f, Phore “a MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES What is Manufacturing? Production of goods in large quantities afler processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing For example: paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and stee! from iron ore and aluminium from bauxite What is the importance of manufacturing industries? OR Why do we consider manufacturing sector as the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular? Explain. The economic strength ofa country lies in the development of manufacturing industries. It is the backbone in general and economic development in particular due to the following reasons: a) Ithelps in modemizing agriculture. b) These industries provide jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors and reduce dependence of people on agriculture. ©) Industrial development or manufacturing industries are necessary for the removal of unemployment and poverty in the country like India. 4) It brings down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas. e) Export of manufactured goods bring foreign exchange and helps in maintaining balance of payments. f) These industries make a country rich and prosperous because raw materials are converted into goods of higher value. 3. Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand Explain, It is true that agriculture and industry move hand in hand. There are agro- based industries such as cotton, woolen, jute, edible oil that get their raw materials from agriculture. In return industries sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, PVC pipes and many other things to the farmers. The agro- industries has given boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. Thus agriculture and industry are not separate but interrelated. 4. Suggest any 4 ways through which Indian industrial products can easily face global competition, a) Use of modern technology. b) Use of modern machinery ©) By reducing cost of production d) Reduction of taxes ) Appropriate policy intervention by the government. 5. What is the contribution of industry to National Economy in India? wn‘Compare it with the Fast Asian countries — What is the desired growth and present position of industry in G.D.P a) The contribution of industry to national economy has not been satisfactory for the last two decades. ft has stagnated at 17 per cent of GDP - out of a total of 27 per cent for the industry which includes 100 percent for mining, quarrying, electricity and gas b)_In comparison to India’s 17 per cent share in the GDP, the East Asian countries have contributed 25 to 35 per cent to their GDP. c) The desired growth over the next decade is 12 per cent, 4) At present growth rate is about 9 to 10 per cent and it is expected that we can achieve the growth rate of 12 per cent by some efforts like setting up of the National Manvfacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) 3. Name the Physical and Human factors for the location of industry? OR What are the factors that contribute to the location of individual industries. a) Physical factors: It includes availability of raw materials, power resources, water and favourable climate. b) Human factors: It includes labour, market, transport facilities. capital, banking facilities and Government policies. + 6. Why do industrialization and urbanization go hand in hand? Industrialisation and Urbanisation go hand in hand because sometimes industries are set up in or near the cities. Industries need different types of services such as labour, banking, transpor insurance end financial consultants. Such services are available in cities which become markets for the industrial products. Thus. industrialization leads to urbanization. Such urban centres are agglomeration economies. 7. Where were the manufacturing units located in the pre-independence period? What were its results? a) Inthe pre-independence period, the manufacturing units were located in places keeping in view the overseas trade. These places were Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai ) The result of locating the manufacturing industries at Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai and other places was the emergence of certain pockets of industrially developed urban centres surrounded by ahuge agricultural rural hinterland. First cotton textile mill was set up at Mumbai in 1854 and first jute mill was established at Rishra near Kolkata in 1855. 8. What are the different basis of classification of industries ? Explain. The different basis of the classification of industries are as given below 1. On the basis of source of raw materials used: a) Agro based: These industries depend on agriculture for their raw materials. Q)Fg: Cotton Textiles, Sugar industry.and jute industry 1b) Mineral based: These industries depend on minerals for their raw materials, Eg: Iron and steel industry, cement industry, and petrochemical industry 2. According to their main role: a) Basic or key industries: These industries supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods. Eg: Iron and Steel, copper smelting and Aluminum smelting b) Consumer industries: These industries produce goods for direct use by consumers, Eg: Sugar, toothpaste, paper sewing machines, fans ete 3. On the basis of capital investment: a) Small Scale: These industries are generally run by individuals or group of individuals with the help of'a small number of people. The investment is up to rupees one crore. Eg: preparation of Gur b) Large scale: ‘These industries employ-a large number of labours.the investment is more than one crore. Eg: cotton textile 4. On the basis of ownership: a) Public sector : These industries are owned and operated by government agencies. Eg: BHEL, SAIL b) Private sector: These industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. Eg: TISCO, Bajaj Auto LTd, Dabur Industries. ©) Joint sector industries: These industries are jointly owned and operated by public and private sector. Eg: Oil India Ltd : 4) Cooperative sector industries: These industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately. Eg; Sugar industry in Maharashtra Coir industry in Kerala. 