THE CURRENT GEOGRAPHY OF

UGANDA AND FIELDWORK

HENRY CHIOGA MWANJE
Fourth Revised edition 2019

Geography teacher at
St. Lawrence academy, Schools and colleges

Tel: 0774100108
0754100108
Email: henrycmwanje@[Link]
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction to Uganda ………………………………………………….……….1

2. Physical/relief regions of Uganda ……………………………………………..3

3. Landform evolution in Uganda ………………………………………………..5

4. Uganda’s drainage system ……………………………………………….…….25

5. Fieldwork ……………………………………………………………………….32.

6. Soils of Uganda ……………………………………………………………..……57

7. The climate of Uganda ……………………………………………………..…..62

8. Natural vegetation in Uganda ……………………………………………….….73

9. Forestry industry in Uganda ………………………………………………....79

10. Wetlands in Uganda ……………………………………………………….….89

11. Transport and communication ………………………………………………..97

12. Power and energy sector in Uganda ………………………………………….112

13. Population and settlement in Uganda ………………………………………….119

14. Agriculture in Uganda …………………………………………………………...135

15. Fishing in Uganda ………………………………………………………………..164

16. Mining in Uganda ………………………………………………………………171

17. Industrialization in Uganda ………………………………………………………178

18. Urbanization in Uganda ………………………………………………………186

19. Wildlife conservation in Uganda …………………………………………………….192

20. Tourism in Uganda ………………………………………………………………………197

21. Trade and commerce in Uganda ………………………………………………………205

22. Environmental degradation in Uganda …………………………………………… ….211

23. References …………………………………………………………………………………217

PREFACE
The current geography of Uganda and fieldwork is a simplified edition to enable learners excel in

UACE and any related Exams by utilizing a few techniques embedded in it.

It covers the physical and human Geography of Uganda including statistical tables and fieldwork.

Some questions have been included for students to get the approach of how to attack geography paper

three questions. The fieldwork questions have been fully answered for students to do practice and even

to enable them examine themselves before sitting for their final papers.

However, it is important to note that Geography paper three (Uganda and fieldwork) is a simple paper

to pass by using the following techniques.

 Every question requires a student to introduce the question by either defining (in case of a technical

question) or giving current status (in case of a topical question).

 Students are also expected to identify the geographical features in with their local place names

 Students are supposed to draw a sketch map of Uganda showing he

 Geographical features (it should have a complete tittle and the key describing the features)

 Then the students finally writes the body of the essay giving brief explanation and an example on

each and every point as illustrated in this book

 NB in case the question is on describing formation and statistics, the sketch map is not required,

since a student has a lot of things to draw unless asked for.

 The students should also put in to considerations the correct adjectives used in geography as seen in

the illustration below.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of the following people in giving
me advice and moral support to produce this book.

 Mr. Kasiga Lawrence, Mr Odoi John Martin. Mr. Mayanja Jackson, Mr. Sseggonja Vincent, Ms.
Kayongo Anne, Mrs. Wesonga Paul and all teachers of London College of St. Lawrence Maya.
 Mr. Achile Twaha of Kirokya Parents’ sec School
 Mr. Barongo Robert; Nabisunsa Girl’s Secondary School.
 Mr. Barongo Amos from Mt. St. Mary’s S.S Namagunga.
 Mr. Ntege Issa, the senior inspirational Geography and my Geography teacher Cornerstone
Leadership Academy – Nakasongola
 Mr. Ayo Charles, the senior Geographer and my Geography teacher at Cornerstone Leadership
Academy – Nakasongola
 Madam Kabahinda Sylivia, Head of Geography Department, at Greenhill academy and Geography
teachers at Greenhill Academy, Kampala.
 Mr. Langa Lambert, geography teacher Bethany High School, Naalya
 Mr. Bwambale Majid, head of Geography Department Kiryokya Parents’ secondary school
 Mr. Muyanja Peter, Kasenyi Fish Landing site (Wakiso)

© Henry Chioga Mwanje 2019

Fourth Revised Edition 2019

Fourth edition 2018

Third Edition 2017

Second Edition 2016

First Edition 2015

All rights reserved, No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written permission from the author.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO UGANDA.

Position, location and size

Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Uganda is also
known as the “pearl of Africa”. It is bordered by Kenya in the east, South Sudan in the north,
Democratic Republic of Congo in the West, Rwanda in the southwest and Tanzania in the south. The
southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also shared by
Kenya and Tanzania.

Uganda is located between Latitude 4*12’ and 1*29’S and Longitude 29*34’E and 35*0’E

Uganda lie astride the equator, which sub divides the country in to two hemisphere i.e. 2/3 lies in the
northern hemisphere and 1/3 in the southern hemisphere.

Uganda has an area of 241,550.7 square kilometers (Sq Km), of which 41,743.2 [Link] is open water
and swamps while 199,807.4 [Link] in land

A SKETCH MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF UGANDA.

Relief

Most of Uganda forms part of the interior plateau of the African continent. It is characterized by flat-
topped hills in the central, western and eastern parts of the country. The rise of the plateau in the
eastern and western parts of the country is represented by spectacular mountainous topography found
along the borders. These include the Block Mountain of the Rwenzori and the Mufumbiro volcanoes
in the West and Mt. Elgon, Mt. Moroto, Mt. Morungole, Mt. Timu and Mt. Kadam in the east.
Geology and soils
The geological formation of Uganda reveal rocks formed between 3000 and 6000 million years ago
(pre-Cambrian era), hence they are very old
The younger rocks are either sediments or of volcanic origin, formed about 135 million years ago
(Cretaceous period) to the present
The soils of Uganda are defined by number of parameters including parent rock, age of soil and
climate. The most dominant soil type is ferralitic soil which accounts for about two-thirds of the soils
found in the country.
Uganda’s soils are divided in to 6 categories based on productivity, very high to high productivity,
moderate productivity, fair productivity, low productivity, negligible productivity and nill productivity
Drainage.
Uganda’s drainage comprises lakes like Lake Victoria (the second largest fresh water body in the
world), Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga and Kwania, lake Edward, lake Bisina, lake George, lake Bunyonyi,
lake Katwe and Lake Mutanda
Rivers include, Victoria Nile, Albert Nile, river katonga, river Kafu, river Aswa, river Sezibwa, river
Mubuku, river Nkusi, river Semiliki, river Sipi and river Mayanja
The wetlands/swamps include, lacustrine wetlands such as Nabugabo wetland, Sango bay wetland,
Murchison bay wetland around Lake Victoria, riverine wetlands like river Kafu and river katonga
swamp and open valley wetlands like Busega swamp and Kinawattaka wetlands in Kampala
Climate.
Uganda has 5 climatic zones, using rainfall received as the dependent variable. They are, zone I the
lake victoria zone, zone II the Karamoja region, zone III western Uganda , zone IV the Acholi-Kyoga
region, and zone V the Ankole-southern area.
The temperatures range between 16* - 31*C and rainfall ranges between 700mm – 3000mm per
annum on average.
Uganda’s climate is shaped by the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and prevailing winds such
as the southeast and northeast trade winds. There are two main seasons: the rainy and dry seasons.
Mean temperatures show great variation depending on elevation and landscape. Temperatures in areas
adjacent to water bodies are modified by the maritime conditions
Vegetation.
There are 11 vegetation categories: high montane moorland and heath, medium altitude forests,
forest/savannah mosaic, moist thicket, woodland, wooded savannah, grass savannah, steppe bush land
and dry thicket, swamp (wetland) and cultivation communities.
Economy.
Uganda’s economy is economically agricultural with the majority of the population (about 80%)
involved in agriculture and contributes about22.2% to GDP current market prices. The sector is also a
major source of raw materials to the local industries and contributes about 40% of the total goods
export earnings.
 CHAPTER 2
PHYSICAL REGIONS OF UGANDA
A physical region is a region of a particular pattern of relief features or landforms that differs
significantly from that of adjacent regions.
Uganda is located on the East African plateau and it is the predominant feature. However the relief of
Uganda displays a great contrast. The lowest point is located in western Uganda at 620 meters above
sea level along the Albert Nile and the highest point is found in the same area at Mt. Rwenzori peak at
5,109 meters above sea level.
The major physical regions in Uganda include,
 Lowlands region for example in Kasese, Ntoroko and Buliisa
 Plateau lands region for example in Kampala, Mukono, Gulu and Lira
 Uplands region for example in Kaabong, Moroto, Kabale and Kisoro
 Mountain region for example in Mbale, Kapchorwa and Bundibugyo.
A SKETCH MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING THE PHYSICAL REGIONS

The lowlands region.

This constitutes the land that lies below 900 meters above sea level. It constitutes 9% of the total land
area of Uganda, occupying most of the area between Lake Edward and lake albert and stretching up to
Gulu and Madi areas (along the Nile valley). For example in Kasese, Ntoroko, Buliisa, Nebbi, Arua
and Moyo.
The region is characterized by steep slopes like Butiaba escarpment on the eastern side of Lake Albert,
and contains rift valley lakes like lake George, lake Edward and lake albert.
The lowlands region is important because it encourages human activities like wildlife conservation and
tourism, mining, settlement, transport and agriculture at the floor of the rift valley, forestry and
lumbering, and hunting and food gathering.
The plateau lands region.
This region constitutes the land that lies between 900 – 1500 meters above sea level. It covers the
largest part of Uganda, about 84% of the total land area. T is generally high in the south for example in
Kampala, Mukono and Jinja and it is lower in the central and northern parts of the country for example
in Soroti, Lira and Gulu. The area is gently sloping with isolated residual hills called inselbergs for
example Nakasongola and Mubende hills.
The uplands region
This constitutes the land that lies between 1500 – 2000 meters above sea level and it covers about 5%
of the total land area of Uganda. Uplands are less uniform than the plateau lands and are found in
south western and western parts of Uganda for example in Mbarara, Bushenyi, Kisoro, Kabale and
Rukungiri. Hey include Isingiro hills in Buhweju and Ibanda, Singo hills in Mubende, Buhweju
highlands and Kigezi highlands in Kabale and Kisoro and Karamoja region in Moroto, Kotido and
Kaabong
The mountain region
This region constitutes the land that lies above 2000 meters above sea level and covers about 2% of
the total land area of Uganda. It is not good for agriculture and settlement because it is above 2000
meters above sea level which is characterized by cold temperatures, and thin stony soils due to the
presence of steep slopes.
Most of the mountains in Uganda for example mountain Elgon, Napak, Kadam, Moroto and
Morungole are of volcanic origin, except Mt. Rwenzori which is a block mountain (horst)
The relief regions of Uganda are important in influencing human activities like wildlife conservation
and tourism, mining, settlement, transport, agriculture, forestry and lumbering, and hunting and food
gathering.
REVISION QUESTIONS
1. (a) Describe the physical regions of Uganda.
 Define physical regions
 Identify the major physical regions in Uganda in words and on a map.
 Describe the physical regions in Uganda giving examples of areas with each physical region.
(b) Examine the influence of physical regions on human activities in Uganda.
 Explain the positive and negative effects of physical regions, giving examples of physical
regions and where they are found
2. Assess the contribution of highlands to the development of Uganda.
 Define highlands as uplands above 1500 meters above sea level
 Identify the major highlands in Uganda in words and on a sketch map
 Explain the positive and negative contribution of highlands, giving an example of a highland on
every point
 CHAPTER 3
LANDFORM EVOLUTION IN UGANDA.
The geomorphic processes responsible for landform development in Uganda are endogenic and
exogenic. However, most landforms in Uganda were formed as a result of endogenic/internal/tectonic
processes i.e. faulting, warping and volcanicity. The three tectonic processes i.e. faulting, warping and
Vulcanicity are referred to as earth movements.
Tectonism refers to all crustal disturbances of endogenic origin arising from geochemical
reactions/radioactivity beneath the earth’s crust.
The features formed were later modified by external/exogenic processes such as
denudation/degradation i.e. weathering, mass wasting and erosion, and deposition/aggradation by
rivers, waves, wind and glaciers.
FAULTING
Faulting refers to the breaking up or cracking or fracturing of the hard rocks of the earth crust
followed by the displacement of the rocks relative to one another on either sides of the fault line.
Faulting originates from geochemical reactions and radioactivity beneath the earth’s crust which
generate convective currents. When convective currents reach the earth crust they generate
compressional and tensional forces which when strong enough result in to faulting.
Faulting as an endogenic process has led to the formation of various landforms in Uganda and these
include,
1. The escarpments like Butiaba.
2. Rift valley in western Uganda in Kasese and Bundibugyo
3. The block mountain i.e. mountain Rwenzori
4. Grabens like grabens occupied by lake albert, George and Edward
5. The fault guided valley i.e. Aswa valley
A SKETCH MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING MAJOR LANDFORMS FROM FAULTING
FAULT SCARPS/ESCARPMENTS
An escarpment is a steep slope (cliff) along a single fault line where land falls from a higher level to a
lower level.
Formation of the escarpments
The escarpments were formed as a result of faulting either due to tensional or compressional forces.
Tensional theory.
According to the tensional theory, heating by geochemical and radioactivity beneath the earth crust
created convective current, which led to tensional forces. The tensional forces pulled the crustal blocks
apart resulting in to normal fault. This was followed by downward displacement of one block that left
a steep slope known as an escarpment. It was later modified by denudational forces of erosion and
mass wasting to give the present shape. For example Butiaba escarpment, Kyambura escarpment,
Katojo escarpment, Kichwamba escarpment and Biso scarp in the rift valley region in western
Uganda.
Compressional theory.
According to compressional theory, heating by geochemical reactions and radioactivity beneath the
earth crust created convective currents, which led to compressional forces. The compressional forces
pushed the crustal blocks towards each other resulting in to reverse fault. This was followed by
upward displacement of one block that left a steep slope known as an escarpment. It was later
modified by denudational forces of erosion and mass wasting to give the present shape. For example
Butiaba escarpment, Kyambura escarpment, Katojo escarpment, Kichwamba escarpment and Biso
scarp in the rift valley region in western Uganda.

THE RIFT VALLEY

A rift valley is an elongated trough/depression bordered by two in-facing fault scarps. The rift valley
in Uganda constitutes the western arm of the Great Rift Valley in areas like Bundibugyo, Kasese,
Bushenyi, Kisoro, Kanungu, Rukungiri, Kabale, Hoima and Buliisa
Formation of the rift valley.
The rift valley in Uganda was formed as a result of faulting either due to tensional or compressional
forces.
Tensional theory.
According to the tensional theory by J.W Gregory, heating by geochemical reactions and radioactivity
beneath the earth crust created convective currents, which led to tensional forces.
These tensional forces pulled apart in opposite directions from central point forming normal faults,
dividing the earth crust in to several blocks.
As a result, side blocks were later pulled apart as the central block sunk under its own weight forming
a depression called a rift valley with gentle slopes. It was later modified by denudational forces such
as erosion; weathering and mass wasting to give the present shape for example the western arm of the
rift valley in western Uganda in Kasese and Bundibugyo

Compressional theory.
According to the compressional theory by E.J Wayland, heating by geochemical reactions and
radioactivity beneath the earth crust created convective currents which generated compressional
forces. Compressional forces pushed in the same direction towards each other forming reverse faults.
As a result, side blocks were forced to override the central block, hanging above the central block that
remained stable at a relatively lower level forming a depression called a rift valley with steep slopes.
The overhanging edges were later modified by denudational forces such as erosion, weathering and
mass wasting to give the present shape
The influence of the rift valley on human activities in Uganda.
Positive influence
1. The rift valley has favoured the development of tourism, education and research since it has
magnificent features like Butiaba escarpment and rift valley lakes like lake albert hence generating
foreign exchange from foreign tourists
2. The rift valley lakes on the floor of the rift valley like lake albert, George and Edward have
promoted fishing thus creating employment opportunities to some Ugandans
3. The rift valley lakes on the rift valley floor have also encouraged water transport for example on
lake albert from Wanseko in Buliisa to Panyimur in Nebbi
4. The rift valley has encouraged the development of mining since its formation led to exposure of
minerals for example salt mining from lake Katwe, limestone at him in Kasese and oil in Buliisa
and Hoima on lake albert
5. The rift valley has favoured agriculture due to the presence of rangelands which act as pasture for
livestock for example pastoralism by the Basongora of Kasese and the fertile soils on the rift valley
floor encourage the growth of crops like maize and vegetables at Mubuku irrigation scheme in
Kasese
6. The rift valley has promoted wildlife conservation and conservation of biodiversity due to the
presence of rangeland vegetation on which wild animals feed for example in Queen Elizabeth
national park in Kasese
7. The rift valley floor has encouraged settlement because of its being relatively flat for example at
Kasenyi, Muhokya, Katwe and Kasese town in Kasese district
8. The rift valley region has promoted hunting and food gathering due to the presence of rangeland
vegetation and wild animals for example harvesting of wild honey and hunting of antelopes among
the Basongora of Kasese
9. The rift valley has encouraged lumbering due to the presence of woodland vegetation in some parts
of the rift valley for example in Kasese
Negative influence
1. The rift valley region receives low rainfall amount since it is in the rain shadow discouraging
agricultural activities especially the growth of crops like maize in Kasese
2. The rift valley escarpments have discouraged the construction of transport network especially roads
due to steep slopes like Butiaba escarpment and Kichwamba escarpment
3. The rift valley region is a region of crustal instabilities, susceptible to calamity, which discourages
settlement such as earth quakes and landslides in Bundibugyo
4. The rift valley region experiences flooding by rivers from mountain Rwenzori for example river
Nyamwamba and Mubuku in Kasese which discourages settlement
5. The rift valley inhabits dangerous wild animals which discourages settlement for example lions and
leopards in queen Elizabeth national park in Kasese
6. The rift valley is a hiding place for rebels and wrong doers leading to insecurity, which discourages
settlement for example ADF in Bundibugyo and Kasese
The influence of the rift valley on the climate of the surrounding areas.
 The rift valley floor is sheltered from rain bearing winds and therefore it is in the rain shadow
leading to low rainfall amount received on the rift valley floor for example at Katwe, Muhokya,
and Kikorongo in Kasese
 The windward sides of the rift valley shoulders receive heavy rainfall for example Kabarole and
Bundibugyo while leeward sides of the rift valley shoulders receive low amounts of rainfall for
example in Kasese
 Areas of the rift valley floor for example Katwe, Muhokya and Kikorongo in Kasese are hotter than
the surrounding highlands that form the rift valley shoulders like Kabarole since they are low lying
areas.
 The rift valley areas like Bundibugyo experience temperature inversion. Temperature inversion is
the atmospheric condition in which air temperature increases with altitude/height in the
atmosphere
This result from rapid cooling of the highland slopes that form the rift valley shoulders at night
resulting in to cold dense air. The cold dense air then descends downslope in to the rift alley
under the influence of gravity and collects in the rift valley displacing warm light air upwards
to the upper levels so that cool air is below warm air. This result in to mist and fog especially
in the morning for example in Kasese, Kabarole and Bundibugyo
 Atmospheric pressure is low on the rift valley floor due to hot temperatures experienced for
example at Kikorongo and Katwe in Kasese
 Relative humidity is generally low on the floor of the rift valley due to limited vegetation cover for
example at Katwe in Kasese
 The climate of the areas around rift valley lakes for example lake albert like Butiaba, Edward like
Rwenshama and George like Kasenyi is modified by the lakes through evapotranspiration and sea
breeze leading to warm temperatures, high relative humidity and heavier rainfall near the lakes
 The rift valley areas experience strong eddies/stirring winds which normally cause erosion for
example at Katwe in Kasese
BLOCK MOUNTAIN/HORST
A block mountain/horst is an upland bordered by fault scarps on two or more sides. Mountain
Rwenzori is the only block mountain in Uganda.
Formation of mountain Rwenzori
Two theories have been put forward to explain the formation of mountain Rwenzori i.e. the
compressional theory and tensional theory
Compressional theory
According to the compressional theory, heating by geochemical reactions and radioactivity beneath the
earth crust created convective currents. When these convective currents reached the earth crust they
tended to converge creating compressional forces.
Compressional forces pushed the crustal blocks from opposite direction resulting in to development of
reverse faults.
This was followed by differential uplift of crustal blocks with the central blocks rising faster than the
side blocks forming a block mountain. It was later modified by denudational forces such as river
erosion, glaciation, weathering and mass wasting to give the present shape
Tensional theory
According to the tensional theory, heating by geochemical reactions and radioactivity beneath the
earth crust created convective currents. When the se convective currents reached the earth crust, they
tended to converge leading to the development of normal faults. This was followed by relative sinking
of crustal blocks with the side blocks sinking faster than the central block forming a mountain
Rwenzori
This was later modified by denudational forces such as river erosion, glaciation, weathering and mass
wasting to give the present shape

The influence of mountain Rwenzori on human activities in Uganda.

