
innovations included:
• Apple Arcade for desktop gaming
• Apple Music
• Apple Podcasts
• Apple TV
• Sidecar functionality for extending
Mac workspace to iPad
• Voice Control for added accessibility
• Mac Catalyst for bridging the gap
between Mac and iPad apps
• Screen Time activity monitoring
• Find My app
• Relatively minor updates to Safari,
Mail, Notes, Photos, and Reminders
In terms of version numbering, macOS
Big Sur marked a shift away from the
10.x convention in favor of a whole
number increment. Big Sur also
introduced a major refresh of the
macOS user interface, with easier
navigation controls, a new color
palette, and completely redesigned
app icons that are consistent across
Apple devices. Other feature
improvements and additions include:
• Control Center
• Do Not Disturb
• Updated Notification Center and
widgets
• Safari updates for faster
performance, better privacy,
improved productivity, and longer
battery life
• Support for Apple M1 chip
• File level encryption
Monterey introduced a wide range of
new features and functionalities that
improve the macOS user experience.
These include:
• Activity automation with Shortcuts
• TestFlight for Mac
• Universal Control for seamless UX
between Mac and iPad devices
• Spatial audio and Portrait mode for
FaceTime
• Share Play for FaceTime, Apple
Music, Apple TV+, and third-party
apps
• On-device machine learning with
Live Text and Visual Lookup
• Customizable Focus modes
• Note sharing and real-time
collaboration
• Tab grouping in Safari
• Low Power Mode for battery
conservation
Linux OS
Linux, computer operating system created in
the early 1990s by Finnish software
engineer Linus Torvalds and the Free Software
Foundation (FSF).
Linux is written using almost exclusively
using the C programming language.
 Android
 Android, operating system for cellular
telephones and tablet computers. Android began in 2003 as
a project of the American technology company Android Inc.,
to develop an operating system for digital cameras. In 2004
the project changed to become an operating system for
smartphones. Android Inc., was bought by the
American search engine company Google Inc., in 2005. At
Google, the Android team decided to base their project
on Linux, an open source operating system for personal
computers.
Group Activity

create a mind map of the

functions of an operating
system
Operating
System
Performance task 1
Create an infographics about Operating
System using applications/program that
you are familiar with.
Rubrics for Infographic Needs Improvement
Score

Criteria Excellent (5) Good (4) Fair (3) (2) Poor (1)

Design
The design is visually The design is
stunning, engaging, and The design is appealing somewhat bland or
highly creative. It and creative, The design is adequate uninteresting, The design is visually
effectively captures contributing to the but may lack some detracting from the unappealing and
attention and maintains overall effectiveness of creativity or elements of overall impact of the does not engage the
Visual Appeal interest. the infographic. visual appeal. infographic. audience.
The layout is chaotic
Information is organized The layout is clear and The layout is somewhat and confusing,
logically and effectively. well-organized, cluttered or The layout lacks making it nearly
The layout enhances facilitating disorganized, making it organization, hindering impossible to
Layout & understanding and understanding of the slightly difficult to understanding of the comprehend the
Organization readability. information presented. follow. information presented. information.

Content

The majority of Some information

All information presented information presented presented may be The information
is accurate, up-to-date, is accurate and inaccurate or not Several inaccuracies are presented is largely
and supported by credible supported by credible adequately supported present, or sources are inaccurate or
Accuracy sources. sources. by sources. not cited appropriately. unsubstantiated.

All content is highly Most content is relevant Several elements of the

relevant to the topic and to the topic and Some content may be content are irrelevant The content is largely
supports the main contributes to the tangential or only or detract from the irrelevant to the topic
message of the overall message of the loosely related to the main message of the or message of the
Relevance infographic. infographic. topic. infographic. infographic.

Clarity

Text is clear, concise, and Text is generally clear Text is somewhat Text is often difficult to Text is illegible or
easy to read. Font size and readable, but some difficult to read or may read, hindering nearly illegible,
and style are appropriate sections may be slightly be too small or understanding of the severely impairing
Readability for the intended audience. difficult to read. cluttered in some areas. information presented. comprehension.

Visual elements (e.g., Visual elements Visual elements are Visual elements are
charts, graphs, icons) generally support the present but may not Visual elements detract absent or irrelevant,
effectively communicate content but may not be contribute significantly from understanding or making it difficult to
Visual information and enhance entirely effective in to understanding or may be unrelated to comprehend the
Communication understanding. conveying information. may be confusing. the content. information.

Effectiveness
The infographic fails
The infographic captivates The infographic Audience engagement The infographic to engage the
and engages the effectively captures is somewhat limited, struggles to engage the audience and does
audience, effectively attention and maintains and the infographic audience, resulting in not effectively
Audience communicating the some level of audience may fail to fully capture limited interest or communicate the
Engagement intended message. engagement. attention. attention. message.
The infographic leaves a The infographic may The infographic has
The infographic leaves a positive impression and have some impact but The infographic has little to no impact,
lasting impression and generally communicates fails to fully limited impact, and the failing to
effectively conveys the the message to the communicate the message may be communicate the
Impact message to the audience. audience. intended message. unclear or ineffective. message effectively.
Answer the following questions
1. What do you think is the most important
Function of an operating system? Why?
2. Why is Operating System an important
component of a computer?
Thank you!