5. On the basis of bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods. a) Heavy industries: These industries use heavy and bulky raw materials and their finished goods are also heavy Eg: Iron and Steel, Heavy Engineering industry. b) Light industries: These industries use light raw material to produce light goods Eg: electrical and electronic industries, electrical fans. 9. Why does the textiles industry occupy unique position in the Indian economy? It occupies unique position due to the following reasons: a) It contributes 14 per cent to industrial productions. (3)b) It generates employment for 35 million persons, ©) teams foreign exchange which is 24.6 per cent of the tot &) It contributes 4 per cent towards GDP. ¢) Ibis self-reliant and complete in the va highest value added products, earning 1e chain i.e raw material to the ¢ the condition of cotton textile industry in India a) There are 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mi Is in the country b) There are thousands of small factories with four to ten noms. ©) Spinning is centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarar and Tainil Nadu but weaving is highly decentralized to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, and embroidery. d) Cotton textiles industry is closely related to agriculture. [t provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing packaging, tailoring and sewing e) It supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works by creating various types of demands. 11. Cotton textile industry has the largest concentration in and around Mumbai and Ahmedabad. Give reasons. What are the main reasons of phenomenal growth of cotton textile industry in and around Mumbai (Maharastra) and Ahmedabad (Gujarat) 2a) Climate : Ths region enjoys humid climate which is essential for this industry because the thread does not break so frequently, b) Transportation : Mumbai is very important port which helps in the import of machinery and long staple cotton, ¢} Power : cheap hydro electricity is readily available from the nearby areas, 4) Availabilty of raw material: There is large scale production of cotton inthe black soil ofthis region. Hence there regular supply of raw material ; ¢) cheap labour: As this region and surrounding cities have high density of population so both skilled and unskilled fabour is available in large numbers, {) Market : there is ready market for productions both in India and abroad, ; Capital: Mumbai is a great commercial and financial centre of India, So capital which is required is easily available 13, Mention some facts about trade of cotton, yarn, trade in garments, spinning mills in India, ‘Major facts are given below: fa) Share in the world trade of cotton yarn: one fourth b) Share in garments: 4 per cent ©) Spinning mills are competitive at the global level and capable of using all the fibres produced in India but the weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that we produce. 12. Cotton textile industry has close links with agriculture. Explain. a). The industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing, . b) Agriculture provides raw material to the industry i.e raw cotton, )(2 Qs d) There are some large and modem factories but most of the production is done in fragmented small units. These units cater to the needs of local market. 14. Why is it important for India to improve weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in large quantities? {tis important to improve weaving sector because it is decentralized to provide Scope for incorporating traditional skills. At present, it cannot use much of high quality yarn that is exported to other countries. As much, weaving sector should be improved so that it may use high quality yarn produced in the country, 15, Why is it important for our country to keep the mill sector loomage lower than powerloom and handloom. There are several thousand factories which have five to ten looms. 93 per cent of the cotton cloth is produced in decentralized sector other than mills, It provides employment to thousands of workers all over the country. Cotton and other facilities are available everywhere. So to provide employment and make availability of cloth at all places, it is necessary to keep the mill sector loomage lower than powerloom and handloom. \G- Explain the problems faced by the cotton textile industries of Indi a) Problem of raw material : the major problem of the indust fluctuation in its prices. b) Problem of Power :Frequent power cuts and load-shedding had affected the industry badly. The inadequacy of coal supplies had also affected the progress of the industry. ¢) Obsolete machinery and need for modernization : The mill sector has been working with obsolete machinery. According to one estimate over 80 percent of the machinery in cotton textile mills is old and should be scrapped. d) High cost of competition in foreign market : The Indian cotton textile industry has been facing increasing Competition in world markets. This is largely due to low productivity and high cost and consequently high prices of Indian cotton textile. Stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry. regular supply of raw cotton in the market and 17. Name the countries to which India exports yam. Japan, U.S.A, U.K, Russia, France East European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka and African countries. 