Positive influence
1. Mt. Rwenzori has promoted tourism, education and research due to the presence of magnificent
features for example snowcapped Margherita peak, glacial features such as tarns like Lac du
Speke, hence earning Uganda foreign exchange
2. Mt. Rwenzori has encouraged the development of agriculture due to heavy rainfall received on the
windward sides and fertile soils which encourage the growth of maize, rice, vegetables and tea in
Bundibugyo and Kabarole
3. Mt. Rwenzori has promoted mining because of the presence of minerals on its lower slopes hence
providing employment opportunities to people for example copper mining a Kilembe and
limestone mining at Hima
4. Mt. Rwenzori has promoted wildlife conservation and conservation of biodiversity due to the
presence of montane forests acting as habitat for wild animals for example in Semiliki national
park and Mt. Rwenzori national park in Bundibugyo
5. Mt. Rwenzori has boosted fishing because it is a source of rivers such as Nyamwamba, Sebwe and
Mubuku in Kasese, Mpanga in Kabarole
6. Mt. Rwenzori has promoted lumbering due to the presence of montane forests for example in the
mountain Rwenzori forests found in Bundibugyo, Kabarole and Kasese
7. Mt. Rwenzori has encouraged the generation of hydroelectricity power from the rivers originating
from mountain Rwenzori for example Mubuku I, Mubuku II and Mubuku III power stations on
river Mubuku
8. The lower slopes of Mt. Rwenzori are used for settlement since they are gently sloping for example
in Kasese, Kilembe, Bwera and Fort portal
9. Mt. Rwenzori has encouraged hunting and food gathering for example collection of wild honey in
the montane forests of Bundibugyo, Kasese and Kabarole.
Negative effects.
1. Mt. Rwenzori has caused a rain shadow effect leading to low rainfall amount and hot temperatures,
which has reduced agricultural activities for example in Kasese
2. The steep slopes of Mt. Rwenzori have accelerated soil erosion, which discourages agriculture in
Bundibugyo, Kasese and Kilembe
3. The steep slopes of Mt. Rwenzori have accelerated landslides, leading to loss of life and property
which discourages settlement in Bundibugyo and Kasese
4. Mt. Rwenzori is a hiding place for wrong elements for example Allied Democratic Front (ADF)
rebels discouraging settlement in Bundibugyo, Kabarole and Kasese
5. Mt. Rwenzori forests are habitats for dangerous wild animals and disease carrying vectors which
pose a threat to settlement and agriculture for example lions, leopards and monkeys in montane
forests of Kabarole, Kasese and Bundibugyo
6. The steep slopes of Mt. Rwenzori have discouraged the construction of transport routes like roads
for example in Bundibugyo and parts of Kasese
7. The mountain leads to periodic flooding from excessive orographic rainfall and melt water from
glaciers for example floods caused by river Semiliki in Bundibugyo and river Nyamwamba in
Kasese discouraging settlement
Influence of mountain Rwenzori on climate
 Mountain Rwenzori receives heavy relief rainfall on the windward slopes for example in Kabarole
and Bundibugyo. This occurs due to the rising of moist winds on the windward slopes which rise
and cool down adiabatically at the rate of 1*C per 100 meters. Upon reaching the condensation
level it forms cumulo-nimbus clouds that give rise to orographic rainfall
 On the other hand, on the leeward side of the mountain, there are descending dry winds hence little
or no rainfall is received for example in Kasese
 Generally, cooler temperatures are experienced on the windward slopes as one climbs to the top of
the mountain since temperatures decrease with altitude for example Kilembe hills, Bundibugyo
and Kabarole
 The windward side is characterized by cool temperatures for example in Kabarole and Bundibugyo
while the leeward side is characterized by very hot temperatures for example in Kasese
 The peaks of mountain Rwenzori for example Margherita are snowcapped throughout the year due
to very cold temperatures below 0*C experienced.
 The windward side is characterized by low pressure due to rising of warm winds for example in
Bundibugyo and Kabarole while the leeward side are associated with high pressure due to
descending dry winds for example in Kasese
 The relative humidity is high on the windward side for example in Bundibugyo and Kabarole due
to high rate of evapotranspiration while the leeward side has low humidity due to low rate of
evapotranspiration for example in Kasese
 The windward side for example in Bundibugyo and Kabarole have dense cloud cover throughout
the year due to condensation of warm rising winds while the leeward side for example Kasese has
clear skies almost throughout the year due to limited evapotranspiration
 There is high humidity at low altitude because of being near the sources of water vapour like
vegetation and water bodies for example in Fort Portal and low humidity at high altitude since
water vapour molecules are pulled downwards by gravity for example in parts of Bundibugyo
 The foothills of mountain Rwenzori experience temperature inversion through the katabatic effect.
This results from rapid cooling of the mountain slopes at night resulting in to cold dense air. The
cold dense air then descends downslope in to the valley under the influence of gravity and collects
in the valley displacing warm light air upwards to the upper levels so that cool air is below warm
air resulting in to mist and fog especially in the morning for example in Kasese, Kabarole and
Bundibugyo
GLACIATION ON MOUNTAIN RWENZORI
Glaciation refers to the overall effects of glaciers on the landscape resulting in to both erosional and
depositional features.
Or, glaciation is the process by which the landscape is modified by glacial erosion and deposition.
In Uganda glaciation occurs on Mt. Rwenzori 4800 meters (15700 feet) above sea level.
Glaciers are formed when the temperature of the air falls below 0*C (32*F). Some of the water vapour
condenses and freezes in to ice crystals which fall on earth as snow, which accumulates to form ice.
As the thickness of the ice increases, it moves downslope on the side of the mountain as glacier.
As the glacier moves downslope, it erodes the mountain sides and deposits the eroded materials in the
valleys, leading to the formation of glacial erosional and depositional features.
Examples of glacial erosional features on Mt. Rwenzori include,
 Cirques/corries like Lac du Speke basin, Lac du Catherine basin and Lac Noir basin
 Tarns/cirque lakes like Lac du Speke and Lac du Catherine
 Arêtes like one which extends from Mt. Baker to Bujuku valley
 Pyramidal peaks/horns like Margherita, Stanley, Speke, albert, Alexandra and Baker
 U-shaped valleys/glacial troughs like Bujuku valley, Mubuku, Mugusu, Kamusoso and Lusilube
valleys
 Hanging valleys like Lac Vert valley, that joins Kamusoso valley and Speke valley that joins
Kamusoso valley
 Roches moutonnes like on the floor of the upper Mubuku valley
Examples of glacial depositional features include.
 Moraines found in Mubuku, Kamusoso and Lusilube valleys
 Till plains like on the floor of Mubuku and Bujuku valleys
 Kettle lakes like Mahoma
 Erratics like in Kamusoso and Bujuku valleys
 Outwash plains like in the Mubuku valleys
 Kames for example in Moore valley
Importance of Glaciation in Uganda
Positive importance
1. Glacial landforms have promoted tourism, education and research due to the presence of
magnificent features like ice capped peaks like Margherita
2. The boulder clay resulting from moraine deposits are fertile hence promoting crop cultivation for
example in Nyamwamba valley and Bujuku valley hence generating foreign exchange
3. The hanging valleys are potential sites for generation of hydroelectricity power for example Lac du
Vert valley that joins Kamusoso valley and river Mubuku from melt waters has encouraged the
construction of Mubuku I, Mubuku II and Mubuku III power stations in Kasese
4. Glaciers and glacial lakes are sources of rivers that provide water for irrigation hence promoting
irrigation farming for example river Sebwe which provides water for Mubuku irrigation scheme
5. The glacial lakes and rivers that flow from the glaciers provide water for domestic and industrial
use for example river Mubuku
6. The boulders, sand and gravels deposited by glaciers provide building materials for example in
Nyamwamba valley
7. Glaciers modify the climate by providing a cooling effect on the surrounding areas. This has
supported the growth of Alpine vegetation on the slopes o Margherita, Stanley and Speke, thus
supporting forestry
8. The U-shaped valleys have encouraged crop growing and animal grazing because they are
relatively flat for example in Bujuku valley
9. The U-shaped valleys also act as natural route ways since they are relatively flat encouraging
transport in highland areas for example the Bujuku valley, Mubuku, Mugusu, Kamusoso and
Lusilube valleys.
10. The broad glacial troughs have provided sites for settlement due to being relatively flat for
example in Bujuku valleys and Mubuku valleys
Negative importance of Glaciation
1. Glaciation has encouraged landslides resulting in to destruction of lives, property and vegetation for
example in Nyamwamba valleys and Mubuku valleys
2. The rugged relief created by glaciation hinders the development of transport and communication
networks for example in Kamusoso valley
3. Boulder clay deposits in some areas have produced a marshy landscape which discourages
agriculture and construction of transport routes for example some parts of Nyamwamba valley and
Kamusoso
4. Many outwash plains contain infertile sands, hence discouraging agriculture for example in the
Mubuku valley
5. Melt waters from glaciation cause flooding of rivers leading to loss of lives and destruction of
property for example along river Nyamwamba
6. Glaciers lead to extremely cold temperatures that discourage settlement for example on Margherita,
Stanley and Speke peaks
7. Glaciers encourage soil erosion which removes the top soils making the soils infertile, hence
discouraging crop cultivation for example in the Kamusoso
GRABENS
A graben is an elongated depression formed as a result of secondary faulting on the rift valley floor.
For example Lake Albert graben, Edward and George grabens
Formation of grabens
Grabens were formed as a result of secondary faulting on the floor of the rift valley floor either due to
tensional or compressional forces
Tensional theory
According to the tensional theory, heating by geochemical reactions and radioactivity beneath the
earth crust created convective currents that led to tensional forces. The tensional forces pulled the
earth crust apart leading to normal faults dividing it in to several blocks. Continuous tensional forces
resulted in o sinking of the central block forming a rift valley
The rift valley was subjected to further tensional forces resulting in to secondary faulting that led to
the formation of a smaller elongated depression called a graben within the main rift valley. For
example Lake Albert graben, Lake Edward and Lake George grabens

Compressional theory.
According to the compressional theory, heating by geochemical reactions and radioactivity beneath the
earth crust created convective currents. When convective currents reached the earth crust they tended
to converge leading to compressional forces that led to reverse faulting. The side blocks were forced to
override the central block creating a rift valley.
Continuous compressional forces led to secondary reverse faulting which created a smaller elongated
depression called a graben within the main rift valley. For example Lake Albert graben, George and
Edward grabens
FAULT GUIDED VALLEY
A fault guided valley is a narrow or wide valley that developed along a fault line. Fault guided valleys
originate from geochemical reactions and radioactivity within the interior of the earth that lead to
convective currents leading to tensional and compressional forces that lead to faulting.
During faulting that resulted from either tensional or compressional forces, the rocks along the fault
line got shattered and the weakened rocks were easily removed by denudational forces which led to
the valley along the fault line. For example the Aswa valley in northern Uganda.
WARPING
Warping refers to the deformation of the earth’s surface by uneven downward and upward movement
of the rocks of the earth crust leading to the formation of wide depressions/basins and uplands
Warping originates from convective currents generated by radioactivity and geochemical reactions
beneath the earth’s crust. The convective currents lead to uplift/up warping and down warping/sagging
of the earth’s crust.
In Uganda, warping is associated with the formation of the East African rift valley. Where the areas
currently occupied by the eastern and western arms experienced like Kabale, Kisoro, Mbarara,
Bushenyi and Kasese experienced up warping while central Uganda experienced down warping, hence
sagging of the earth crust forming the Kyoga and Victoria basins

Contribution of warping to the development of Uganda.

Positive contribution.
1. Warping led to the formation of down warped basins like victoria and Kyoga basins which were
filled with water, hence promoting fishing which has provided employment opportunities
2. Warping has promoted tourism, education and research due to the formation of down warped
basins like victoria and Kyoga basins which were filled with water with their impressive features
hence earning foreign exchange
3. Warping has promoted agriculture because down warped basins like victoria and Kyoga basins
have fertile soils which encourage the growth of crops like banana in masaka
4. Warping has favoured climatic modification since crustal warped basins like Kyoga and victoria
basins filled with water lead to rainfall formation through evapotranspiration
5. Warping has encouraged the development of water transport on the crustal warped lakes like lake
victoria basin and lake Kyoga in the Kyoga basin hence promoting trade
6. Warping has encouraged mining especially sand and clay mining in the crustal warped basins for
example sand at Kasenyi and clay at Kajjansi in the victoria basin
7. Warping has encouraged wildlife conservation since down warped basins like victoria and Kyoga
basins which were filled with water act as habitats for wild animals like crocodiles
8. Warping has encouraged hunting and food gathering around crustal basins in the thick tropical
rainforests for example Mabira forest in the victoria basin
9. Warping has encouraged settlement and urbanization in the down warped basins due to the
presence of fertile soils and modified climate for example Kampala and Entebbe in the victoria
basin
10. Warping has encouraged forestry and lumbering because the down warped basins have fertile soils
which favour the growth of forests for example Ssese forests in the victoria basin.
11. Down warped basins have encouraged the generation of hydroelectric power since they provide
water to rivers for example the victoria basin provides water for victoria Nile on which dams like
Kiira dam and Bujagali power station are established
Negative effects of warping
1. Down warped basins have led to seasonal flooding especially during rainy seasons to the adjacent
areas for example Lwampanga in the Kyoga basin and Masese in victoria basin.
2. Down warped basins provide habitat for dangerous aquatic animals which attack and sometimes
kill people for example crocodiles and hippopotamuses in the Victoria and Kyoga basins
3. Down warped basins are hiding places for wrong elements leading to insecurity in the victoria and
Kyoga basins
4. Down warped basins have encouraged smuggling of gods across borders since it is difficult to
monitor movement for example goods smuggled to Kenya across the Victoria basin.
5. Down warped basins are breeding grounds for pests and disease carrying vectors for example tsetse
flies that spread sleeping sickness in humans and nagana to cattle in Mayuge in the Victoria basin,
water snails that cause Bilharzia in the Kyoga basin
6. Down warped basins have encouraged interstate conflicts due to struggle for water resources
ownership for example Migingo island struggle in the victoria basin between Uganda and Kenya
7. Down warped basins are a hindrance to the construction of transport network especially roads and
railways since they are filled with water for example the victoria and Kyoga basins
8. Down warped basins have led to urbanization with its associated problems such as high rates of
crime at Kasenyi on Lake Victoria in the victoria basin.
VULCANICITY
Vulcanicity is the process through which molten rocks/magma from the interior of the earth are either
intruded underneath the earth crust or extruded on the earth surface through fault lines/fissures
On the other hand, volcanicity/extrusive Vulcanicity is the process through which molten rocks/magma
from the interior of the earth are extruded/ejected and deposited on the earth’s surface through fault
lines/fissures
Vulcanicity originates from geochemical reactions and radioactivity generating intense heat and
pressure hence melting mantle rocks in to molten magma creating giant convective currents. The
moving convective currents lead to compressional or tensional forces which create vents along which
magma is either extruded or intruded.
When the magma is injected in to the earth crust it results in to features such as
 Batholiths in Nakasongola and Mubende
 Dykes for example in Busia and Osukuru hills in Tororo
 Sills for example a Kakinzi in Luwero and on Karuma falls
 Lapolith for example Rubanda and Kisoro
When the magma is extruded on the earth surface, it results in to extrusive/volcanic features
like:
 Volcanic mountains such as Mt. Elgon and Mt. Moroto
 Craters for example on Mt. Elgon and on Mt. Muhavura
 Explosive craters for example Katwe, Munyanyange, Nyamunuka
 Caldera on Mt. Napak
 Lava plateau for example Kisoro and Bunyonyi areas
 Hot springs for example Sempaya hot spring in Bundibugyo and Kitagata hot spring in Bushenyi
 Lava dammed lakes like lake Bunyonyi and lake Mutanda
A SKETCH MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING MAJOR VULCANIC FEATURES

COMPOSITE CONE/STRATA VOLCANO

Composite volcanoes are large cones with fairly steep slopes, made up of alternative layers of ash and
lava ejected through central vent over a long period of time.
The composite cones were carved from viscous acidic magma which passed through the vent and built
up near the vent in the form of a cone-shaped mountain with convex slopes. Blockages of the main
vent and/or the mountain led to the development of secondary/parasitic cones on the mountain side.
Sometimes, latter explosion could blow off the top to form a large crater for example Mt. Muhavura
and Sabinio in south western Uganda.
ASH AND CINDER CONES
Ash and Cinder cones are steep sided volcanoes with successive layers of lava, ash and cinder. They
were formed when the material (lava) is ejected in violent eruption which breaks it in to very many
fragments of various sizes, ash being smaller in size to cinder.
The fragments were later laid in layers of ash and cinder, each layer representing a phase in eruption.
They are usually small usually less than 3000m/10,000 feet in height and frequently occur in groups
for example at Sarambe in Kisoro
SHIELD VOLCANOES/LAVA CONE/BASALT DOME
A shield volcano is a volcano with gently sloping slopes and broad base. It is formed when fluid lava
flows over a wide area before cooling down. Consequent solidification leads to the formation of a very
stretched lava cone. The magma forming such a volcano comes out through several fissures. Rapid
loss of gasses occurs and because lava is less viscous, it flows for a while before it solidifies. For
example Virunga and Muhavura ranges in south western Uganda.

LAVA PLATEAU.
A lava plateau is a relatively flat topped upland made of different layers of lava. It is formed when
basic lava oozes out from several fissures in the earth crust and spreads out over the surrounding
country side before solidifying as a sheet of basalt.
Repeated fissure eruption lead to the building of a thick and high plateau which may reach 6000 feet
high. For example Ntungamo, Kisoro and Hima plains
EXPLOSION/RING CRATERS
An explosion crater is a circular flat floored depression resulting from explosive volcanic eruption on
the ground.
Explosive craters were formed due to gaseous material ejected in a violent eruption.
Violent gaseous eruption removed the overlying crystalline rocks to form a wide circular depression
on the earth surface. The fragments such as ash and dust thrown up in the air by the gases later fell
back down and built up a rim around the depression. For example Katwe, Munyanyange and
Nyamunuka and Munyampaka craters in Kasese

MOUNTAIN CRATER
A mountain crater is a small circular depression found on the top of a volcanic mountain.
They were formed during the first eruption, which made the top of the mountain to be blown off
during violent eruption forming crater. For example on Mt. Muhavura and Mt. Elgon
CALDERA
A caldera is a large/wide circular depression found on the top of a volcanic mountain.
A caldera on Mt. Napak was formed when the top of the volcano was blown off in an
explosive/violent eruption leaving behind a large circular depression.

VOLCANIC PLUG
A volcanic plug is a volcanic rock spine with steep sides. It is formed when very viscous lava extruded
in to the earth’s crust and solidifies in the vent for example Tororo rock.
The influence of Vulcanicity on human activities in Uganda.
Positive influence.
1. It has promoted tourism, education and research which earns Uganda foreign exchange due to the
formation of beautiful features for example Mt. Elgon and hot springs like Sempaya in
Bundibugyo
2. It encourages agriculture due to the formation of fertile volcanic soils and heavy relief rainfall
received on the slopes of volcanic mountains for example the growth of Arabica coffee on the
slopes of Mt. Elgon in Mbale, Sironko and Manafwa
3. It has boosted fishing on lava dammed lakes like Mutanda in Kisoro and Bunyonyi in Kabale hence
providing employment opportunities
4. Vulcanicity has promoted wildlife conservation and conservation of biodiversity due to the
presence of forests which are habitats for wild animals for example in Mgahinga national park on
Mt. Muhavura and Mt. Elgon national park on Mt. Elgon
5. Vulcanicity has promoted mining since it led to exposure of precious minerals for example salt
from lake Katwe and limestone from Tororo rock
6. It has promoted the development of water transport on lava dammed lakes like Mutanda in Kisoro
and Bunyonyi in Kabale
7. It has created potential sites for the generation of hydroelectric power for domestic and industrial
use like Karuma falls (sill) on river Nile and geothermal electricity on hot springs like Sempaya in
Bundibugyo and Kitagata in Kabale
8. It has promoted lumbering due to the presence of forests resulting from fertile volcanic soils and
heavy rainfall for example Mt. Elgon forests on Mt Elgon
9. It has promoted hunting and food gathering for example wild honey for people living near volcanic
mountain like Mbale on Mt. Elgon, Mgahinga forests and Mt. Kadam forests
Negative influence.
1. The steep slopes of volcanic mountains have encouraged soil erosion, which leads to loss of fertile
soils hence discouraging agriculture for example in Bududa, Mbale and Bulambuli on Mt. Elgon
2. The steep slopes of volcanic mountains have encouraged landslides, which have led to loss of life
and property discouraging settlement and agriculture for example in Bududa and Bulambuli on Mt.
Elgon
3. Some volcanic features have discouraged the construction of transport and communication
networks especially roads due to steep slopes for example in Mbale and Kapchorwa on the slopes
of Mt. Elgon
4. Volcanic areas are susceptible to flooding during rainy seasons resulting from heavy relief rainfall
discouraging settlement and agriculture for example in Mbale, Kapchorwa, Sironko and Bududa
on Mt. Elgon
5. Volcanic mountains have created a rain shadow effect characterized by low rainfall amounts and
hot temperatures, which has discouraged agriculture for example Nakapiripiriti on Mt. Elgon
6. The young volcanic soils are very porous and easily eroded, and sometimes soils are thin
discouraging agriculture in some volcanic areas like Kisoro, Kabale and Mbale
7. Volcanic landforms are hiding places for wrong elements due to the presence of thick montane
forests thus discouraging settlement for example Mt. Elgon forests
8. Volcanic features harbor dangerous wild animals like lions and leopards in montane forests like
Mgahinga forests on Mt. Muhavura and Mt. Elgon forests
9. The upper slopes of volcanic mountains are cold which discourages settlement and the growth of
crops for example in Mbale, Kapchorwa and Kwen on Mt. Elgon
REVISION QUESTIONS.
1. Assess the contribution of faulting to the development of Uganda.
 Define faulting, give the origin of faulting, identify the features from faulting and draw a sketch
map of Uganda showing the features from faulting
 Give positive and negative effects of faulting giving an example of a fault landform/feature on
every point
2. (a) Describe the processes responsible for the formation of the rift valley in Uganda.
 Define a rift valley, give the origin of faulting and explain the tensional and compressional theory
 Draw a diagram for each theory to show the direction of forces, rift valley and escarpment
(b) Explain the influence of the rift valley on the climate of the surrounding areas.
 Explain the influence of the rift valley on elements of climate like rainfall, temperature,
atmospheric pressure, winds and humidity. Give examples of areas within the rift valley on every
point
3. (a) Examine the processes responsible for the formation of Mt. Rwenzori
 Identify mountain Rwenzori as a block mountain, give the origin of formation and explain the
compressional and tensional theory of formation of block mountain
 Draw a diagram showing direction of forces, block mountain, fast and slow sinking blocks
(b) Examine the influence of Mt. Rwenzori on human activities in Uganda.
 Explain both positive and negative influence giving human activities and examples around
mountain Rwenzori
4. Examine the importance of Vulcanicity to the development of Uganda.
 Define Vulcanicity and give the origin of Vulcanicity, identify landforms resulting from
Vulcanicity and draw a sketch map of Uganda showing volcanic landforms.
 Explain the positive and negative importance of Vulcanicity giving an example of volcanic
landform/feature on every point
5. (a) Explain the processes responsible for the formation of either Mt. Elgon or Mt. Rwenzori
 Choose a mountain and identify the type of mountain. Mt. Elgon is a volcanic mountain; Mt.
Rwenzori is a block mountain. Define the type of mountain chosen, give the origin and explain as
above. Don’t forget to draw a diagram
(b) Examine the influence of the mountain chosen above on climate in the surrounding areas
 Explain the influence of the mountain on rainfall, temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity and
winds. Giving examples of areas around the mountain chosen on every point
6. Assess the contribution of warping to the development of Uganda
 Define warping, give the origin of warping and identify areas affected by up warping and down
warping. Draw a sketch map of Uganda showing down warped basins and areas affected by up
warping
 Explain the positive and negative contributions of warping bringing out examples of areas affected
by up warping and down warping on every point
7. Explain the impact of faulting on the development of relief landforms in Uganda.
 Define faulting, give the origin faulting and explain the relief landforms explaining its mode of
formation, illustration and example of every relief landform. I.e. escarpments, rift valley, grabens,
block mountain (Rwenzori), fault guided valley and indirectly volcanicity.
8. Explain the impact of volcanicity on the development of relief landforms in Uganda.
 Define volcanicity and give the origin of volcanicity
 Explain the relief landforms from volcanicity giving an example of each and illustration for
example composite volcano, shield volcano, volcanic plug
9. (a) Explain the processes responsible for the formation of either lake victoria basin or lake
Katwe basin
 Chose a basin and describe the processes from the origin
(b) Assess the contribution of the basin chosen to the development of the surrounding areas
 Explain the positive and negative contributions of the basin chosen, giving an example of the area
around the basin chosen on every point
10. Assess the importance of glaciation in Uganda.
 Define glaciation, explain how glacier is formed, identify where glaciation occurs in Uganda (on
Mt. Rwenzori) and give examples of glacial erosional and depositional features
 Give the positive and then negative importance of glaciation giving examples of names of glacial
features on every point.
 CHAPTER 4
UGANDA’S DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Drainage system refers to the various sources of water on the earth’s surface in a given region or
country. The major drainage features in Uganda include,
 Lakes like Victoria, Kyoga, Albert, Edward and George
 Rivers like Victoria Nile, Albert Nile, Sezibwa, katonga, Kafu and Aswa
 Swamps/wetlands like Nabugabo and Nabajjuzi swamp in masaka, Sango bay swamp in Rakai,
Murchison bay swamp at Luzira around lake victoria, Nsooba, Busega and Lubigi swamps in
kampala and others.
These drainage features cover about 41,743.2 sq. kilometers in Uganda.
A SKETCH MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING MAJOR DRAINAGE FEATURES

LAKES IN UGANDA.
A lake is a body of water contained in a hollow/depression on the earth’s surface.
Types of lakes in Uganda.
Lakes in Uganda are categorized according to the mode of formation of the basin/depression which
they contain and they include,
Rift valley lakes.
A rift valley lake is a mass of water contained in a graben on a floor of a rift valley. They were formed
as a result of secondary faulting either due to tensional forces or compressional forces acting on the rift
valley floor. For example Lake Albert, Edward and George
Tensional theory.
According to tensional theory, tensional forces pulled the earth crust apart leading to normal fault
dividing it in to several blocks. Continuous tensional forces resulted in to sinking of the central block
forming a rift valley.
The rift valley was subjected to further tensional forces resulting in to secondary faulting that led to
the formation of a smaller depression called graben within the main rift valley
The depression was later filled with water from streams and rivers like Victoria Nile and river Nkusi to
form Lake Albert, Nyamugasani and Kazinga channel to form Lake Edward and Mubuku and
Nyamwamba to form Lake George

Compressional theory
According to the compressional theory, compressional forces pushed the earth’s crust towards each
other leading to reverse faults. With continuous compressional forces, the side blocks were forced to
override the central block creating a rift valley.
The rift valley was subjected to further compressional forces leading to secondary reverse faulting
which created a smaller depression called a graben on the floor of the rift valley floor.
The depression was filled with water from streams and rivers like Victoria Nile and river Nkusi to
form Lake Albert, Nyamugasani and Kazinga channel to form Lake Edward and Mubuku and
Nyamwamba to form Lake George.
Down warped/crustal warped lakes
A crustal warped lake is a body of water contained in a down warped basin. Crustal warped lakes
were formed as a result of warping.
During the formation of the east African rift valley, the areas currently occupied by the eastern and
western arms of the rift valley were uplifted/up warped while the area in between the two up warped
arms was down warped/sagged creating a broad shallow depression/basin i.e. Kyoga and victoria
basins
Due to uplift on either sides of the basin, the rivers that were formerly flowing westwards such as river
katonga, river Kagera and river Kafu reversed their direction of flow. Rivers such as Nzoia and Mara
continued to flow westwards in to the basin.
The water from the heavy rainfall and rivers like Kafu and Victoria Nile filled Lake Kyoga while
rivers like katonga and Kagera filled Lake Victoria.
Volcanic lakes
These are lakes formed as a result of volcanicity for example lava-dammed lakes like lake Bunyonyi
in Kabale, mountain crater lakes on Mt. Muhavura and explosive crater lakes like Katwe
Explosive crater lakes.
An explosive crater lake is a mass of water contained in a circular depression resulting from explosive
volcanic eruption on the ground
They were formed due to violent volcanic eruption where the top part of the earth’s crust/surface was
blown off hence splitting it. This created a wide circular depression called an explosive crater on the
earth surface. The fragments such as ash and dust thrown up in the air by the gases later fell back
down and built up a rim around the depression.
The depression was filled with water from rainfall and internal springs resulting in to explosive crater
lakes like Lake Katwe (filled by streams like Kasabuni and Kabamba), Munyanyange, Nyamunuka
and Kikorongo in western Uganda.

Lava-dammed lakes.
A lava-dammed lake is a body of water formed when lava blocks the flow of a river forcing it to back
pond.
They were formed as a result of successive eruption from the volcano that created lava flows which
blocked the river channel causing it to back pond resulting in to a lake of the same shape as the river
valley for example Lake Bunyonyi in Kabale and Mutanda in Kisoro, Chahafi, Gisozi in Kisoro and
Murehe.
Mountain crater lakes.
A mountain crater is a mass of water contained in a small circular depression found on the top of a
volcanic mountain.
The mountain crater lakes were formed during the first eruption, which made the top of the mountain
to be blown off during violent eruption forming a crater. The crater was late filled with water from
rainfall to form crater lakes for example on Mt. Muhavura, Mt. Elgon

Cirque lakes/tarns.
A cirque lake/tarn is a body of water contained in a semi-circular steep-sided rock basin on a
glaciated mountain. Tarns are formed as a result of glaciation. They were formed due to enlargement
and deepening of the pre-glacial hollows progressively by a combination of processes like freeze and
thaw, plucking, and abrasion leading to the formation of a cirque/corrie. The cirque was later filled
with water from glaciers and streams forming cirque lakes. For example Lac du Speke, Lac du Vert
and Lac du Catherine on mountain Rwenzori.
Lagoon lakes.
A lagoon lake is a body of water separated from the main lake by materials like sand and mud. They
were formed as a result of long shore drift which formed sand bars across bays. Part of the water of the
lake/sea was cut off by the sand bar to create smaller lake. For example lake Nabugabo on Lake
Victoria.

Ox-bow lakes.
An ox-bow lake is a body of water contained in a horse-shoe shaped depression formed when a
meander loop is cut off as a river meanders in a plain.
Ox-bow lakes were formed due to erosion of the concave slope and deposition on the slip-off
slope/convex banks to produce two meander loops separated by a narrow neck of land.
When the neck is eventually cut through, the meander loop forms an ox-bow lake as edges are sealed-
off with sediments. For example on river Rwizi and Semiliki.
Man-made lakes
These are formed as barriers are constructed across rivers leading to the creation of artificial lakes
called reservoirs for example Kabaka’s lake and Namugongo martyrs’ lake in Kampala and Lake
Kibimba in Butaleja.
Importance of drainage features in Uganda.
1. Drainage features provide fishing grounds which is a source of food in form of fish rich in proteins
for example silver fish, tilapia, Nile perch from lake victoria and lake Kyoga
2. Drainage features are sources of water used for domestic and industrial use for example Lake
Victoria and Victoria Nile provide water used by Nile breweries at Njeru.
3. Rivers have helped in generation of hydroelectricity power at the water falls for example at Kiira
dam on the victoria Nile and Mubuku I, Mubuku II and Mubuku III power station on river
Mubuku, Nyagak power station on river Nyagak in Zombo
4. Drainage features have promoted tourism, research and education which earns Uganda foreign
exchange because they form a beautiful scenery for example the beautiful beaches like Nabugabo
beach on lake victoria, waterfalls on rivers for example Murchison falls on the victoria Nile
5. Drainage features have promoted inland water transport and therefore facilitate both internal and
external trade for example lake victoria connects Bukakata (masaka) to Kalangala islands and port
bell in Uganda to Kisumu in Kenya
6. Drainage features have helped in modification of climate by forming convectional rainfall, which
has boosted agriculture for example lake victoria encouraging tea growing in Buikwe
7. Drainage features have promoted mining due to the presence of precious minerals for example salt
from lake Katwe, oil in Buliisa and Hoima on lake albert
8. Drainage features have promoted agriculture by providing water for irrigation for example Kakira
sugarcane plantation uses water from Lake Victoria and Mubuku irrigation scheme uses water
from river Sebwe.
9. Drainage features have promoted industrialization since they provide the necessary raw materials
like clay from Kajjansi swamp for Uganda clays at Kajjansi, fish from lake victoria for UGACHIC
poultry feeds in Wakiso
10. Drainage features have promoted international relationship between Uganda and other countries
sharing these water bodies for example Lake Victoria shared by Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania.
11. Drainage features have promoted wildlife conservation and conservation of biodiversity since they
act as habitats for fauna and flora for example flamingos on lake Munyanyange in Kasese and
crocodiles in lake Edward
12. Drainage features have promoted the growth of forests, which has encouraged lumbering for
example Ssese island forests in lake victoria
13. Drainage features have promoted settlement and urbanization due to the presence of fertile soils
and heavy convectional rainfall for example Jinja and kampala around lake Victoria
14. Drainage features act as water reservoirs to control flooding by absorbing the excess water for
example lake Kyoga protects the neighboring areas like Lwampanga and Tumba from flooding
15. Rivers and swamps have been used to demarcate district boundaries in Uganda for example
Victoria Nile forms a natural boundary between Jinja and Buikwe district.
Negative influence
1. Drainage features have led to seasonal flooding during rainy seasons to the adjacent areas for
example Tumba and Lwampanga on lake Kyoga and Masese on lake victoria
2. Drainage features provide habitat for dangerous wild animals which attack and sometimes kill
people for example crocodiles and hippopotamuses in lake victoria and Edward
3. Drainage features are hiding places for wrong elements especially pirates leading to insecurity on
lake victoria, lake Kyoga and lake Albert
4. Drainage features have encouraged smuggling of goods across borders since it is difficult to
monitor movement on lakes for example on lake victoria and lake albert
5. Drainage features are breeding grounds for pests and disease carrying vectors for example tsetse
flies that spread sleeping sickness in humans in Mayuge around lake victoria
6. Drainage features have led to accidents caused by storms which lead to loss of life for example on
lake victoria, lake Kyoga and victoria Nile
7. Drainage features have encouraged interstate conflict due to struggle for water resources ownership
for example Mijinjo island struggle in lake victoria between Uganda and Kenya
8. Some lakes have led to atmospheric pollution especially lakes that produce bad smell for example
lake Nyamunuka in Kasese
9. Drainage features are a hindrance to the construction of transport and communication network
especially roads and railway foe example Lake Victoria, Lake George and Lake Albert.
10. Drainage features have led to urbanization with its associated problems such as high rates of crime
at Kasenyi on lake victoria
REVISION QUESTIONS
1. Explain the factors that have influenced the drainage system in Uganda.
 Define drainage system, identify the various drainage features and draw a sketch map of Uganda
showing drainage features.
 Explain the factors influencing drainage giving illustrations and examples. For example faulting led
to rift valley lakes and fault guided rivers, and the block mountain Rwenzori is a source of rivers,
warping led to crustal warped lakes, volcanicity led to lava-dammed lakes, explosion crater lakes,
mountain crater lakes and volcanic mountains are sources of rivers, glaciation led to tarns, river
erosion and deposition led to ox-bow lakes, man’s activities led to manmade lakes.
2. Examine the importance of Uganda’s drainage system
 Define drainage system, identify the drainage features, draw a sketch map showing drainage
features
 Explain the positive and negative importance of drainage giving an example of a drainage feature
on every point
3. Examine the importance of volcanic lakes in Uganda.
 Define volcanic lakes, identify the origin of volcanic lakes and identify the type of volcanic lakes
 Explain the positive and negative importance of volcanic lakes giving an example of a volcanic
lake on every point
4. (a) describe the processes responsible for the formation of either lake albert or lake victoria
 Choose the lake, identify the processes responsible for the formation of the lake and explain the
formation of the basin which the lake occupies and later being filled with water
 Draw an illustration for each
(b) Assess the contribution of lakes to the development of Uganda.
 Explain the positive and negative importance of lakes giving an example of a lake on every point
5. (a) Describe the processes responsible for the formation of either Lake Katwe or Lake
Bunyonyi.
 Identify the process for the formation of the lake i.e. Vulcanicity (lake Katwe explosion crater lake
while lake Bunyonyi lava dammed lake), explain the process as seen above and draw an
illustration
(b) Examine the importance of the lake chosen to the people in the surrounding areas
 Explain the positive and negative importance of the lake chosen giving an example of the
surrounding areas on every point
6. Explain the influence of Tectonism on the formation of lakes in Uganda.
 Define tectonism and give examples of tectonic processes like warping, faulting, volcanicity and
earth quakes
 Explain how these processes led to the formation of lakes, giving an example and diagrammatic
illustration of every type of lake.
 CHHAPTER 5
FIELDWORK.
Fieldwork refers to the scientific method of study which involves observation, recording, analysis and
interpretation of various geographical phenomena of the landscape. Fieldwork involves systematic
study of the physical and human environment and how the various geographical phenomena are
interrelated.
Reasons why fieldwork is taught in schools.
1. To update the existing information due to the changing pattern of geographical phenomena such as
vegetation, climate and the population patterns.
2. To acquire home and local examples which in turn helps students to be familiar with their
environment
3. To equip students with skills that will be helpful in their future life for example working in the
factories, ranches, being exposed o rural life etc.
4. To break monopoly and boredom associated with classroom lessons due to various activities in
fieldwork like observation, measurement etc.
5. To encourage coverage of syllabus and prepare students for final examinations in field work
6. To prove what is learnt in geography classes and make geography real by observing directly what is
taught in geography.
7. To acquire skills necessary for future employment opportunities for example researchers
8. To discover interrelationships between geographical phenomena for example physical-physical
relationships, physical-human relationships and human-human relationships
9. To obtain information for future reference by writing down information in form of research report.
Disadvantages of fieldwork.
1. It is laboring since it involves many activities
2. It is associated with accidents especially where long distances are involved
3. There is a risk of hostility from the communities where the community doubts the aims of the
research
4. It is expensive especially where various costs are involved like transport, tools etc.
5. Unpredictable changes for example political turmoil, weather changes affect human life.
STAGES IN CARRYING OUT FIELDWORK
Fieldwork is divided in to three stages i.e.
1. Pre-field study/preparation stage/before fieldwork
2. During fieldwork/fieldwork excursion/real fieldwork/data collection/actual fieldwork
3. Follow up stage/discussion stage/post field study