1" Explain the factors responsible for the high concentration of jute mills in the Hoogly basin or West Bengal. The following factors have been responsible for the high concentration of jute mills in the Hoogly basin: a) Availability of raw material: The fertile Ganga-Brahmaputra delta grows about 90% of India’s jute and provides raw material to jute mills here, Coal which is required for power is obtained from Raniganj coal fields. b) Transportation : Cheap water transportation is available. The area is also served by a network of roads and railways. ) Port City : Kolkata is a big port which helps inthe import of machinery and spare parts and in the export of finished jute products. d) Labour : High density of population in West Bengal and in the neighbouring parts of Bihar and orissa provides abundant cheap labour. Some labour comes from Uttar Pradesh as well. e) Finance : There is easy flow of capital because big capitalists are living in and around Kolkata, Banking and insurance facilities are also available. f) Water: Abundance of water from Hugli river helps in processing of raw jute @1a) Explain the problems faced by the Indian jute industry 3) Problem of raw material After independence most of the jute producing areas went to Bangladesh resulting, in acute shortage of raw jute Although successful efforts have been made to increase the supply of ray jute si independence, it stil falls short of our current requirements. b) International competition Our jute industry has to face very tough competition from synthetic packing materval of the advanced countries of Europe and North America. Itis also facing very stiff competition from Bangadest Philippines, Japan and Brazil €) Old technology - Because of old technology, the cost of production is high due to which the demand of ute goods has declined enn een poy Lay Ys Competition from synthetic substitutes. g In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated, its objects were increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and to enhance the yield per hectare. 20. Mention the countries to which India exports jute textiles. U.S.A. Canada, Russia, United Arab Republic, U.K and Australia. 21. What has opened the opportunity for jute products? ‘The growing global concern for environment friendly, biodegradable materials. has once again pened the opportunity for jute products. 22. Write a short note on sugar industry with special reference 0 its products, place in the world and challenges before it. a) India stands second as a producer of sugar. It howeve-, occupies the first place in the production of gur and Khandsari. ) The raw material ie, sugarcane, is bulky and in haylage, its suerose contents reduces. It is weight losing and perishable. ©) There are about 460 sugar mills which are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. a industry What are the major challenges / problems of the sugar in ; Dy ree arldof sugarcane although india has the largest area under sugarcane cultwatin, the yield er hectare s a remety Sow as compared tn some of the major sugarcane producing countries o the wow bp) righ cost of production: High cost of sugarcane inefficient technology, and heavy excise duty has resulted in the high cost of production a cesnol nature of industry: Manufactring of sugars seasonal with a crushing period of to 7 months in Yea" <) Season gts workers remain ile during the remaining period ofthe year, thus creating financial problems for the industry as a whole. 4) Old machinery » Most of the mac! rehabilitation. ¢) Need to maximize the use of baggase. f) Transport delay in reaching cane to factories hinery used in sugar mils are old. It is 50 to 60 years old and needs total as) ‘The sugar industry is now shifting from the North to the South of India, Explain 4) Climate : Sugarcane is a tropical crop. South India has tropical climate which gives higher yield per unit area as compared to North India . b) Higher sucrose : Due to favourable climatic conditions, the sucrose content is higher in the sugarcane grown in South India. ©) Long crushing season : The crushing season is much longer in South india compared to North india 4) Better management : The co-operative sector is better managed in South India compared to North india. @®©) The industry is ideally suited fo the cooperative sector and this sector has been more successful in these states, 24. Give a brief description of iron and stee! industry in India. a) Basic industry: Iron and steel industry is the basic industry because all the other industries depend on it for their machinery. b) Heavy industry: It isa heavy industry because al the raw materials as well 8s finished goods are heavy and bulky entaal ing heavy transportation costs. ©). Uses: Steel is used to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and consumer goods. ) Index of development: Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development - e) Preparation of steel: Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2: I. Manganese is required to harden the steel. {) India produces 32.8 million tons of stee{and ranks ninth among the world crude steel producers. g) India is the largest producer of sponge iron h) In India, per capita consumption per annum is only 32 kg. i) There ate 10 primary integrated and many mini steel plants in India. 25, Which area has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries in India and why? Chhota Nagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries in India because the region has certain advantages for the development of this industry likes : a) low cost of iron ore, ) high grade raw materials in proximity ©) cheap labour )_ vast growth potential in the home market. 26, Name ten integrated iron and steel plants in India. ‘a) Tata Iron and Steel Company, (Jamshedpur) Jharkhand. b) Indian Iron and Steel Company (Burnpur) West Bengal ¢c) Visweswaraya Iron and Stee! Ltd, (Bhadravati) Kamataka 4) Bhilai Steel Plant, Chhattisgarh Russian collaboration) e) Raurkela Steel Plant, Orissa f) Durgapur Steel Plant (West Bengal) 2) Bokaro Steel Plant (Jharkhand) h) Salem Stéel Plant (Tamil Nadu) i) Vishakhapatnam Steel Plant (Andhra Pradesh) j) Vijaynagar Stee! Plant (Kamataka) BB) Give reasons why the iron and stee! industry in India is concentrated aroun id the Chhotanagpur plateat i a) The Chhota Nagpur plateau is famous for iron ores. The stat el ae alte ‘ates of Bihar, Bengal and Jharkhand provide the raw ) Coal which is used as a fuel is another important input and is available in this region in plenty Because of more population in this region, cheap labour is also available. pen ¢) The Damodar Valley Corporation provides power to these plants. d) The export and import facility is provided by Kolkata port. ( 4)27. Distinguish between Mini steel plants and integrated steel plants. What problems does the steel industries face? What recent developments have led te arise in the production capacity? a) Integrated stec! plants are large. They handle everything in one complex from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping On the other hand, mini steel plants are smaller, hi furnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. They produce mild and alloy steel of given specification b). The following problems are being faced by thi industry 1. High costs and limited availability of coving coal 2. Lower productivity of labour 3. Invegular supply of energy 4. Poor infrastructure electric c) Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment hi.ve led to a rise in the production capacity of steel industry. Efforts of private entrepreneurs have given a boost to the industry. 