1. Preparation stage.
This phase is the backbone to fieldwork excursion and it is divided in to the following steps
(a)Pilot study
This is the pre-field visit conducted before the actual fieldwork. A pilot study must be undertaken so
that the field researcher can identify and record the existing features and seek permission from the
local authorities in the area of study.
A pilot study provides a sample raw material necessary for designing the topic and formulation of
objectives of study.
(b)Choosing a topic of study
The fieldwork study topic chosen should have the following features,
 It should be geographical i.e. the topic should be derived from the physical geography i.e. relief,
drainage, soils, vegetation and human geography i.e. agriculture, settlement, mining etc.
 It should show WHAT was studied in form of geographical relationship
 It should show WHERE the study took place in terms of village, sub-county, county, district etc.
(c) Formulation of objectives.
Objectives are short term targets that have to be achieved in a short period of time.
 Fieldwork objectives should be SMART i.e. Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time
bound.
 NB. While stating objectives, we are supposed to use measurable phrases like to find out, to
identify, to investigate, to assess, to examine, to suggest (only solutions to problems), to discover
and to establish
 Do not use phrases like to know, to understand/comprehend, to admire, to see and to appreciate
 The objectives should be related to the topic of study but Not a repetition of the topic rather, a
breakdown of the topic of study
(d) Choosing methods to be used
The methods to be used during fieldwork should be related to the topic and objectives of study. They
include, Observation, Interviewing, Questionnaire, Measurement, Pacing, Sampling, Recording, Field
sketching, Tabulation, Map orientation and Analysis of existing information
(e) Selection of tools to be used.
The tools selected should be in line with the methods chosen. Each method has got the necessary
tools required for proper implementation of the method. Tools used include survey maps for map
orientation, foot rulers/measuring tape for measuring, cameras, pens, papers and clipboards etc. for
recording, interview guide for interviewing, and questionnaires for questionnaire method etc.
(f) Literature review/library research.
This is where the researcher gets information from existing records/secondary sources and
compares it with what is in the field at the time of study
(g)Asking for permission from appropriate authorities.
This involves writing letters seeking official permission to visit and undertake studies in the area
chosen for example in case of a ranch, permission must be sought from a ranch manager and other
officials, and the school authority
(h)Formation of study groups.
When the number of students involved is large, then they have to be divided in to groups to
encourage management and group study of geographical phenomena in the field
(i) Briefing and organizing for transport
This is done to ensure that learners try to gather relevant information in the field and ignore what is
irrelevant. Transport means are also cleared if the study involves long distances
(j) Departure to the area of study.
At the time of departure, the researcher should ensure that he/she has the topic of study, objectives
of study and the necessary tools to be used during fieldwork
Real fieldwork/data collection/actual fieldwork/fieldwork excursion.
This is the second stage of fieldwork which involves application of the methods and tools selected to
obtain information. Only information related to the topic and objectives should be collected. The
methods used during fieldwork include,
Observation
Observation involves using eyes with the help of other senses to see geographical phenomena in the
field and sort out information about them.
Advantages of observation
 Firsthand information is got since geographical phenomena are seen directly
 It saves time as a large field can be covered in a short time
 It enables the researcher to develop a mental map of the area studied and therefore high chances of
memorizing what the field is like
 It is cheap because it doe-snot involve expenditure.
Disadvantages of observation
 It is hard to find information that cannot be seen like historical background
 Some important features can be left out especially when the researcher lacks proper observation
skills and has sensory problems
 Information from inaccessible places may not be obtained
 Information obtained is largely subjective/biased depending on individual interpretation and
preferences
 It is limited by physical obstructions like dense forests, mist, fog, smoke and hilly landscape
Interviewing.
Interviewing involves a face to face interaction between a researcher and respondent in the field
whereby the researcher asks oral questions and the respondents give oral answers.
Advantages of interviewing
 It enables getting the required data on the spot since features are seen directly
 It allows obtaining invisible information like historical background because respondents give
answers about such information
 It is very flexible because questions can be modified during the interview
 Firsthand information is obtained which is often accurate since features are seen directly
 It creates the relationship between the interviewer and interviewee because of the dialogue involved
 The method can be administered to both the literate and illiterate since it involves oral questions
and oral answers
Disadvantages of interviewing
 It is affected by language barrier especially where the researcher does not understand the language
being used by the local people
 It is time consuming especially where a number of people have to be interviewed
 Direct hostilities may occur where the people do not understand the aim of the research
 The method is liable to exaggeration and bias
 Some information can be left out because it is considered confidential or embarrassing for example
security and peoples’ income
 Many people are reluctant to spare time and give information
Questionnaire method
This involves use of predetermined questions to collect information about geographical phenomena
where the research sends written questions for a respondent to give written answers.
Advantages of questionnaire method.
 It saves time as many respondents can be reached in a short time
 Reliable data is got since respondents answer independently
 It is easy to administer since it can reach respondents in different ways
 The is no risk of harassment by uncooperative respondents even when sensitive questions are asked
since questions are answered in absence of the researcher
 The method is suitable for obtaining information from distant places because questions can be sent
using various modes like Mail, Post office
Disadvantages of questionnaire method
 The method is rigid i.e. the information obtained can-not easily be changed in the absence of the
respondents
 The method is only limited to literate people who can write and read
 Few people are willing to spare time to answer and return the questionnaires
 The method is expensive e.g. money is required to buy papers, type the questions and send them
through post office and collect the responses
 It requires a lot of time to formulate the questions, type them, send the questions and receive the
feedback
 The task of assessing and analyzing data is laborious because it deals with a number of people
Measurement/measuring
This involves the use of calibrated and non-calibrated instruments to establish/investigate size, weight
and area of geographical features in the field.
NB. Estimation, involves the use of non-calibrated instruments to establish/investigate size, weight,
area etc. of geographical features in the field for example pacing, using jerry cans and ropes etc.
Pacing involves the use of strides to establish distance of the geographical features.
Advantages of measuring
 It enables the researcher to establish the quantitative characteristics of geographical phenomena
because tools are used
 It is flexible since different tools and techniques can be used
 It enables making predictions about phenomena investigated because different tools are used
 Firsthand information is obtained since tools are directly applied in the field
Disadvantages of measuring
 It is expensive since several instruments are required for example tape measure, foot ruler etc.
 It is laborious during conversion of scale
 It cannot be applied in inaccessible areas like flooded areas
 Obsolete tools cannot generate accurate data
 Faulty tools lead to wrong information obtained
 There is always variation in paces
Sampling
Sampling involves taking part of the whole to represent the whole/rest
Advantages of sampling
 It is time saving since few entities/items are chosen to represent the rest
 It allows detailed study of the sample to be made, thus it yields a lot of information since part of a
geographical phenomenon is observed
 Unbiased data is got because the researcher comes in to contact with the phenomena
 It allows generalization to be made about other similar phenomena since a ample is a representative
of other features
Disadvantages of sampling
 It tends to generalize too much and some of the unique characteristics of geographical phenomena
are left out
 A sample which is not representative of the population leads to wrong conclusions
Recording.
Recording refers to the writing/jotting/noting or drawing or photographing or video coverage of
information in the field
Advantages of recording
 It is flexible and convenient since it can be done in different ways
 It ensures a proper record about the field for future references since information is put down
 It enables making of interferences about the field studied due to presence of ready information
Disadvantages of recording
 It is expensive since it requires resources like pens, pens, pencils, paper etc.
 It requires certain skills like drawing skills
NB. The method of recording involves;
 Tabulation is a method of recording involving summarizing of information obtained from the field
in form of tables
 Photography is a method of recording which involves using a camera to take photographs of
specific geographical features in the field
 Videography is a method of recording which involves the use of video camera to take videos of
specific geographical features in the field
 Note making is the use of a pen, pencils and papers to note down geographical information in the
field
 Field sketching is the technique of obtaining information from the field by drawing sketch maps,
transect and panorama
 A sketch map should have a complete title showing the name of the area studied and features
required, a complete frame, compass direction, key/labeling and indicate the features required
with their local place names
 Features should be represented by symbols and shading and not pictures
 A panorama/landscape sketch/ sketch diagram involves sketching features in the field while
standing at a view point
 It should have a complete tittle showing the name of the area studied and featured required, a
complete frame, a view point, and labeling, and indicate features required in pictorial form
 Features should be real pictures and not symbols
 A transect/line transect/ cross section/transverse/ relief section/sketch section should have a
complete tittle (showing name of the area studied, end points and featured required), key/labeling,
direction showing end point, shading and featured required
 An arrow should touch the pictures, pictures should be drawn to represent prominent features
(features with a vertical height above the ground) and an arrow should touch the ground in case of
linear features (features which do not have vertical height above the ground) like a road, railways,
streams, rivers
 Pictures should touch the ground and not hang in space or enter the ground
Advantages of field sketching
 It helps students to acquire skills in drawing sketches like sketch maps, transects and panorama due
to their practice in the field
 Sketches summarize geographical information obtained from the field since major features are
indicated with their relative positions
 It ensures permanent record about the field for future reference since sketches are stored
 It enables the making of inferences/conclusions about the field studied because different features
are observed relative to each other
Disadvantages of field sketching
 The method is expensive since it required various tools
 Unpredictable changes in weather like heavy downpour may hinder the use of this method to
collect information
 Physical obstruction hinders effective application of the method
 It is time consuming since many features are indicated
Map Orientation
Map orientation involves alignment/rotating/turning of the survey map/base map so that the features
on the base map tally/match with features on the ground
Advantages of map orientation
 It helps in updating geographical information on a given survey map/base map by identifying new
features
 It helps in finding directions of features comparing he relative location of features
 It helps in comparisons of features on the map and those on the ground
Disadvantages of map orientation
 It is expensive to administer since it requires a lot of resources especially survey maps
 Application of the method requires high degree of skills to interpret features on the map
Analysis of existing information/library research/documentary review/literature
review/documentation
This is a method of data collection whereby the researcher gets information from existing
records/secondary sources and compares it with what is in the field at the time of study
Advantages of documentary review
 Information is provided in a short period of time since it is readily available in documents
 Accurate information based on research can be obtained
 It helps in getting the background information about the topic of study
 On spot observation from the field helps to crosscheck what is written
Disadvantages of documentary review
 The existing information may be obsolete and therefore may not be useful for the fieldwork study
 Record may be nonexistent because some people see no value of record keeping record is damaged
for example due to poor storage
Follow-up stage/post field study/discussion stage
This is the third and final stage of field work. This stage is meant for re-organization of the
results/information collected through data analysis, drawing accurate maps, graphs and tables etc.
The follow up stage involves the following activities
 Presentation of data collected. This is where each student and group of students present what they
have collected in the field
 Making comparisons/relating of data collected. This is meant to come up with correct information
from the different information collected
 Sorting/reorganizing/rearrangement of date collected. This is meant to reorganize disorganized data
collected in the field so that it is easily understood
 Analysis of data collected. This is carried out to find out the relationships between the geographical
phenomena and the cause of such a relationship
 Interpreting data collected. This involves attaching meanings and significance to information
collected by explaining descriptive patterns, looking for interrelationships and linkages from the
data
 Polishing of field sketches. This involves redrawing sketches which have been roughly drown from
the field
 Compiling/writing of a field report. This records what was studied, how it was studied and the
results obtained from the fieldwork study
 Drawing conclusions. This refers to finding out geographical interrelationship in the area studied
i.e. physical-physical, physical-human and human-human relationships
 Making recommendations to stake holders. Recommendations are suggested solutions to the
problems facing the area studied
 Dissemination of findings of the study to the relevant authorities. This is where information
obtained is organized and presented to the stake holders in the area studied
 Discussion of the findings. Here the various individuals share and contribute towards the data
collected.
 Evaluation of the fieldwork. This involves finding out whether the intended objectives have been
attained.

MAJOR QUESTIONS IN FIELDWORK

Fieldwork one a fish landing site.
For any one fieldwork study you have conducted on a fish landing site
1. State the topic of study
The Growth and Development of Kasenyi fish landing site on the northern shore of Lake Victoria,
in Wakiso district.
2. Outline the objectives of the study.
 To find out the location of Kasenyi fish landing site.
 To find out the historical background of Kasenyi fish landing site
 To find out the factors for the location and growth of Kasenyi fish landing site
 To find out the physical features around Kasenyi fish landing site
 To find out the land use activities around Kasenyi fish landing site
 To find out the influence of Kasenyi fish landing site on the surrounding areas
 To find out the fish species landed at Kasenyi fish landing site
 To find out the problems facing Kasenyi fish landing site
 To find out the solutions to the problems facing Kasenyi fish landing site
 To find out the future prospects of Kasenyi fish landing site
3. Explain the preparations you made before going for fieldwork
OR, explain the steps you took before going for fieldwork
OR, explain the pre-filed activities carried out before going for fieldwork
OR, describe the activities you carried out before going for fieldwork
OR, describe how you organized your fieldwork study.
NB. Follow the order for the first four (PTOM), and bring others
 Our teacher out a pilot study at Kasenyi fish landing site to find out whether it would be possible to
carry out fieldwork and get permission from the management of Kasenyi fish landing site
 We chose the topic of the study which was ‘The growth and development of Kasenyi fish landing
site on the northern shore of Lake Victoria, in Wakiso district.
 We formulated the objectives of study and they included; To find out the location of Kasenyi fish
landing site, To find out the historical background of Kasenyi fish landing site.
 We selected the methods to be used during fieldwork and these included; observation, interviewing
and measurement
 We selected the tools to be used during fieldwork and these included pens, pencils, books,
measuring tape and base map
 Our teacher organized us in groups of five students to ensure group study
 We sought permission from the school administration to allow us carry out fieldwork
4. Draw a transect/transverse/relief section/sketch section/cross-section of the area studied and
on it mark and name physical features and land use activities

A TRANSECT ACROSS KASENYI LANDING SITE FROM BENDEGERE HILL TO

LAKE VICTORIA SHOWING PHYSICAL FEATURES AND LANDUSE ACTIVITIES
5. Draw a sketch map of the area studied and on it mark and name physical features and land
use activities
A SKETCH MAP OF KASENYI LANDING SITE AND THE SURROUNDING AREAS
SHOWING PHYSICAL FEATURES AND LANDUSE ACTIVITIES

6. Draw a panoramic view of the area studied and on it mark and name physical features and
land use activities
A PANORAMIC VIEW OF KASENYI FISH LANDING SITE DRAWN FROM NAKASUNDA
HEADLAND SHOWING PHYSICAL FEATURES AND LANDUSE ACTIVITIES

7. Describe the steps you took to collect information from the field
OR, describe the activities you carried out during the fieldwork
OR, explain the techniques you used during the fieldwork
OR, describe the methods you used to collect the information in the field.
NB. Identify the method, define the method, describe how you used it (showing tools used)
and results obtained.
 We used observation method. This involves using eyes with the help of other senses to see
geographical phenomena in the field and sort out information about them. We used our eyes to see
physical features like Bendegere hill in the north Kasenyi fish landing site
 We used interviewing method. It involves a face to face interaction between the researchers and
respondents in the field whereby the researcher asks oral questions and the respondents give oral
answers. Using the interview guide, we asked Mr. Muyamja Peter the fieldwork guide the
problems facing Kasenyi fish landing site and he told us that there is a problem of dangerous
aquatic animals like crocodiles that claim the lives of fishermen
 We used measurement/measuring. This involves the use of calibrated and non-calibrated
instruments to establish/investigate size, weight, area etc. Of geographical features in the field. We
stretched a tape measure and found the distance from Kasenyi market o Kasenyi pier, which was
100 meters
 We used pacing. This involves the use of strides to estimate distance of the geographical features.
Using strides, we estimated the distance from Kasenyi market to Kasenyi pier, which was 120
strides
 We used recording. This involves writing/jotting/noting down of information got in the field. Using
a pen and paper, we wrote down the problems facing fishermen at Kasenyi fish landing site which
included; dangerous aquatic animals, shortage of accommodation and food
 We used sampling. This involves taking part of the whole population to represent the whole/rest.
Using a hoe and spade, we picked part of the soil from Kasenyi sand beach and found out that it
was sandy soil.
 We used field sketching. This is the technique of obtaining information from the field by drawing
sketch maps, transects and panoramas. We used a pencil and a book and drew the sketch map of
the area around Kasenyi fish landing site showing physical features and land use activities as seen
below (draw and show some few features like the one above).
 We used map orientation. This involves alignment/rotation/turning the survey map/base map so
that the features on the base map tally/match with features on the ground. We turned the base map
of Entebbe while standing at Nakasunda headland until Kasenyi landing site on the base map was
matching with that on the ground and found out that Kasenyi is in north of lake victoria
 We used analysis of existing information/library research/documentary review/literature
review/documentation. This is a method of data collection whereby the researcher gets information
from existing records/secondary sources and compares it with what is in the field at the time of
study. We read about historical background of Kasenyi fish landing site in the research report by
Matovu Francis and found out that the name Kasenyi was a result of the eroded fine sand along the
shoreline and it has been used since the early 1960s.
 We used questionnaire method. This involves use of predetermined questions to collect information
about geographical phenomena where the researcher sends written questions for a respondent to
give written answers. We wrote nd sent the following questions to the fieldwork manager and he
gave us answers in written form.
Where is Kasenyi fish landing site located? It is located in southeast of Abaita ababiri a nearest
trading center. It is in Bendegere L.C.I Nkumba parish, Katabi sub-county, Busiiro county of
Wakiso district
8. Explain the merits/advantages of using the above methods.
NB. Use paste tense, tie the merit to a method and add some explanation
 Using observation, I got firsthand information since geographical features were seen directly
 Observation was time consuming since a large field was covered in a short time
 Observation was cheap because it did not involve expenditures
 Interviewing enabled me to get the required information on spot since the respondent gave us
answers to the questions
 Interviewing enabled me to obtain invisible information like historical background since the
information was given to us.
 Interviewing was flexible because questions were modified during the interview
 Questionnaire method was time saving as many respondents were reached in a short time
 Reliable data was got while using questionnaire method since respondents answered independently
 Questionnaire method was easy to administer since it reached respondents in different ways
 Measurement was flexible since different tools and techniques were used
 Measurement enabled making predictions about the phenomena investigated
 Firsthand information was obtained using measurement since tools were used
 Sampling was time saving since few entities/items were chosen to represent the rest
 Unbiased data was got using sampling because I came in to contact with the phenomena
 Sampling allowed generalization to be made about other similar phenomena
 Using documentary review, information was provided in a short period of time since it was already
recorded.
 Accurate information based on research was obtained using documentary review/documentation
 Documentary review helped in getting the background information about the topic of study
9. Explain the demerits of using the above methods.
 OR, explain the problems/challenges you encountered while using the above methods during
fieldwork
OR, explain the limitations of using the above methods during fieldwork study
OR, explain the problems/challenges you encountered during fieldwork
OR, explain the limitations of your fieldwork study.
 I faced the problems of language barrier while using interviewing since my respondents the
fishermen only knew Luganda and therefore I failed to get the problems facing fishermen at
Kasenyi fish landing site
 We faced a problem of uncooperative respondents while using interviewing at Kasenyi market and
therefore, we failed to get the historical background of Kasenyi market
 We faced a problem of loss of questionnaire while using questionnaire method due to
disappearance of respondents and therefore we failed to get information on the historical
background of Kasenyi fish landing site
 We faced a problem of physical obstruction by Bendegere forest while using observation method
and therefore we failed to identify the land use types in Bendegere village
 We faced the problem of inaccessibility due to the presence of Kasenyi forest while using
observation method due to the presence of Bendegere forest and therefore we failed to see the land
use activities in Bendegere village
 We faced the problem of noise pollution by Kasenyi boat factory while using
interviewing/recording and therefore, we failed to hear/note down the problems facing Kasenyi
boat factory
 We faced the problem of sudden weather changes due to heavy downpour while using recording
which destroyed our writing materials and therefore we failed to write down the future prospects of
Kasenyi fish landing site.
10. Explain the skills you obtained from your field study
NB. Skills are obtained from the methods used
 I gained the skill of observation by using my eyes to see physical features for example Bendegere
hills in the north of Kasenyi fish landing site
 We gained the skill of interviewing by asking respondents oral questions and they gave us oral
answers for example we asked Mr. Muyanja the location of Kasenyi fish landing site and he told
me that it is found in Katabi sub county, Wakiso district
 We gained the skill of measuring by stretching the tape measure to find the distance from Kasenyi
pier to Kasenyi market which was 100 meters
 We gained the skill of sampling by using a hoe to pick part of the soil at Kasenyi beach which was
mainly san soil
 I gained the skill of recording by using a pen and paper to write down information in the field for
example I wrote down the physical features around Kasenyi fish landing site like lake victoria
 I gained the skill of field sketching by drawing the sketch map of the area around Kasenyi fish
landing site showing physical features and land use activities as seen below (draw it and show
some features).
11. Describe the follow up activities carried out after fieldwork
OR, what were the post-field activities carried out during the study
OR, explain how you processed data during the study.
 We presented our data collected by different groups for example group 1 presented the location of
Kasenyi fish landing site i.e. Katabi Sub-county, Wakiso district
 We compared data collected by different groups for example concerning the distance from Kasenyi
market to Kasenyi pier and we finally concluded that it was 100 meters
 We reorganized data collected only included the required information to be compiled concerning
problems facing Kasenyi fish landing site
 We polished our field sketches by redrawing the sketch map around Kasenyi fish landing site
included Nakasunda headland which was missing
 We drew conclusions from the field by giving geographical relationships. For example we
concluded that the presence of Bendegere hilltop has encouraged the establishment of MTN masts
due to high altitude which ensures easy transmission of signals
 We made recommendations to the people of Kasenyi fish landing site for example we advised
farmers on Bendegere hill to carry out terracing so as to control soil erosion
 We wrote a field report concerning what was studied at Kasenyi fish landing site for example the
location of Kasenyi fish landing site
 We disseminated the findings of the study to the relevant authorities for example one of our
fieldwork report was handed over to the manager of Kasenyi fish landing site
12. Explain the conclusions you made after fieldwork study
OR, explain the significance of the fieldwork study
OR, to what extent was the fieldwork study geographical
OR, what was the geographical significance of the fieldwork study?
OR, what were the outcomes/results of the fieldwork study
OR, how did the fieldwork study help you to understand the geography of the area?
OR, how was the fieldwork study a sample of the environment?
Physical-physical relationships
 The presence Bendegere hill in the north of Kasenyi landing site has encouraged the growth of
Bendegere natural forest because of the presence of deep fertile soils
 The presence of lake victoria in the south of Kasenyi fish landing site has favoured the growth of
Kasenyi papyrus vegetation due to water logging conditions
 The presence of lake victoria south of Kasenyi fish landing site has favoured formation of Kasenyi
sand beach due to wave deposition
Physical-human relationships
 The presence of Bendegere hilltop has encouraged the establishment of MTN telecommunication
masts due to high altitude which ensures easy transmission of signals
 The presence of gentle slopes of Bendegere hill in the north of Kasenyi fish landing site has
encouraged settlement at Bendegere village due to easy construction of houses
 The presence of lake victoria in the south of Kasenyi fish landing site has encouraged growth of
Kasenyi fish market due to fishing activities
 The presence of Bendegere forest in the north of Kasenyi fish landing site has encouraged the
growth of Kasenyi fish market due to provision of firewood for smoking fish
Human-human relationships
 The presence of Nabagereka road in the north of Kasenyi fish landing site has encouraged
settlement at Kasenyi due to easy accessibility
 The presence f dense settlement at Kasenyi fish landing site has encouraged the growth of Kasenyi
market because of provision of ready market for goods
 The presence of Kasenyi fish landing site has led to the establishment of Kasenyi pier due to
fishing activities
13. Explain the relationship between the physical environment and land use activities in the area
studied
 The presence of Bendegere hilltop has encouraged the establishment of MTN telecommunication
masts due to high altitude which ensures easy transmission of signals
 The presence of gentle slopes of Bendegere hill in the north of Kasenyi fish landing site has
encouraged settlement at Bendegere due to easy construction of houses
 The presence of lake victoria in the south of Kasenyi fish landing site has encouraged the
establishment of Kasenyi fish landing site due to fishing activities
 The presence of fertile soils of Bendegere hill in the north of Kasenyi fish landing site has
encouraged the growth of coffee and bananas in Bendegere village since these crops require deep
fertile soils
 The presence of Bendegere forest in the north of Kasenyi fish landing site has encouraged
establishment of Kasenyi fish market due to provision of firewood for smoking fish
14. Explain the relationship between relief and landuse activities in the area studied
 The presence of gentle slopes of Bendegere hill in the north of Kasenyi fish landing site has
encouraged settlement due to easy construction of houses
 The presence of Bendegere hilltop in the north of Kasenyi has encouraged the establishment of
MTN telecommunication masts due to high altitude which ensures easy transmission of signals
 The presence of lake victoria basin has encouraged the establishment of Kasenyi fish landing site
due to fishing activities
 The presence of steep slopes of Bendegere hill in the Kasenyi fish landing site has encouraged the
establishment of Bendegere stone quarry due to the presence of outcrop rocks
 The presence of flat lands of Kasenyi in the north of Kasenyi fish landing site has encouraged the
construction of Nabagereka road due to low cost of construction
15. Assess the impact of the fish landing site on the environment
OR, assess the impact of the fish landing site on the development of the surrounding areas
NB. Give both positive and negative effects giving an example in terms of place
name/direction.
Positive impacts include;
 It has encouraged growth and development of Kasenyi trading center in the north of Kasenyi fish
landing site because of increased population
 It has facilitated the development of infrastructure like Nabagereka road in the north of Kasenyi
fish landing site
 It has provided market for goods sold in Kasenyi market in the north of Kasenyi landing site for
example agricultural products like potatoes
 It has provided employment opportunities to the people for example fishermen in lake victoria in
the south of Kasenyi fish landing site and shop attendants in Kasenyi market in the north of
Kasenyi fish landing site
 It has encouraged the development of industries for example Kasenyi boat making industry in the
north of Kasenyi fish landing site
 It is a source of government revenue through taxing people employed for example as fishermen in
lake victoria south of Kasenyi fish landing site and business men in Kasenyi market in the north of
Kasenyi fish landing site
Negative effects include;
 It has led to pollution of water, land and air from industries for example Kasenyi boat factory in the
north of Kasenyi fish landing site.
 It has led to urban related problems like prostitution and robbery in Kasenyi trading center due to
increased population
 It has led to deforestation due to infrastructural development for example Kasenyi forest were
destroyed to establish Kasenyi market
 It has led to competition for labour with other sectors like agriculture in Nkumba and Bendegere
village in the north of Kasenyi landing site living these sectors underdeveloped
 It has led to increased school drop out to join fishing activities for example from Bendegere village
and Nkumba in the north of Kasenyi landing site
 It has led to rural-urban migration with its negative effects for example from Nkumba to Kasenyi
fish landing site
16. Explain the impact of human activities around the landing site on the physical environment.
NB. Give both positive and negative effects giving an example in terms of place
name/direction on every point
Positive effects include;
 Afforestation on Bendegere hill north of Kasenyi fish landing site has promoted the modification of
the local temperatures through releasing moisture to the atmosphere
 Application of manure in Bendegere village north of Kasenyi fish landing site has helped to
improve soil fertility
 Contour ploughing on Bendegere hill has helped in controlling soil erosion
 Afforestation in Bendegere hill has helped in increasing the green vegetation cover
Negative effects include;
 Lumbering in Bendegere forest north of Kasenyi fish landing site has led to destruction of
vegetation cover
 Industrialization at Kasenyi boat factory north of Kasenyi fish landing site led to environmental
pollution from the wood dust which has affected human health
 Settlement on Bendegere hill north of Kasenyi fish landing site has led to destruction of Bendegere
forest leading to loss of vegetation cover
 The construction of Nabagereka road in the north of Kasenyi fish landing site has led to destruction
of Kasenyi forest leading to destruction of vegetation cover
 Stone quarrying on Bendegere hill north of Kasenyi fish landing site has led to destruction of
landscape by creating depressions
17. Explain the problems faced by the people using the fish landing site
NB. Explain how a problem leads to a problem
 Poor sanitation leading to diseases like cholera and dysentery which have affected human health
 Remoteness of the area of Kasenyi landing site with poorly developed roads has discouraged
movement of goods by Kasenyi traders to the landing site
 Limited fish stock as a result of overfishing in lake victoria has led to low fish catch leading to low
levels of income
 Perishability of the fish due to traditional fish preservation methods like smoking which lead to
losses
 Price fluctuation due to over production has discouraged fishermen in lake victoria to produce more
fish
 Low incomes among fishermen in lake victoria leading to use of poor methods of fishing which are
highly inefficient leading to low output
 Limited research conducted by the fishermen in lake victoria has led to low fish catch
 Rugged terrain for example due to Bendegere hill has discouraged the construction of roads to
deliver fish to the market centers
 Siltation of lake victoria has led to reduction in breeding grounds for fish leading to low fish catch
 Insecurity due to pirates in lake victoria and robbers in Kasenyi trading centers who destabilize
peace
 Changes in water levels leading to fluctuation in fish catch hence leading to fluctuation in incomes.
18. Describe the recommendations you made to the people using the fish landing site.
NB. Give solutions to showing problems and solution
 We suggested that the fishermen at Kasenyi fish landing site should carry out market research to
expand the market for fish
 We suggested that the police force at Kasenyi police station should carry out more operations to
promote security in Kasenyi trading centers
 We suggested that fishermen at Kasenyi landing site should improve on fishing methods to increase
fish catch and increase on their income
 We suggested that fishermen at Kasenyi fish landing site should improve on fish preservation
methods to reduce losses
 We suggested that traders at Kasenyi market should ensure proper disposal of garbage to solve the
problems resulting from poor sanitation
 We suggested that the residents of Kasenyi market should boil water to present waterborne diseases
like cholera.

CHAPTER 6
SOILS OF UGANDA.
Soils refer to the thin layer on top of the earth’s crust that is composed of organic and inorganic
materials, air, and water and able to support plant life. Or, soil is a thin layer of the earth’s crust
supporting rooted plants.
It is composed of organic materials (decayed plants and animals), inorganic materials (minerals
derived from disintegration of the parent rocks), water, gases and living organisms.
Types of soils in Uganda.
1. Loam soils.
These soils are composed of mostly sand, silt and a smaller amount of clay. Loam soils generally have
more nutrients, moisture, than sandy soils and have better air and water infiltration than clay soils and
therefore suitable for cultivation for example the volcanic soils made up of ash and cinder in Kabale
and Kisoro, and the slopes of Mt. Elgon in Mbale, Bududa and Bulambuli, and in some parts of
masaka, Mukono, and Kayunga
2. Clay soils.
These are fine grained soils composed of compacted tiny particles. They have a high water retention
capacity and therefore are water logged during wet season but become brittle during dry seasons. They
are normally found along river valleys or open valleys. For example along river Manafwa, katonga,
Kagera, Kafu, Victoria Nile and Rwizi
3. Sandy soils.
These are granular soils that contain small rock and mineral particles. They are coarse or rough in
nature with a high degree of permeability due to large pores. They are easy to cultivate but they are not
suitable for agriculture since they contain less or no humus due to high degree of leaching. Sandy soils
are mostly found in arid and semi-arid areas of Uganda like Kotido, Moroto, and Kaabong. They are
also found in valleys and lowlands due o deposition. For example around Lake Victoria at Kasenyi and
Bukakata
4. Laterite soils/latosols
These are red brown soils due to the presence of iron and aluminium oxides. Laterites are formed due
to excessive leaching in humid and hot equatorial regions. The excessive rainfall and hot temperatures
cause leaching of the silica and other soluble compounds to horizon B, leaving iron and Aluminium
compounds in horizon A. laterites are mainly found on the flat topped hills of Buganda like in
Kayunga, Mukono, masaka, Wakiso and Buikwe
SOIL PRODUCTIVITY IN UGANDA
Soil productivity refers to the output per unit area of soil
The soils of Uganda have been classified in six major groups according to productivity for agricultural
purposes
(a)Soils of high productivity
These are volcanic and alluvial soils. They constitute 8% of the total land area of Uganda and mainly
support perennial crops and are capable of supporting crops for over 30 years. They are mainly found
on the slopes of Mt. Elgon in Mbale, Bududa, Kigezi highlands of Kabale and Kisoro, a large part of
Buganda in masaka, Mukono, Wakiso and Kabarole
(b)Soils o medium productivity
They cover 14% of the total land of Uganda and are mainly derived from recent alluvial deposits.
They are found in parts of Kapchorwa, Bushenyi and parts of Kabale and Mukono. They are capable
of supporting a variety of crops
(c) Soils of fair productivity.
These cover 43% of the land in Uganda. They are mainly found in areas of Mubende, Kamuli, Jinja,
Apac, Luwero and parts of Gulu. They are also partly found around Mt. Rwenzori, Masindi and
Hoima districts
They are suitable for both perennial and annual crops
(d)Soils of low productivity
These cover 30% of the total area of Uganda they are mainly found in northern Uganda in Kitgum and
western rift valley in Ntoroko. They occur at mountain Kadam, Tororo, Aswa, Kidepo etc.
(e) Soils of negligible productivity
These occupy 3 % of the total land area of Uganda and are found in flat valley bottoms with swampy
vegetation for example Sango bay in Rakai, parts of Mubende, Kafu in Masindi
(f) Soils of nil productivity
These cover about 2% of the total land of Uganda and are associated with water logging conditions
like Lwera in masaka. The productivity can however be obtained when soils are drained. Other soils
the fall in this category include skeletal soils i.e. exposed hard rocks which do not yield soils for
example on the steep slopes of mountain Rwenzori.
SOIL EROSION
Soil erosion is the washing away/removal or detachment of top soil material from one place to another
by running water, wind or ice. Soil erosion largely affects the districts of Kotido, Kaabong, Moroto,
Nakapiripiriti, Kiruhura, Sembabule, Isingiro, Kabale, and Kisoro, Mt. Rwenzori areas of Bundibugyo,
Nebbi and Nakasongola
TYPES OF SOIL EROSION IN UGANDA.
Sheet erosion
This involves removal of uniform thin layer of the top soil from an area by water and wind. It involves
slow movement covering an extensive area. It mainly occurs on gentle slopes with no vegetation cover
and it is common in areas of Katakwi, Soroti, Kaberamaido, lira and Pader districts
Rill erosion
This is the type where numerous channels of only few centimeters depth are formed. It occurs as a
result of surface runoff (surface water) concentrating and scours the sides of the channel especially in
the highland regions e.g. Kabale, Kisoro, Manafwa
Gulley erosion
It is the erosional type where there are deep wide channels/grooves through which soils taken
downslope by running water. It occurs in areas of heavy rainfall, steep slopes or gentle slopes and it is
common in areas of Kabarole, Sironko, Kisoro, Kabale, Kapchorwa and Mbale
Wind erosion
This is common in semi-arid areas where rock particles are loose and unconsolidated and easily blown
by wind. It is common in the districts of Moroto, Kotido, Kiruhura, Lyantonde and Ntoroko
Splash erosion
It is an erosion process which involves detachment of small soil particles caused by the impact of rain
drops on a consolidated soil. It is common in the flat areas of Nakasongola, Kamuli and Iganga
CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION IN UGANDA
Physical factors
1. Heavy torrential rainfall received which accelerates surface runoff leading to soil erosion in Kabale,
Kisoro, Bududa and Mbale
2. Steep slopes in highland areas which increase the speed of surface runoff for example the steep
slopes of Mt. Rwenzori in Bundibugyo and Kasese, Mt. Elgon in Mbale and Bududa
3. The absence of natural vegetation cover makes the soil to lose its bonding power which accelerates
surface run off and wind erosion. For example in the semi-arid areas of Kiruhura, Sembabule,
Moroto and Kaabong
4. The nature of soil in form of soil structure whereby unstable soils like volcanic ash are easily
washed downslope or blown by wind. For example in Kisoro, Kabale, Bududa and Mbale and
sandy soils are porous and experience wind erosion for example in Kaabong, Moroto and Kotido
5. Biotic effects involving the trampling effects of heavy animals like elephants, hippopotamuses in
queen Elizabeth national park and livestock in pastoral areas like Kaabong which destroy the
vegetation leaving the soil exposed to agents of erosion
Human factors
6. Over cultivation and continuous cropping results in the soil with poor structure, low organic matter
and nutrients which leads to exposure to soil erosion. For example densely populated areas where
there is little land available for cultivation like Mbale, Kisoro, Rukungiri and Kabale
7. Over cropping also leads to loss of soil fertility which leads to loss of soil bonding power hence
accelerating the rate of surface runoff for example in Kabale, Kisoro, Mukono and masaka
8. Monoculture practice which involves the cultivation of one type of crop year after year on the same
piece of land. This leads to loss of soil fertility and the crops that grow are weak and their roots
cannot hold the soil together accelerating soil erosion for example on M. Elgon in Mbale, masaka,
Kayunga and tobacco growing In Arua and Nebbi
9. Overstocking leading to over grazing which leads to clearing of the natural vegetation cover by the
trampling livestock exposing the land to all agents of erosion for example in Nakasongola, Moroto,
and Kotido
10. Bush burning which is mainly practiced by cultivators to clear land for planting of crops in
Masindi, Pallisa, Kamuli, Iganga and nomadic pastoralists who burn bush to get fresh pasture on
the onset of the wet season especially in the districts of Mbarara, Kiruhura, Soroti, Katakwi,
Nakapiripiriti and Nakasongola. This leads to the disappearance of grass and exposes the soil to
agents of soil erosion
11. Planting poor cover crops which leaves the soil exposed to running water and wind for example
maize and onions in Masindi, Kamuli and Kabale
12. Deforestation which involves cutting down of trees for charcoal, timber, firewood, agriculture and
settlement particularly in densely populated areas exposes soil to agent of soil erosion like heavy
rainfall and all forms of erosion for example in Kabale, Kisoro, Bundibugyo and others
13. Mining and quarrying which disrupts the soil structure and leads to removal of the natural
vegetation cover exposing the soil to agents of erosion for example in Tororo and Hima limestone
mines, stone quarrying in Mukono district, sand mining in Lwera and masaka, copper mining at
Kilembe in Kasese
14. Construction of roads, motorable tracks, railways, settlements and other infrastructures which
leads to clearing of vegetation living the soil exposed to surface runoff for example Soroti, Moroto
road, Gulu, Kitgum
15. Up and down ploughing on hill slopes which encourage runoff and leads to formation of rills and
gullies in hilly areas like the Kigezi highlands of Kabale and Kisoro
EFFECTS OF SOIL EROSION IN UGANDA
1. Soil erosion leads to sever loss of soil fertility and land productivity which consequently leads to
low crop yields in the eroded areas like Kamuli, Kumi, Iganga, Tororo, Kigezi, Kabale
2. Soil erosion leads to lowering of the water table mainly because of high proportion of the rain
water runs directly at the surface instead of being absorbed by the soil for example in Moroto,
Kotido and Karamoja
3. It results in to flooding of lowland areas especially in areas where water runs directly in to streams
and rivers for example in Mbale and Butaleja
4. Water and wind erosion leads to pollution of water sources and air because dangerous chemicals
are washed in to water sources for example from kampala and Jinja to lake victoria, also dust
blown by wind in Kaabong and Moroto leads to air pollution
5. Severe soil erosion is responsible for rapid silting of water reservoirs and valley dams. The water
storage capacity of reservoirs and valley dams is considerably reduced as a result of a deposition of
large quantities of silt for example in Sembabule, Rakai and Kiruhura districts
6. It has increased the cost of water purification especially on river Manafwa serving Mbale, river
Malaba serving Tororo town because large quantities of sediments have to be removed from the
water daily especially during the rainy season
7. It leads to destruction of the natural landscape leading to formation of gullies and this hinders the
construction of transport and communication networks for example in the mountainous regions of
Kapchorwa, Sironko on Mt. Elgon as well as in Bundibugyo in Mt. Rwenzori
8. It leads to displacement of people due to loss of soil fertility and productivity for example in Mbale
and Kabale
9. It leads to desertification due to loss of underground water resulting from excessive runoff for
example in Kasese, Kiruhura and Lyantonde
MEASURES BEING TAKEN TO CONTROL SOIL EROSION
1. Practicing afforestation and re-afforestation since trees reduce the force of the falling raindrops and
the roots bind the soil together to reduce surface runoff for example on the slopes of Kigezi
highlands in Kabale and Kisoro, on Mt. Elgon in Mbale and Bududa
2. Agro-forestry is being encouraged involving growing of trees together with crops which helps to
improve on soil fertility and the trees still help to reduce soil erosion by reducing surface runoff for
example in masaka, Mukono, Kayunga and Kiboga where coffee and banana gardens planted with
trees
3. Practicing terracing on steep slopes and hilly areas to reduce the speed of surface runoff like
Kabale, Kisoro, Bundibugyo and Sironko
4. Contour ploughing methods is being practiced especially in hilly areas reduce on the rate of surface
runoff for example in Bundibugyo, Rukungiri and many others
5. Practice of mulching which involves covering of the soil especially in gardens with banana leaves,
grass and other types of vegetation. This prevents loss of moisture from the soil, improve soil
fertility by adding organic matter to the soil and protects the soil from direct impact of rain drops,
wind and surface runoff for example in banana plantation of Bushenyi, Mbarara and many parts of
Buganda region like masaka
6. Crop rotation is being carried out which involves planting of different crops in sequence on the
same piece of land. This ensures soil fertility and maintains the soil structure for example in
Kayunga, Wakiso, Mukono and Mpigi
7. Use of organic manure and fertilizers to ensure that the soil remains and does not lose its structure
therefore less likely to be washed away by agents of soil erosion, for example kraal manure in
Mbarara and Bushenyi, coffee harks and other crop residues in masaka and Mityana, chemical
fertilizers are also used in plantations such as Kasaku tea estate in Buikwe and horticulture farms
such as Nsimbe estate in Mpigi
8. Planning of cover crops such as sweet potatoes, which provide a dense protective cover to the top
soil for example in Kigezi highlands in Kabale and Kisoro, and Mt. Elgon slopes in Mbale.
9. Controlling of over stocking to reduce over grazing in pastoral areas and reduce the destruction of
natural vegetation for example in Mbarara, Kiruhura, and Moroto
10. Sensitization of the public and provision of education to the farmers on the causes, effects and
measures of controlling soil erosion on media like TVs and radios for example in Kabale, Kisoro,
Bushenyi, and Lira
11. Discouraging bush burning to reduce exposure of the soil to the agents of erosion through strict
government laws more especially in the pastoral areas where the practice is common e.g.
Nakasongola, Soroti, Kumi, Mbarara, bukedea
12. Practice of strip cropping which involves planting of grass between strips of crops and the grass
helps to trap the moving soil thereby controlling surface run off for example on the slopes of Mt.
Elgon in Mbale and Sironko
13. Use of sacks and gabions where soils are placed in gullies and steep slopes to provide protection
against surface run off for example in Muyenga and Kololo in Kampala, along river Nyamwamba
in Kasese
REVISION QUESTIONS
1. To what extent have physical factors influenced soil productivity in Uganda?
 Define soil productivity
 Identify the categories of soil productivity in Uganda
 Draw a sketch map of Uganda showing categories of soil productivity in Uganda
 Explain the physical factors and then other factors influencing soil productivity in Uganda giving
the category and where it is found
2. (a) Explain the causes and effects of soil erosion
 Define soil erosion, identify areas in Uganda where it occurs both in words and on a sketch map
 Explain the causes and effects of soil erosion giving an example of areas affected by soil erosion on
every point
(b) Explain the measures being taken to control soil erosion in Uganda
 Explain the measures in present tense giving an example of an area affected by soil erosion
3. Explain the causes and effects of soil degradation in Uganda
 Define soil degradation
 Identify areas experiencing soil degradation in Uganda, in words and sketch map
 Explain the causes and then effects of soil degradation in Uganda, giving examples of soil degraded
areas on every point.
 CHAPTER 7
UGANDA’S CLIMATE
Climate is the average weather condition of the atmosphere of an area recorded over a long period of
time of at least 30-35 years.
Weather on the other hand refers to the state or condition of the atmosphere of a given place at a
particular time.
Climate is obtained after studying weather elements such as rainfall, temperature, wind, atmospheric
pressure, cloud cover, humidity and sunshine for a long time.
TYPES OF CLIMATE IN UGANDA
The major types of climate in Uganda include;
(a) Equatorial climate for example in Masaka, Entebbe and Kampala
(b)Modified equatorial climate/montane climate in Mbale and Bundibugyo
(c) Tropical savannah climate in Gulu, Lira and Masindi
(d)Semi-desert climate in Kaabong, Kotido, Moroto, Kiruhura and Lyantonde
SKETCH MAP OF Uganda SHOWING CLIMATIC REGIONS