28. Describe the qualities and uses of Aluminium, a) Qualities: It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat. malleable. It becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals, b) Uses: It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires, It is used as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries. 29. Mention the places of location of aluminium smelting plants in India. How much aluminium is being produced by them? ‘Aluminium smelting is the second important metallurgical industry in India, = & The location of its smelting plants is given below: a) The aluminium smelting plants are in Orissa (Nalco and Balco) West “g<*7 Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil ‘ Nadu, b) In 2004, India produced over 600 million tons of aluminium 30. What are the two prime factors for location of aluminium smelting industry”? a) Regular supply of electricity b) Assured source of raw material at minimum cost 30. Describe the main features of chemical industry in India, “The main features of chemical industry in India are: a) Itis fast growing and diversifying industry. b) Its contribution to GDP is approximately 3 per cent. ¢) Itis the third largest in Asia and twelfth in the world in size, d) Ithas both large and small scale manufacturing units. e) Rapid growth is in both organic and inorganic sectors.1) Ihas its own consumer market because basic chemicals are used for producing other chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture ordireetly for consumer markets 31. Why are the inorganic chemical industry widely spread over the counts The inorganic chemical industry manufactures fertilizers, plastics, paln's adhesives. soaps, detergents and paper ete, These produets are used by people all over the country and can be produced by small inorganic chemical industries sp all over the country. - Where are the organie chemical plants located and why? | Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries and petrochemical plants because petrochemicals are heavy organic exemicals which are difficult to transport to other places. 33. Write a short note on the main features of the fertilizer industry in India Main features of the fertilizer industry are: 1) It produces nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate and complex fertilizers i.e, combination of nitrogen, phosphate and potash bb) India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers. c) Number of fertilizers units in the country are: 1. Nitrogenous and complex nitrogenous fertilizers 2. Urea - 29 3. Ammonium sulphate - 9 4, Single superphosphate - 68 - 357 4) There are 10 public sector undertakings and one in cooperative sector st Hazira in Gujarat under the Fertiliser Corporation of India. . ¢) Main fertilizer producing states are Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab Kerala where half ofthe fertilizer is produced. Other states are ‘Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. 54, Describe the cement industry in India with special reference to the uses of cement and its expansion. The main facts about the cement industry in India are: 2). Uses: Cement is used for construction of buildings, factories, dams, airports, roads and other commercial complexes. bb) Bulky and heavy raw material like limestone, silica alumina and gypsum are used in it. c) First*cement plant was set up in Chennai, in. 1904,byt decontrol of prige_y ¢&. (nhac Nd distrbution since (aET ane ie eee eer? EAL. the, 4) There are 128 large plants and 332 mini-cement plants in the country. <7 = Bee Good quality of cement of India has great demand in East Asia, Middle 272° ** + East, Aftica and South Asia as well as in the country. Lockuolegf bance ¢) (4)35. What are the advantages of automobiles? What are the factors responsible for healthy growth of automobile industry? Which ae the main centres of automobile industry? a) Advantages: Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of good services and passengers. b) Liberalisation, Foreign direct investment, new and contemporary models are factors responsible for the healthy growth of the industry including, Passenger cars, two and three-wheelers. ¢) Manufacture 6f different vehicles are as giver below: 1. Passenger cars and multi-utility vehicles — 15 2. Commercial vehicles ~ 9 3. Two and three wheelers ~ 14 4) Location of industry - Around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bangalore. 36. Give a brief description of Information Technology and Electronics industry in India a) Products of electronics industry: Transistor sets, television, telephones, cellular telecom, pagers, radars, computers and other equipments required by the telecommunication industry. b) Centres: Bangalore ( it is electronic capital of India) Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. ©) Software Technology Parks: 18 parks which provide single window service and high data communication facility 10 software experts. d) Employment: Upto 31" March, 2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons. It is likely to increase to 8 million in next three to four years, 30% employees are women in this i dustry e) Foreign exchange: It ears lot of foreign exchange due to fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector. 