(a)Equatorial climate
This type of climate is found around Lake Victoria for example in Masaka, Entebbe and kampala
Characteristics of equatorial climate
1. Heavy rainfall is received and is distributed throughout the year with rainfall totals between
1200mm-2000 mm per annum on average
2. Bi-modal pattern of rainfall is received i.e. double maxima with peaks in April and October.
3. Convectional rainfall is usually received during afternoons and evenings accompanied by
thunderstorms and lightening
4. Temperatures are generally hot ranging between 25*C – 28*C on average
5. The diurnal range of temperature is small about 2*C – 3*C on average
6. Humidity is very high throughout the year due to high rates of evapotranspiration from water
bodies and plants. Relative humidity is about 80%
7. The area is dominated by air masses that converge at the ITCZ because there is low pressure due to
hot temperatures
8. There is thick cloud cover throughout the year due to high rates of evaporation and condensation
(b)Montane climate/alpine climate/modified equatorial climate
This is confined in the mountainous areas for example Mbale, Manafwa, Sironko on mountain Elgon,
Kabale and Kisoro on mountain Muhavura, Kasese and Bundibugyo on Mt. Rwenzori
Characteristics of montane climate
1. Heavy rainfall of above 1500 mm per annum is received on the windward sides of mountains
2. Low rainfall amounts are received on the lee ward sides of the mountain
3. Temperatures decrease with an increase in altitude at the rate of 1*C for every 100 meters ascend
4. Atmospheric pressure reduces with altitude
5. Relative humidity is high throughout the year
(c) Tropical savannah climate
This covers the biggest percentage of the total land area of Uganda in areas like Soroti, Kumi, Gulu,
Arua, Hoima and Masindi
Characteristics of tropical savannah climate
1. Moderate rainfall ie received ranging between 750-1500 mm per annum
2. The areas experiences alternative wet and dry season with rainfall season extending from april to
October
3. Rainfall is mainly received in summer and winters are normally dry
4. Temperatures are generally hot ranging between 22*C-28*CC
5. The summers are hot (with temperatures above 26*C while winters are warm (with temperatures
usually about 15*C)
6. The annual temperature range is moderate between 7-10*C
7. There is a large diurnal range of temperature (14-17*C)
8. Humidity is high during the wet season and low during the dry season
9. There is heavy cloud cover towards the equator and less cloud cover towards he semi-desert.
(d)Semi-desert climate
This is found in Karamoja region i.e. Kaabong, Kotido, Moroto, Ankole-masaka dry corridor in
Kiruhura, Lyantonde and in parts of Kasese and Nakasongola
Characteristics of semi-desert climate
1. Low rainfall amount of less than 500 mm per annum is received, which is unevenly distributed
2. The areas receive unreliable/seasonal rainfall with a single maxima (mono-modal) rainfall from
April to august
3. Hot temperatures of above 30*C are experienced with a high diurnal temperature range of about
10*C
4. Night temperatures are generally cool because of absence of cloud cover
5. There is less or no cloud cover especially dry season
6. There is no define wet season
7. Relative humidity is very low usually less than 25% because of intensive dry skies and low levels
of evapotranspiration
8. The areas experience a long dry season of over 9 months and a short wet season of about 3 months
9. The air is dry due to constant winds blowing across the area
10. There are strong winds associated with the north east trade winds
Factors influencing the climate of Uganda.
1. The distance from the water bodies like lakes
 Areas near water bodies like lake victoria experience equatorial climate characteristics by heavy
rainfall of above 1500mm per annum and hot temperatures ranging between 25*C – 28*C in areas
like Mukono, Jinja, masaka, kampala and Entebbe. This is because the lake has contributed to the
formation of convectional rainfall through evapotranspiration and due to the influence of land and
lake breeze which creates a simple convergence zone leading to rainfall formation
 The land and lake breeze also make the areas around water bodies humid for example kampala,
Entebbe and Jinja around lake victoria
 While those areas with limited water bodies like Kotido, Kaabong and Moroto receive low rainfall
amounts less than 750 mm per annum with very hot temperatures of above 30*C
2. Relief/topography
 Mountainous/highland areas receive heavy orographic rainfall on the windward sides for example
Mbale, Manafwa, Bududa and Bulambuli on Mt. Elgon. This is due to their ability to disrupt moist
winds forcing them to rise, condense and form relief rainfall, which is mainly received on
windward sides. On the other hand low rainfall amount is received on the leeward sides for
example Kasese on Mt. Rwenzori, Nakapiripiriti on Mt. Elgon
 Plateau areas receive moderate amount of rainfall due to their relatively flat nature, which does not
significantly disrupt moist bearing winds for example in Soroti, Luwero, Isingiro, Gulu, Apac,
Arua and Masindi
 Lowlands especially the rift valley floor have a general absence of highlands to trap the winds and
therefore receive low rainfall amount and they are characterized by descending winds which
become heated adiabatically leading to every hot temperatures for example in Butiaba, Buliisa,
Ntoroko and parts of Kasese
3. Altitude
 High altitude areas have cool temperatures since temperatures decrease with altitude at the rate of
1*C for every 100 meters ascend for example Bundibugyo, Kabarole, parts of Kasese on Mt.
Rwenzori, Mbale, Kapchorwa, Manafwa, Bududa and Kwen on Mt. Elgon, Kabale and Kisoro on
Mt. Muhavura
 On the other hand, low altitude areas experience hot temperatures for example Butiaba, Buliisa,
Ntoroko, Katwe and Muhokya since they are characterized by descending winds which are heated
adiabatically
4. Influence of prevailing winds. The climate of Uganda is affected by three major prevailing winds
i.e.
 The north east trade winds, blowing from Saudi Arabia through Somalia, Ethiopia to north west
Kenya to Karamoja districts of Kaabong and Moroto. It is a dry wind responsible for the dry
conditions/low rainfall amount in the region
 The south east trade winds from the Indian ocean is a moisture laden wind responsible for heavy
rainfall around lake victoria in Jinja, Mukono, kampala and Entebbe
 Equatorial westerlies from Democratic Republic of Congo are moisture laden winds responsible for
heavy rainfall on the western slopes of highlands in western Uganda for example Bundibugyo on
Mt. Rwenzori and Kisoro on Mt. Muhavura
5. Latitudinal location
 Areas which lie across or near the equator experience equatorial climate where heavy rainfall is
received, which is distributed throughout the year with a double maxima in April and October due
to apparent overhead sun and the temperatures are warm above 21*C due to high altitude of the
sun throughout the year in areas like Entebbe, masaka, kampala and Jinja
 On the other hand, areas which are far away from the equator receive moderate seasonal rainfall
ranging between 750mm -1500 mm per annum received mainly from april to September and dry
season from October to march for example in Gulu, lira, Soroti, Kitgum and Amuru
6. Vegetation cover
 Areas with large tropical rain forests receive heavy rainfall due to evapotranspiration from swamps
and forests and temperatures are modified by the moisture released by forests like Budongo forest
in Masindi, Mabira forest in Buikwe and south Busoga forest in Mayuge
 Areas with savannah grassland vegetation receive moderate rainfall ranging between 750mm-
1500mm per annum due to limited rate of evapotranspiration for example Soroti, Kumi, Lira,
Amuru and Gulu
 Areas with scanty vegetation cover for example the dry bush savannah in Kaabong, Kotido,
Moroto, Lyantonde and Kiruhura experience dry conditions with low rainfall amounts received
below 750mm per annum due to limited evapotranspiration
7. Nature of the earth’s surface/albedo
Solid surfaces like land absorb more heat from the sun than water surfaces and therefore areas on lakes
experience warm temperatures for example Kalangala on lake victoria whiles areas on solid earth
surfaces experience hot temperatures because they absorb a lot of heat from the sun for example Gulu
and Kaabong
8. Global warming/climatic changes
 As a result of climatic changes, the planetary/global winds carry moisture from the melting ice
sheets of the Polar Regions to the low latitudes where Uganda lies. They drop it as heavy rainfall
resulting in to El-Nino for example in Mukono, Luwero and kampala in 1997/1998 or periods of
drought (La-Nino)
9. Human activities
 Human activities like settlement, industrialization and construction of transport route, swamp
reclamation and agriculture have resulted in to destruction of forests which has resulted in to low
rainfall formation for example Mabira forest in Buikwe destroyed by sugar corporation of Uganda
Limited (SCOUL), reclamation of Kiruruma swamp in Kabale
 On the other hand, man’s activities like afforestation for example Mafuga and Muko forest in
Kabale and Katuugo forest in Nakasongola and the government policy of gazetting forests as forest
reserves and wildlife reserves such as Mabira forest in Buikwe, Mt. Elgon forests in Mbale has led
to preservation of forest that have encouraged rainfall formation
RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION IN UGANDA
Rainfall distribution refers to the spread out of rainfall amounts over different areas in a given period
of time
The rainfall amounts in Uganda are unevenly distributed; some areas receive heavy rainfall, moderate
rainfall or low rainfall amounts
 Areas receiving heavy rainfall of over 1500mm per annum include Kalangala, Entebbe, kampala,
Buikwe, Jinja and Mukono in central Uganda, Mbale, Manafwa and Bududa on Mt. Elgon, Kisoro,
Kabale and Rukungiri on the Kigezi highlands
 Areas receiving moderate rainfall of between 1000 – 1500 mm per annum include; Luwero, Mpigi,
Soroti, Kumi and Lira
 Areas of low rainfall amount of below750 mm per annum include; Kaabong, Kotido, Nakapiripiriti
and Moroto in Karamoja region, Sembabule, Rakai, Kiruhura and Lyantonde in Ankole- Masaka
dry corridor, Nakasongola in central Uganda and Ntoroko, Buliisa and Kasese in the rift valley
region
A SKETCH MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION

Factors influencing rainfall distribution in Uganda.

1. The distance from the water bodies like lakes.
 Areas near water bodies like Lake Victoria receive heavy rainfall of above 1500 mm per annum in
areas like Mukono, Jinja, masaka, kampala and Entebbe. This is because the lake has contributed
to the formation of convectional rainfall through evapotranspiration and due to the influence of
land and lake breeze which create a simple convergence zone leading to rainfall formation
 While those areas with limited water bodies like Kotido, Kaabong and Moroto receive low rainfall
amounts less than 750 mm per annum due to limited evapotranspiration
2. Relief/topography
 Mountainous/highland areas receive heavy orographic rainfall on the windward sides for example
Mbale, Manafwa, Bududa and Bulambuli on Mt. Elgon and low rainfall amount on the leeward
sides for example Kasese on Mt. Rwenzori and Nakapiripiriti on Mt. Elgon. This is due to their
ability to disrupt moist winds forcing them to rise condense and form relief rainfall which is
mainly received on windward sides.
 Plateau areas receive moderate amounts of rainfall due to their relatively flat nature, which does not
significantly disrupt moist winds for example in Soroti, Luwero, Isingiro, Gulu, Apac, Arua and
Masindi
 Lowlands especially the rift valley floor have a general absence of highlands to trap the winds and
therefore receive low rainfall amounts for example in Butiaba, Buliisa, Ntoroko and parts of
Kasese
3. Influence of prevailing winds. The climate of Uganda is affected by three major prevailing winds
i.e.
 The north east trade winds, blowing from Saudi Arabia through Somalia, Ethiopia to north west
Kenya to Karamoja districts of Kaabong, Kotido, and Moroto. It is a dry wind responsible for the
dry conditions/low rainfall amounts in the region
 The south east trade winds from Indian Ocean is a moisture laden wind responsible for heavy
rainfall around lake victoria in Jinja, Mukono, kampala and Entebbe
 Equatorial westerlies are moisture laden winds responsible for heavy rainfall on the western slopes
of highlands in western Uganda for example Bundibugyo on Mt. Rwenzori and Kisoro on Mt.
Muhavura
4. Latitudinal location

CHAPETER 8

UGANDA’S NATURAL VEGETATION.

Natural vegetation refers to plant cover on the surface of the earth which is best suitable to the
physical conditions in the area i.e. grows without influence of human activities.

Types of vegetation in Uganda.

 Tropical lowland forests like Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi.
 Tropical highland forest like Mt. Elgon forest in Mbale and Mgahinga forest
 Savannah woodland like Zulia forest, Timu forest and Agoro-Agu forest
 Savannah grassland for example in Mukono, Kayunga, Pallisa, Kumi and Soroti
 Dry bush savannah for example in Kaabong, Moroto, Kiruhura and Kasese
 Swamp vegetation for example river katonga forest and river Kafu forest

A SKECH MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF VEGETATION

TROPICAL RAINFORESTS.

Tropical rain forests are forests which are found in tropical land receiving heavy rainfall of above
1500mm per annum

Tropical rain forests in Uganda can be categorized as,

 Tropical highland forest like mountain Elgon forest in Mbale and mountain Rwenzori forest in
Bundibugyo
 Riverine forests like along river katonga, Kafu and victoria Nile

Characteristics of tropical rain forests.

 Trees appear in mixed stands growing profusely with over 25 tree species growing in one area due
to ample water supply
 The trees have straight and tall trunks due to ample water supply
 The trees form canopies usually of three layers
 The forest is composed of predominantly hard wood trees like Musizi, mahogany, red heart and
mvule
 Most trees have buttress roots ranging between 1-2 meters that give support from the huge and tall
trees
 They have climbing plants such as lianas and epiphytes that get support from the huge and tall
trees
 The trees have broad leaves which tap enough sunlight for photosynthesis and increase on the rate
of transpiration of excess water
 Trees have a long gestation period to mature of over 50 years
 The forest have thin undergrowth or no undergrowth due to the three layers of canopies which lead
to inadequate sunlight reaching the ground
 The forests are ever green since trees shed off their leaves due at different intervals
 The forests are associated with luxuriant growth due to ample rainfall received
 Trees have thick and smooth barks

SAVANNAH VEGETATION

This is the type of vegetation in tropical lands that grows in areas which receive moderate rainfall of
between 750-1500mm per annum. It is the most dominant type of vegetation in Uganda. Savannah
vegetation in Uganda is divided in to in to savannah woodland, savannah grassland and dry savannah.

Savannah woodland.

This is the type of savannah vegetation that grows near tropical rainforests where rainfall is about 750-
1500mm per annum for example Otze, Mt. Kei, Agoro-Agu, Morungole, Timu woodlands

Characteristics of savannah woodland

 Trees form almost complete plant cover of trees and shrubs intertwined
 The trees are tropical hardwoods and of mixed stands
 They have a variety of trees of medium height ranging from 8-16m tall
 The trees are deciduous, shedding off their leaves during dry season
 Vegetation has thick undergrowth in form of bushes, tall grass and shrubs because the light can
penetrate through the tree leaves
 Trees are generally umbrella shaped
 Drought resistant trees like baobab and acacia are common here
 The trees tend to be fire resistant
 Trees have long taproots to suck water from the great depth

Savannah grassland

This is the type of savannah vegetation that grows in periphery of savannah woodland where rainfall
ranges between 500-750mm per annum. It is common in Lira, Gulu, Soroti, and Pallisa

Characteristics of savannah grassland

 Grasses form a dominant plant life due to low rainfall amount received supporting the growth of
grass
 Grasses turn brown or yellow during the dry season
 The grasses grow at the height of about 0.5-1 m tall
 The grasses have scattered trees which have small leaves
 Trees have thick barks
 Trees are highly deciduous due to seasonality of rainfall for example acacia and baobab
Dry bush savannah vegetation

This type of vegetation is dominant in dry areas which receive less than 500mm per annum. For
example in Moroto, Kotido, Kaabong, Lyantonde, Rakai and parts of Kasese

Characteristics of dry bush savannah

 The vegetation consists of thorny bushes with shrub growing between them
 The vegetation consists of short grasses with bare sand between them
 Drought resistant trees such as baobab and acacia are common
 The trees have small leaves to reduce on the rate of transpiration
 Trees tend to develop a very long tap root to penetrate underground to obtain water
 Some trees like baobab have swollen trunks to store food during dry season

MONTANE VEGETATION

This is the type of vegetation found in mountainous areas of Uganda for example Mt. Elgon forests in
Mbale, Mt. Rwenzori forests in Kasese and Bundibugyo

Characteristics of montane vegetation

 Savannah vegetation is found in the area below 1800 meters above sea level characterized by tall
grasses like elephant and spear grass, scattered trees, deciduous trees, trees are umbrella shaped,
grass dries during dry season
 Rain forests are found at an altitude of about 1800-2500 meters above sea level characterized by
tall trees up to 50 meters, trees are ever green, trees are in thick layers of canopy, trees have
buttress roots, little or no undergrowth, climbing plants like lianas
 Temperate forests are found at an altitude of about 2500-3000 meters above sea level characterized
by coniferous soft wood trees like cedar, podo carp and camphor, trees are ever green, trees have
straight trunks, thick bark, needle shaped leaves, no undergrowth
 Bamboo forests are found at an altitude of about 3000-3500 meters above sea level characterized
by bamboo plants which have segmented stems and are hollow inside, have small tough painted
leaves, are ever green, have pop roots, are in single layer
 Heath and moorland is found at an altitude of about 3500-4500 meters above sea level. Consists of
grass, shrubs and flowers, plants include Lobelia and giant groundsel

SWAMP VEGETATION

Swamp vegetation is the type of vegetation found in lowland areas with impeded drainage. For
example around lakes in swamps like Murchison bay wetland, Sango bay wetlands around lake
victoria, Tumba wetland and Lwampanga wetland on lake Kyoga, along rivers for example Kafu and
katonga wetland and in open valleys like Lubenge wetland in Nakasongola, Lubigi in Kampala. This
type of vegetation is dominated by papyrus, palms, and grasses which like water logging conditions

Characteristics of swamp vegetation

 They are composed of evergreen plants like papyrus and palm trees due to water logging
conditions
 They have broad leaves to increase on the rate of evapotranspiration
 Trees have aerial roots
 Trees are mainly soft wood trees like papyrus and palms
 Trees have short trunks and stumps due to lack of strong taproots

Factors influencing vegetation distribution in Uganda.

Vegetation distribution refers to the way in which vegetation is spread out over different areas in a
given period of time.

Physical factors.

1. Climate.
 Areas with equatorial type of climate receive heavy rainfall above 1500mm per annum and
well distributed throughout the year which has encouraged the growth of tropical rainforests
for example tropical low land forests like Mabira forests in Buikwe, Budongo and tropical
highland forests like Mt. Rwenzori forests in Kasese and Mt. Elgon forests in Mbale
 Areas with tropical climate receiving moderate rainfall ranging between 750-1000 mm per
annum have encouraged the growth of savannah woodland for example Mt. Kei forests, Zulia
forests
 Areas which receive moderate rainfall of 500-750 per annum have promoted the growth of
savannah grassland for example in Soroti, Gulu, Lira and Kumi
 Areas with semi-desert climate receive low rainfall amounts of less than 500mm per annum
which has encouraged the growth dry bush savannah for example in Moroto, Kotido, Kaabong
2. Soils.
 Areas with deep fertile soils have encouraged the growth of tropical rainforests for example
the fertile volcanic soils in Mbale and Manafwa have encouraged the growth of tropical
highland forests like Mt. Elgon forest
 The fertile tropical loam soils have encouraged the growth of tropical lowland forests like
Mabira forests in Buikwe, Budongo forests in Masindi and Bugoma forests in Hoima.
 Areas with soils of medium productivity have led to the growth of savannah vegetation for
example savannah grassland in Gulu, Soroti, Kumi, Lira
 Soils of low productivity have led to the growth of dry bush savannah in Kaabong, Kotido and
Moroto
3. Altitude
 Between 600-1000 meters above sea level there is dry bush savannah due to hot temperatures
experienced for example in Kasese. Ntoroko and Buliisa
 The low altitude has encouraged the growth of swamp vegetation due to water logging
conditions for example along katonga swamp and victoria Nile
 Between 1000-1800m above sea level there is savannah vegetation due to fairly fertile soils
and hot temperatures for example in Soroti, kami, Gulu and Lira
 Between 1800-2500 meters above sea level there is tropical rainforests like Budongo forest,
Mabira forests, Bugoma forest due to hot temperatures, high humidity of about 80% and
fertile soils
  Between 2500-3000 meters above sea level, there are temperate forests ue to low
temperatures, moderate rainfall and fairly thin well drained soils for example mountain
Rwenzori forests
 Between 3000-3500 meters above sea level there are bamboo forests due to fairly fertile soils
and moderate rainfall
 Between 3500-4500 meters above sea level there is heath and moorland due to low rainfall,
low humidity and thin soils.
4. Relief
 Steep slopes of high mountains have encouraged the growth of montane forest, heath and
moorland due to low temperatures and thin soils for example mountain Rwenzori forests
 Plateau areas receive moderate rainfall leading to the growth of savannah grassland for
example in Soroti, Kumi and lira and tropical rainforest like Mabira forest, Budongo and
Bugoma forest
 Lowlands experience dry conditions leading to growth of dry bush savannah in Kasese,
Ntoroko, Buliisa and Butiaba
5. Drainage.
 Poorly drained areas in lowlands and valleys characterized by flooding have led to the growth
of swamp vegetation in katonga swamp, Murchison bay swamp around lake victoria, Lubenge
swamp in Nakasongola
 Poorly drained areas of high mountains have led to the growth of heath and moorland for
example on mountain Rwenzori
 Areas with well drained soils have encouraged the growth of tropical rainforests like Mabira in
Buikwe, Budongo in Masindi and savannah vegetation in Soroti, Kumi, Gulu and lira
6. Organisms like wild animals influence vegetation distribution through overgrazing the vegetation
changes to secondary type for example in Queen Elizabeth national park in Kasese where
elephants and hippopotamuses have over grazed on the natural vegetation leading to dry bush
savannah vegetation. Insects like periodic invasion of locusts in Masindi, Kaabong and Kotido and
aphids in Muko and Mafuga forests in Kabale destroy the vegetation in the areas.
7. Occurrence of natural fires, which is often started by lighting leads to destruction of vegetation
especially swamp like katonga swamp

Human activities

8. Agricultural practices have led to destruction of vegetation to establish plantations for example
Mabira being destroyed by Lugazi SCOUL plantation, Bugala island forests being destroyed by
palm oil plantations, over grazing has also led to destruction of forests an grasslands creating dry
bush savannah vegetation in Kaabong, Kotido, Kiruhura and Rakai
9. Settlement and urbanization has led to clearing of vegetation for example destruction of Nsooba
swamp vegetation as a result of settlement at Kalerwe and Nsooba, destruction of savannah
grassland in Kumi and Soroti for settlement
10. Industrialization has led to destruction of forests to establish industries and to acquire raw
materials for industries for industries for example the establishment of the coca cola industry at
Namanve led to destruction of Namanve forest
11. Mining activities have led to destruction of vegetation to establish mines for example Kajjansi clay
extraction has led to Kajjansi swamp vegetation
12. Government policy of gazetting forests and grasslands as national parks, game reserves and forest
reserves has led to preservation of forests and wetlands for example Mt. Elgon forest, Mabira
forest and Budongo forest
13. Afforestation and re-afforestation programmes have helped the destroyed natural vegetation for
example Katuugo in Nakasongola, Mafuga and Muko in Kabale, Lendu forest in Nebbi
14. Bush burning which is brought about by hunters to easily acquire wild animals and pastoralists to
acquire fresh pasture at the onset of the wet season has led to destruction of forests and grasslands
for example the grasslands in Soroti, lira, Kumi and Nakasongola
15. Construction of transport and communication network for example roads has led to destruction of
the vegetation for example the construction of Kampala-Jinja road led to the destruction of part of
Mabira forest, the construction of northern bypass in kampala led to the destruction of part of
Lubigi swamp vegetation

REVISION QUESTIONS

1. Explain the factors influencing the distribution of natural vegetation in Uganda.

 Define natural vegetation, identify the types of natural vegetation in Uganda with place names and
draw a sketch map of Uganda showing the types of natural vegetation
 Explain the factors influencing the distribution of natural vegetation giving an example of type of
vegetation and place name
2. (a) Explain the impact of climate on the growth of vegetation in Uganda.
 Define vegetation, identify the types of vegetation in Uganda with place names and draw a sketch
map of Uganda showing the types of vegetation
 Explain the influence of climate on the growth of vegetation and then other factors giving an
example of type of vegetation and place name on every point

(b) Explain how the vegetation is an indicator of land use patterns in Uganda.

 Give the different land use types in the different types of vegetation giving an example of types of
vegetation and place name on every point

3. (a) Describe the characteristics of tropical rainforests

 Define tropical rain forests, identify the types of tropical rainforests giving the example of a forest,
and draw a sketch map of Uganda showing the types of tropical rainforests and name of forest
 Outline the characteristics of tropical rainforests

(b) Explain the factors limiting the effective utilization of tropical rainforests in Uganda.

 Explain the factors giving an example of name of a forest in every point

4. Explain the causes of disappearance of tropical rainforests in Uganda.
 Define tropical rainforests, identify the types of tropical rainforests with their place names, and
draw a sketch map of Uganda showing the tropical rainforests.
 Explain the causes of disappearance of tropical rainforest in Uganda giving an example of the
forest on every point
5. Account for the growth of savannah vegetation in Uganda.
 Define savannah vegetation, identify the types of savannah vegetation and draw a sketch map
 Give the factors for the growth of savannah vegetation (from factors influencing vegetation
distribution) giving an example of place names on every point

CHAPTER 9

FORESTRY IN UGANDA.

Current status of the forestry industry in Uganda.

 Currently, the district with the highest acreage of tropical high forest is Kyenjojo followed by
Bushenyi, Mukono, Hoima and Kibaale.
 The forest cover currently is about 18.8% of the total land area in Uganda.
 More forest zones are being gazetted in Uganda
 There are 698 forest reserves in Uganda (both local and central)
 The national forestry Authority manages 1,266,000 ha of CFR’s, some of which it manages in
collaboration with Uganda Wildlife Authority
 There is high rate of destruction of forests and the average rate of forest destruction is 1.8% per
annum for the last 15 years
 Some forests have been degazetted for example Namanve forest
 Afforestation and re-afforestation is on the increase in many areas in Uganda
 Tropical lowland forests in Uganda account for about 81.4%
 Tropical highland forest (montane) account for about 17.9%
 Planted forests currently cover 0.3% of the total land area in Uganda
 Agro-forestry is being carried out in many parts of Uganda
 There is introduction of silvi-culture for carbon trade to mitigate climate
 Most of the planted forests comprise of pine and eucalyptus trees
 Much of the forest destruction is due to need for charcoal and fire wood (biomass)
 The government of Uganda has established the national Forestry Authority (NFA) to coordinate
the forestry activities
 Use of sustainable exploitation of forests is being emphasized by the government through the use
of simple tools like pit saws, axes

Districts with the highest acreage f tropical high forests

District Area 1990 (ha) Area 2005 (ha)

Kyenjojo 54,242.32 84,676.10
Bushenyi 71,057.23 68,231.03
Mukono 100,626.65 63,977.12
Hoima 75,143.95 58,889.27
Kibaale 114,102.66 58,268.06
Kasese 41,692.26 49,794.47
Bundibugyo 39,452.96 45,611.76
Kabarole 39,611.79 39,177.01
Masindi 36,373.82 31,933.49
Mpigi 40,300.64 27,169.67
 Kamwenge 25,412.20 26,768.57

Source; state of the environment NEMA report 2008 pg. 114

Types of forests in Uganda.

The major types of forests in Uganda include;

 Tropical lowland forests like Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi, Bugoma forest
in Hoima and south Busoga forest in Mayuge
 Tropical highland forests/montane forests for example mountain Rwenzori forests in Bundibugyo,
mountain Elgon forests in Mbale and Muhavura forests in Kisoro
 Woodland forests like Otze, Timu and Mt. Kei forest
 Riverine forest such as river Katonga forest, victoria Nile forest, Kafu forests and Mayanja forests
 Planted forests for example Mafuga forest and Muko forest in Kabale, Abera forest in Gulu, Lendu
forest in Nebbi, Katuugo forest in Nakasongola, Kateera forest in Kiboga and Magamaga forest in
Jinja

A SKETCH MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF FORESTS

Factors which have favoured the development of the forestry industry in Uganda.

Physical factors

1. The presence of valuable tree species which are highly demanded with hardwood spices like
Mahogany and Mvule in Mabira forest in Buikwe and Budongo forest in Masindi and soft wood
tree species like pines in Katuugo forest in Nakasongola
2. Ideal climatic conditions like heavy rainfall of above 1500mm per annum and hot temperatures of
about 21*C encourage the growth of forests like Mabira forest in Buikwe and Budongo forest in
Masindi, Mafuga forest and Muko forest in Kabale
3. The presence of fertile soils encourages the growth of forests like Mabira forest in Buikwe,
Budongo forest in Masindi
4. The mountainous nature of some parts makes these areas inaccessible leading to the growth of
forests like mountain Elgon forests in Mbale, Mt. Rwenzori forest in Bundibugyo
5. Presence of vast land has encouraged large scale planting of forest like Katuugo forest in
Nakasongola, Kateera forest in Kiboga, Muko forests and Mafuga in Kabale

Human factors

6. Availability of adequate capital to invest in the forestry industry for example in paying labour to
exploit forests such as Mafuga and Muko forest in Kabale
7. The availability of reliable power and energy for example hydroelectric power and petroleum used
in running of machines in Katuugo forest in Nakasongola
8. The availability of abundant supply of cheap labour to work as lumber jacks in Katuugo forest in
Nakasongola and Mafuga forest in Kabale
9. The availability of a large market for the forest products like timber and furniture both at home and
abroad for products from Mabira forest in Buikwe and Mafuga forest in Kabale
10. The availability of numerous processing industries to process forest products for example Nile ply
wood in Jinja for products from Katuugo forest in Nakasongola
11. Availability of improved technology in forest exploitation and transportation for example power
driven saws, tractors and trailers has encouraged exploitation of Muko forest in Kabale, Lendu
forest in Nebbi
12. The Favourable government policies of afforestation and re-afforestation and encouraging
investors to invest in the forest industry in forests like Mafuga forest and Muko forest in Kabale,
Lendu forest in Nebbi
13. Availability of improved transport network for the delivery of forest products to market centers for
example Kampala-Gulu road for Katuugo forest, Kampala-Jinja road for Magamaga forest in Jinja
14. Intensive research conducted by the national Forestry authority (NFA) and NEMA has encouraged
sustainable exploitation of forests such as Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
15. The relative political stability has encouraged investors to invest in the forestry industry for
example in planted forests like Katuugo forest in Nakasongola, Lendu forest in Nebbi

Contribution of the forestry to the development of Uganda.

1. Forestry is a source of employment opportunities to people as forest rangers, lumber jacks in the
exploitation of Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi, Mafuga forest and Muko
forests in Kabale
2. It is a source of government revenue through imposing taxes on people and companies involved in
the exploitation of Mafuga forest in Kabale and Katuugo forest in Nakasongola
3. Forestry has encouraged urbanization where saw milling centers have developed in to prominent
towns for example Katuugo on Katuugo forest in Nakasongola and Nyabyeya on Budongo forest
in Masindi
4. Forests have boosted tourism leading to increased foreign exchange for example Mabira forest in
Buikwe and Budongo forest in Masindi
5. Forestry has boosted the development of transport infrastructure especially roads connecting
forests to saw mills to market centers for example roads from Mbale to mountain Elgon forests in
Mbale, Katuugo to Katuugo forest in Nakasongola, Nyabyeya to Budongo forest in Masindi
6. Forestry has encouraged diversification of the economy thus reducing overdependence on
agriculture by generating some income from Mabira forest in Buikwe and Mafuga forest in Kabale
7. Forestry is a source of foreign exchange through exportation of forest products like timber from
Lendu forest in Nebbi and Katuugo forest in Nakasongola
8. Forestry has promoted international cooperation between Uganda and her trade partners in forest
products from Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
9. Forests are source of medicine and food to cure various diseases for example wild honey from
Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
10. Forestry has boosted industrialization by providing raw materials for forest related industries like
Nile plywood in Jinja using products from Katuugo forest in Nakasongola,
11. Forests have promoted soil conservation through controlling soil erosion and addition of manure to
the soil in forest like Mabira forest in Buikwe and Budongo forest in Masindi,
12. Forests are a source of fuel for domestic and industrial use in form of firewood obtained from
Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
13. Forests have promoted climatic modification through evapotranspiration which leads to formation
of convection rainfall encouraging agriculture for example Mabira in Buikwe and Budongo forest
in Masindi
14. Forestry has encouraged wildlife conservation and conservation of biodiversity since forests act as
habitat for wild animals for example monkeys and gorillas in Bwindi impenetrable forests and
Mgahinga forests in Kisoro.
15. Forests help in the purification of the atmosphere by absorbing greenhouse gases like carbon
dioxide and methane for example Mabira forest in Buikwe and Budongo forest in Masindi
16. Forests act as water catchment areas for numerous rivers which encourage fishing and other
economic activities for example river Sezibwa from Mabira forest in Buikwe, river Sipi and
Manafwa from mountain Elgon forest in Mbale

Negative effects

1. Forests act as habitat for dangerous wild animals which threaten human life for example lions and
leopards from Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
2. Forests are breeding grounds for pests and diseases carrying vectors affecting human settlement for
example tsetse flies in south Busoga forests in Mayuge and Budongo forests in Masindi
3. Dense forests hinder the construction of transport and communication network especially roads
since they are expensive to clear for example Mabira forest in Buikwe and Budongo in Masindi
4. Forests act as hiding places for rebels and wrong doers who destabilize peace in the country for
example ADF rebels in mountain Rwenzori forests in Bundibugyo
5. Exploitation of forests has led to urbanization with its associated problems like prostitution,
unemployment and others for example at Katuugo forest in Katuugo forest in Nakasongola and
Nyabweya on Budongo forest in Masindi
6. Exploitation of forests has led to industrial pollution from forest related industries like Nile
plywood in Jinja and furniture making industries for example at Katuugo on Katuugo forest in
Nakasongola and Nyabweya on Budongo forest
7. Planted forest highly drain the soil making it less productive for agriculture for example Mafuga
forest and Muko forest in Kabale and Abera forest in Gulu
8. Forest exploitation has led to withdrawal of labour from other sectors like agriculture hence
limiting their growth for example exploitation of Mabira forest in Buikwe and Lendu forest in
Nebbi
9. Exploitation of forests is associated with accidents leading to loss of lives during felling and
loading of logs in Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest an Katuugo forest in Nakasongola

FOREST DESTRUCTION IN UGANDA

The table below shows forest destruction in Uganda.

Districts with highest deforestation rates

District 1990 (ha) 2005 (ha) Loss %loss

Kibale 114,102.66 58,268.06 -55,834.60 48.9
Mukono 100,626.65 63,977.12 -36,649.53 36.4
Wakiso 28,461.12 3,781.68 -24,679.44 86.7
Hoima 75,143.95 58,889.27 -16,254.68 21.6
Mayuge 15,162.05 0 -15,162.05 100
Mubende 18,618.86 3,906.65 -14,712.22 79
Mpigi 40,300.64 27,169.67 -13,130.98 32.6
Mityana 10,247.86 4,137.66 -6,110.20 59.6
Masindi 36,373.82 31,933.49 -4,440.34 12.2
Source; State of the Environment NEMA Report 2008 pg. 126

Causes of forest destruction in Uganda.

Physical factors

1. Destruction of forests by herbivorous wild animals especially elephants and giraffes in Parabong
forests in Nebbi, Budongo forests in Masindi and Bwindi impenetrable forests in Kisoro
2. Destruction of forests by wild fires caused by lighting for example katonga forest in Masaka and
Sezibwa forest in Kayunga
3. Destruction of forests by natural calamity for example landslides in Bududa and Bulambuli
districts led to destruction of Mt. Elgon forests in Bududa
4. Climate changes in Uganda for example prolonged drought affects the growth of trees in forests
like Mabira forests in Buikwe and Budongo forest in Masindi, while heavy rainfall triggers off
landslides leading to destruction of forests like Mt. Elgon forests in Mbale
5. Destruction of planted forest by pests and diseases for example wood peckers and aphids destroy
planted forests in Muko forest and Mafuga forest in Mbale
6. The long gestation period of tree species like mahogany and mvule has led to quick depletion of
forests without replacement for example Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi and
south Busoga forest in Mayuge.