37. Describe the ways by which the NTPC has preserved the natural environment and other resources like water. NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management System) 14001. The corporation has taken following steps for preserving the natural environment and resources like water. a) Optimum utilization of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment b) Minimising waste generation by maximizing ash utilization. c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation. ) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.c) Ecological monitoring reviews and online database management for all its power stations. Thus, by taking above steps, the NTPC has shown the, way to the people for preserving the natural environment 38. Describe the causes and effects of air pollution Causes: Presence of high proportion of undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide Effects: Air Pollution adversely affects human, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole 39. Which industries cause water pollution? Water pollution is caused by paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that led out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides and other materials into the water bodies. 40. Soil and water pollution are closely related . Explain. Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals etc. makes the soil useless, Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets con‘aminated. Thus, soil and water pollution are closely related and one leads to other pollution. 41. Describe the method of treatment of industrial effluents. Treatment of industrial effluenfs can be done in three phases as given below: a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation. b) Secondary treatment by biological process. ©) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater. (i)52 )How are industries responsible for pollution ofthe environment ? Explain? 1. Air pollution : a) itis caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon-monoxide blAirborne particulate materials contain both solid and liquic particles like dust, sprays, mist and smoke €) smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms. 9) toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long term effects ex. Bhopal gas tragedy Effect : air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole 2. Water pollution : a) itis caused by organic and inorganic industrial waste and affluents discharged into rivers b) the main industries in this regard are paper, pulp, chemicals, textiles and dyeing, petroleum and refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals lke lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilizers synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber etc into the water bodies. ¢) fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the mejor solid base in India 3. Thermal pollution : a) it occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling, ) waste from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. 4. Soil pollution : a) dumping of waste specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage renders the soil useless. b) rainwater percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets contaminated 5. Noise pollution : a) it results in irritation and anger, b) it can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure. ) industrial and construction activities, machineries, factory equipments, generators, saws and pneumatic and electrical drills also make a lot of noise 43) Explain the steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industry? To control water pollution : a) minimizing used water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages. 'b) harvesting of rain water to meet water requirements, ) treating hot water and effluents before releasing them into rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases : - Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation, - Secondary treatment by biological process. - Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of waste water, WW) to control air pollution : a) particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electro static precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators, ) smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories. Ill) to control noise pollution : a) machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers. Almost all machineries can be redesigned to increase energy, efficiency and reduce noise. b) noise absorbing materials may be used apart from persona’ use of ear plugs and ear phones. w)Jt explain the factors for the localization of an industry in a particular area? Drea factors 1 Availability of Raw Materials availability of raw materials is the major factor affecting the locati “ '0n of the industry. An agro based industry will be located in agriculture dominating areas whereas mineral based Industry will be located in mineral dominating ateas. For example, cotton tertile mills are located in Maharastra due to availability of raw cotton 2p 0 ‘ower - most of the industries tend to concentrate at the source of power. Though power can be transmitter those indu tose industries which consume large quantities of power are located near the source of power 3.Cli i ‘mate : climate plays an important role in the establishment of industries at a place. The cotton textile industry requir i i ‘Quires 3 humid climate. Consequently, majority of the cotton textile mills are concentrated in Maharastra and ujarat Hi : luman factors : 4. Labour : labour is major input in most types of industries. So labour intensive industries mostly concentrate in densely populated areas or labourers migrate to the industrial centre. 5. Transport ; Transport system helps in the movement of goods and raw materials. Heavy industries like iron and steel industry are located near railway stations or ports so that goods and raw materials can be easily transported 6.Market : The entire process of manufacturing is useless until the finished goods reach the market. Nearness to market is essential for quick disposal of manufactured goods and for purchasing raw materials. Nearness to market reduces the cost of transportation. Most of the manufacturing industries concentrate in big cities as these provide market and other basic infrastructure 7. Government policies : Government activities in planning and future distribution of industries, for reducing regional disparities, elimination of pollution of air and water and for avoiding their heavy clustering in big cities, has become an important location factor.