Human factors

7. Increased demand for agricultural land especially plantation agriculture has led to destruction of
forests like Mabira forest in Buikwe for sugarcane growing by Lugazi sugar plantation, Budongo
forest destroyed by Kinyara sugar plantation
8. Increased demand for land for settlement due to population pressure in Uganda has led to
destruction of Mabira forest in Buikwe and Budongo forest in Masindi
9. Increased demand for energy in form of firewood from forests like Mabira forest in Buikwe,
Budongo forest in Masindi
10. Improved technology with its negative effects like the use of power driven machines has led to
massive destruction of forests like Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
11. Land tenure system whereby some forests are owned by private individuals leading to their
destruction for example Ngajju forest in Luwero and Katuugo forest in Nakasongola
12. Increased demand for forest products like electric poles, timber for furniture leading o destruction
of Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
13. Need to control dangerous pests and diseases that cause diseases for example tsetse flies in south
Busoga forest in Mayuge and Budongo forest in Masindi
14. Bush burning either by hunters o easily obtain wild animals or by pastoralists for example Abera
forest and Opit forest in Gulu, Mabira forest in Buikwe and Budongo forest in Masindi
15. Contradicting government policy for example giving out forests for different land use activities for
example Namanve forest in Wakiso given to Coca-Cola industry and Bugala island forest in
Kalangala given out for oil palm plantation
16. Industrialization has led to destruction of forests to expand industries and obtain firewood used in
industries for example Namanve forests in Wakiso has been destroyed to establish the century
bottling company
17. Mining activities have led to destruction of forests to extract the minerals for example gold mining
in Kitaka mines led to the destruction of Kitaka forest reserve in Kamwenge, gold mining in
Buhweju led to the destruction of Kyamuhunga forest
18. Destruction of forests due to political instability to get rid of the hiding places for rebels for
example Nyamityobora forest in Mbarara and Namanve forest in Wakiso
19. Need to control dangerous pests and diseases carrying vectors which may be harmful to humans
for example tsetse flies in south Busoga forest in Mayuge, Mabira forest in Buikwe
20. Corruption in the forestry department which involves illegal sale of timber and collection of bribes
leading to destruction of forests like Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo in Masindi
21. Construction of transport infrastructure especially roads for example the construction of Kampala-
Jinja road led to destruction of Mabira forest in Buikwe, Mityana-Fort portal road led to
destruction of Kibale forest in Kyenjojo
22. Increased herbal collection leading to destruction of trees in forests like Mabira forest in Buikwe
and Budongo forest in Masindi
23. De-gazetting of some forests for either settlement or agriculture for example Bugala island forests
in Kalangala district for the growing of oil palms and

Effects of forest destruction

1. It has resulted in to desertification with its characteristics like low rainfall amount and hot
temperatures due to destruction of forests like Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in
Masindi, Mafuga forest in Kabale
2. It has led to destruction of habitats for wildlife hence leading to reduction in biodiversity for
example in Mabira forest in Buikwe
3. It has led to increased soil erosion due to loss of vegetation cover that would protect the soil for
example in Bududa and Bulambuli due to destruction of M. Elgon forests
4. It has accelerated landslides due to loss of vegetation cover that would protect the soil for example
in Bududa and Bulambuli due to destruction of mountain Elgon forest
5. It has led to siltation of rivers leading to flooding since material is eroded from hills and deposited
in rivers for example river Nyamwamba due to destruction of mountain Rwenzori forest in Kasese
and river Sipi due to destruction of Mt. Elgon forest in Mbale
6. It has resulted in to resulted in to reduction in the water levels in lakes and rivers such as lake
victoria and river Nile due to destruction of Mabira forest in Mbale and Ssese islands forest in
Kalangala
7. It brings people in to close contact with dangerous wild animals due to destruction of their habitats
for example people adjacent to forests like Mabira in Buikwe and Mt. Elgon forest in Mbale
8. It has led to loss of medicinal plants for curing diseases for example from Mabira forest in Buikwe
9. It has led to lowering of the water table of the adjacent areas due to reduction in rainfall formation
in Mukono, Luwero, and Kampala due to destruction of Mabira forest in Buikwe
10. It has led to shortage of wood in many parts of Uganda due to reduction in forest cover in Mabira
forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
11. It has led to loss of base of people’s livelihood especially those who depend on forests as source of
income due to destruction of Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
12. It has led to reduction in grants from develop countries and donor communities like world Bank on
preservation of forests since they are discouraged by massive destruction of Mabira forest in
Buikwe and Budongo forest in Masindi

Problems facing forest exploitation in Uganda.

Physical factors

1. Nature of forest type especially tropical rainforests affects effective utilization in the following
ways;
(i) Most forests have trees which appear in mixed stands with over 25 tree species growing in
one hectare which makes selection of valuable tree species difficult in Mabira forest in
Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi and south Busoga forest in Mayuge
(ii) He hardwood nature of forest trees which take long to mature and have heavy log
increasing transportation costs in exploitation of Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest
in Masindi
(iii) The trees have buttress roots which makes felling difficult since felling requires using
ladders during felling which leads to accidents in exploiting Mabira forest in Buikwe,
Budongo forest in Masindi
(iv) The presence of few commercial tree species like mahogany, ebony and mvule surrounded
by trees of poor quality timber making felling difficult in Mabira forest in Buikwe,
Budongo forest in Masindi
(v) The presence of climbing plants like lianas and epiphytes make felling of trees difficult
hindering exploitation of Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
2. Unfavourable climatic conditions especially during rainy seasons leading to constant boggy
conditions and heavy rainfall that affects tree cutting and transportation of timber in Semiliki forest
in Bundibugyo, Budongo forest in Masindi
3. The presence of pests and diseases carrying vectors which scare away lumber jacks and other
forest exploiters for example mosquitos and tsetse flies in Kibale forest in Kabarole, and Budongo
forest in Masindi
4. Uncontrolled wild fires which destroy large areas of forest cover especially riverine forests like
river katonga forests, river Mayanja forests and river Kafu forests
5. The rugged relief in mountainous areas discourages construction of transport infrastructure in
mountain Rwenzori forest in Kasese, mountain Elgon forest in Mbale, Bwindi forest in
Bundibugyo
6. Natural hazards such as flooding, landslides affecting forest activities like tree felling and
transportation for example in the Mt. Elgon forests in Bududa, Mt. Rwenzori forests in
Bundibugyo
7. The existence of wild animals like leopards and lions which scare away labour engaged in forest
exploitation of Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest and south Busoga forests in Mayuge
8. Poor drainage in some areas affects tree cutting and transportation especially forests in swampy
areas and along rivers like Katonga forest, River Nile and river Kafu forest
9. Nature of the soils especially areas with clay soils which are sticky during rainy season, affects the
construction of transport and communication lines for example Mafuga forest, Mt. Elgon forest in
Bududa

Human factors

10. Poorly developed transport network especially roads connecting forest zones to market centers and
processing centers leading to delays in delivery of forest products and losses for example on
Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
11. Over exploitation of forests with valuable tree species leading to exhaustion of forests like Mabira
forest in Buikwe and Budongo forest in Masindi
12. Limited power supply to be used to run the machines in exploitation of Mabira forest in Buikwe,
Budongo forest in Masindi
13. Unfavourable government policy of restricting the exploitation through gazetting forests and forest
reserves and national parks for example Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
14. Competition from alternative raw materials especially plastics reduces demand for forest products
from Mabira forest in Buikwe and Budongo forest in Masindi
15. Low level of technology used in forest exploitation for example the use of pangas, axes and hand
saws in felling trees which are inefficient limiting the exploitation of Mabira forest in Buikwe and
Budongo forest in Masindi
16. Inadequate capital to purchase modern power saws and pay labour in exploitation of forests like
Mabira forest in Buikwe
17. Shortage of market due to competition with soft wood trees from Norway and Sweden which
reduces demand for forest products from Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
18. Bush burning by hunters and pastoralists leading to destruction of Mabira forest in Buikwe,
Budongo forest in Masindi
19. Limited skilled labour to work in the exploitation and protection of forest in terms of forest guards
and forest rangers in Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
20. Competition with other land uses like agriculture, settlement and industry leading to destruction of
forests like Mabira forest in Buikwe destroyed for sugarcane growing by Lugazi SCOUL
21. Limited research conducted by National Forestry Authority and NEMA concerning sustainable
exploitation of forests like Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi and Bugoma forest
in Hoima
22. Political insecurity in some parts of Uganda which scares away labour from forest exploitation for
example ADF in mountain Rwenzori forest in Kasese, armed robbers in Mabira forest in Mabira
23. Land tenure system/culture where landlords with big chunks of land or where land is communally
owned may not allow planting of trees limiting the expansion of Katuugo forest in Nakasongola
and Magamaga forest in Jinja and the planting of trees in Moroto, Kotido and Kaabong
24. Profit repatriation all profits earned by foreign owned forest companies are ploughed back to
countries of origin for example planted forests in Kagoma planted by Nile ply along Kamuli road
25. Corruption in the forest department involving illegal sale of timber, collection of bribes and
smuggling of forest products from Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
26. Accidents during felling and loading of forest products discourages people from carrying out
lumbering and other forest related activities in Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in
Masindi and Katuugo forest in Nakasongola

Measures being taken to conserve forests in Uganda.

1. Empowering support institutions to ensure sustainable exploitation of forest resources for example
National Forestry Authority (NFA) and NEMA to protect forests like Mabira forest in Buikwe,
Budongo forest in Masindi
2. Regular patrol by the officials in the National Forestry Authority and NEMA is being done to
protect forest like Mabira in Buikwe and Budongo in Masindi
3. Limiting exploitation by licensing of exploiters of forests to reduce over exploitation of forests like
Mabira in Buikwe, Budongo in Masindi
4. Evicting many encroachers of forests to reduce the rate of deforestation in the periphery of forests
like Mabira in Buikwe and Budongo in Masindi
5. Sensitization of the public about the importance of preserving and conserving forests and the
dangers of deforestation to protect Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
6. Afforestation and re-afforestation programmes are being encouraged to replace the lost forests by
planting forests like Katuugo forest in Nakasongola, Muko forest in Kabale, Lendu in Nebbi
7. Other sources of power and energy are being developed other than firewood and charcoal for
example hydroelectric power and solar energy to save forests like Mabira forest in Buikwe and
Budongo in Masindi
8. Agroforestry is being encouraged in which elements of agriculture are combined with forestry to
encourage the growth of trees for example at Kalengye and Kachwekano in Kabale, at Kabanyoro
and Kawanda to supplement Mabira forest in Buikwe and Budongo forest in Masindi
9. Gazetting forests as forest reserves and national parks to ensure sustainable exploitation of Mabira
forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
10. Research is being carried out by National Forestry and NEMA concerning sustainable exploitation
of Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
11. Political stability is being ensured by the National army (UPDF) and other security organs to
ensure security and reduce destruction of forests like Mabira forest, Budongo forest in Masindi
12. Promoting ecotourism which involves protecting fauna and flora and preservation of soil for the
purpose of promoting tourism in Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
13. Soliciting for foreign donation from donor countries like Norway, European Union to fund
sustainable exploitation of Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
14. Encouraging the use of alternative sources of raw materials for example plastics from Nice house
of plastics in Kampala, metallic poles from steel rolling mills in Jinja instead of using forest
products from Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
15. Education and training through higher institutions of learning like those doing zoology, botany
environmental science from Makerere University to acquire skilled labour force to protect forests
like Mabira forests in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
16. Cultural initiative to preserve forests for cultural purposes for example Nakayima tree in Mubende,
fight against destruction of Mabira forest by the Baganda of Buikwe
17. Demarcating forest boundaries to reduce encroachment within the periphery for example Mabira
forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi
18. Establishing tree nurseries by the forest department to increase afforestation and agroforestry for
example at Namanve national tree seed center for planted forests like Katuugo forest in
Nakasongola
19. The government is encouraging population control through family planning to reduce population
pressure and encroachment on forests like Mabira forest in Buikwe, Budongo forest in Masindi

REVISION QUESTIONS

1. To what extent have physical factors favoured the development of forestry in Uganda?
 Introduce by giving the current status of forestry, identify the types of forests with place names
and draw a sketch map of Uganda showing the distribution of forests
  Explain the role of physical factors in the development of forestry and then give other factors
giving an example of a forest on every point
2. Assess the contribution of forestry to the development of Uganda.
 Introduce by giving the current status of forestry, identify the types of forests with place names and
draw a sketch map of Uganda showing the distribution of forests
 Explain the positive and then negative contribution of the forestry, giving an example of a forest
on every point
3. Explain the factors hindering the exploitation of forest resources in Uganda.
 Introduce by giving the current status of forestry, identify the types of forests with place names and
draw a sketch map of Uganda showing the distribution of forests
 Explain the factors, giving an example of a forest on every point
4. Examine the importance the importance of afforestation in Uganda.
 Introduce by defining afforestation, identify the planted forests in Uganda and draw a sketch map
showing planted forest
 Explain the positive and then negative importance of afforestation, giving an example of a planted
forest on every point
5. To what extent have human factors hindered the development of the forestry industry in
Uganda?
 Give the current status of the forestry sector in Uganda
 Identify the types of forests and draw a sketch map of Uganda showing the types of forests
 Explain the human factors and then other factors hindering the development of the factory
industry, giving an example of a forest on every point
6. To what extent has the nature of forests hindered forest exploitation in Uganda?
 Give the current status of the forestry sector in Uganda.
 Identify the types of forests and draw a sketch map of Uganda showing the types of forests
 Explain how the nature of forests has hindered exploitation of forests and then other factors
hindering the exploitation of the forests, giving an example of a forest on every point

CHAPTER 10

WETLANDS/SWAMPS IN UGANDA

Wetlands/swamps are areas with plants and animals which experience seasonal or permanent
flooding.

Current status of wetlands in Uganda.

 Wetlands (swamps) in Uganda occupy about 10% of the country of which about one-third is
permanently flooded
 The wetlands in Uganda are hydrologically connected to rivers and lakes
 It is estimated that about 30% of the original wetland area have been converted to other uses like
settlement and agriculture
 The rate of conversion varies and ranges from as high as 53.8% in the lake victoria drainage basin
to as low as 14.3 % in the lake Albertine drainage basin
 The total area of wetlands is estimated at about 26,000 km2 and they occur in all the 8 major
drainage basins of Uganda
 Some wetlands have been gazetted by the National Environmental Management Authority
(NEMA)
 There is government initiative to avoid encroachment on wetlands

Types of swamps/wetlands in Uganda.

Swamps can be categorized in to three i.e.

 Lacustrine/lakeshore wetlands: these are wetlands around major lakes foe example Nabugabo and
Buyuga bay swamp in Masaka, Sango bay swamp in Rakai and Murchison bay swamp at Luzira
around Lake Victoria, Bukungu swamp in Buyende, Galiraya swamp in Kayunga on lake Kyoga,
Opeta swamp in Katakwi on lake Opeta.
 Riverine wetlands. These are wetlands found along rivers for example river Mpologoma swamp in
Pallisa, victoria Nile swamp and Sezibwa wetland in Kayunga, katonga wetland in Gomba and
Kafu wetland in Masindi
 Valley or lowland wetlands or dombos. These are wetlands in open valleys for example Lubigi
swamp in Wakiso, Nsooba swamp and Busega swamp in Kampala, Mukote and Lubenge swamp
in Nakasongola and Kiruruma swamp in Kabale

A SKETCH MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING WETLANDS

Importance of wetlands in Uganda.

1. Wetlands have favoured mining especially sand quarrying and clay extraction which provide
employment to the people for example clay from Kajjansi swamp in Wakiso
2. Wetlands have favoured agriculture especially water loving crops like rice in Mpologoma swamp
in Pallisa, Doho rice scheme in river Manafwa swamp in Butaleja, yams in Kawaala swamp in
kampala
3. Swamps have promoted fishing due to the presence of various fish species like lung fish, mud fish,
Tilapia in Sezibwa swamp in Luwero, Mpologoma wetland in Pallisa and Nabugabo swamp in
masaka
4. Swamps have favoured wildlife conservation and conservation of biodiversity for example
Kazinga channel and Katwe swamp on lake Edward and Kasenyi swamp on George in Kasese,
since wetlands are habitat for different species of animals like hippopotamuses, crocodiles etc.
5. Wetlands have contributed to climatic modification of the adjacent areas through
evapotranspiration which has promoted agriculture for example along katonga swamp in Gomba,
Sezibwa swamp in Luwero and Opeta swamp in Katakwi
6. Swamps provide water for domestic and industrial use for example Sezibwa swamp in Bukolooto
and Kayunga, Kajjansi swamp to Uganda clays, Nabajjuzi swamp to Masaka
7. Wetlands are used for research and study purposes for example zoology and botany for example
wetlands like Nabugabo swamp in Masaka, Lubigi swamp in Wakiso
8. Wetlands act a water reservoirs for the collection of excess water that would cause flooding for
example Lubigi swamp in Wakiso and Nsooba swamp in Kampala
9. Wetlands act as water catchment areas to supply lakes with water for example Nabugabo wetland
in Masaka and Murchison bay swamp in Luzira to lake victoria while Sezibwa swamp in Kayunga
and Mpologoma swamp in Pallisa supply water to lake Kyoga ,
10. Wetlands have favoured the development of the art and craft industry due to the presence of raw
materials like clay in Kajjansi wetland in Wakiso for Uganda clays Kajjansi, palm trees and
papyrus from Sezibwa wetland in Kayunga for the manufacture of mats and baskets in Kayunga
11. Wetlands have favoured hunting of wild animals and food gathering for example the hunting of
antelopes, hippopotamuses and collection of wild honey in Sezibwa swamp in Kayunga and
Nabajjuzi swamp in Masaka and Murchison bay wetland at Luzira
12. Wetlands are used to demarcate districts and country boundaries for example Sezibwa swamp
separates Luwero from Kayunga district, katonga swamp separartes Gomba from Sembabule
13. Some wetlands have favoured water transport to the people which has promoted both internal and
foreign trade for example Sezibwa wetland from Luwero to Kayunga

Negative influence of wetlands in Uganda.

1. Wetlands have hindered construction of transport and communication network especially roads
and railways for example Mpologoma swamps in Pallisa and katonga swamp in Gomba
2. Wetlands harbor dangerous wild animals which are a threat to humans for example snakes,
crocodiles, hippopotamuses in Lwampanga swamp on lake Kyoga in Nakasongola and Sezibwa
wetland in Kayunga
3. Some wetlands are hiding places for wrong elements leading to insecurity for example highway
robbers along Kampala-Masaka-Mbarara road in katonga wetlands in masaka
4. Most wetlands experience flooding which discourages settlement and other activities for example
Nsooba, Kawaala and Bwaise wetlands in kampala
5. Some navigable swamps have led to water accidents especially when the papyrus vegetation
blocks the route for example katonga wetland in masaka and Sezibwa wetland in Kayunga
6. Wetlands act as social and economic barrier to smooth flow of information and ideas for example
Sezibwa wetland in Kayunga, katonga wetland in Gomba and Kafu wetland in Masindi
7. Wetlands harbor dangerous pests and disease carrying vectors for example mosquitos in Busega
wetland and Nsooba swamp in Kampala

WETLAND RECLAMATION AND DESTRUCTION IN UGANDA.

Wetland reclamation refers to the conversion of wetlands to other land uses.

The reason for wide spread encroachment includes rice cultivation, dairy farming, industrial
development, urban settlement, brick-making, sugarcane plantation, floriculture and horticulture
Change in area covered by wetlands by 8 major drainage basins

Drainage basin 1994 area (km) 2008 area (Km) Change (Km) %
Albert Nile 1736.3 1255.2 -481.1 27.7
Aswa 3025.0 2168.9 -859.1 28.4
Kidepo 168.1 197.2 29.1 17.3
Lake Albert 2838.6 2421.7 -416.9 14.7
Lake Edward 1671.1 1096.3 -574.8 34.4
Lake Kyoga 15008.3 11028.5 -3979.8 26.5
Lake Victoria 7167.6 3310.2 -3857.4 53.8
Victoria Nile 5786.3 4829.4 -957 16.5
Source: Adopted; The State of the Environment Report for Uganda, NEMA report 2010 pg. 83

Causes of wetland destruction in Uganda.

1. Agricultural activities where many swamps have been cleared for the growth of crops and animal
grazing for example Mpologoma swamp in Pallisa and Manafwa swamp in Butaleja for the growth
of rice, Kawaala swamp in kampala for yams and Mutai swamp in Jinja for sugarcanes by Kakira
sugar works
2. Industrialization leads to destruction of swamp vegetation like palms and papyrus to establish
industries for example Novelty leather factory in Nabajjuzi swamp in Masaka, crested cranes in
Katengo swamp in Kyotera
3. Urbanization and settlement leads to destruction of swamp vegetation like pals and papyrus like
Nsooba settlement and Kalerwe in Nsooba swamp, Bwaise in Bwaise wetlands, Busega in Busega
swamp in kampala
4. Mining and quarrying activities lead to destruction of swamp vegetation for example in Kajjansi
wetland in Wakiso and seta wetlands in Mukono for clay extraction for the manufacture of bricks
5. Construction of transport network especially roads leads to destruction of swamp vegetation and
drainage of water for example the construction of Kampala and Mukono-Kayunga road led to the
destruction of Sezibwa wetland in Kayunga
6. Destruction of wetlands by wildfire which is either set by hunters and pastoralists or by lighting
which leads to destruction of swamp vegetation for example Katonga swamp in Masaka and
Sezibwa swamp in Kayunga
7. Climatic changes resulting from global warming has led to reduction in water levels, and therefore
destruction of wetlands like Sezibwa swamp in Kayunga, Kiruruma swamp in Kabale and
Mpologoma swamp in Pallisa
8. Destruction of wetlands by natural calamity, which leads to destruction of swamp vegetation like
palms and papyrus for example landslides in Bududa led to destruction of Nametsi, Namaaga and
Bunakasale wetlands
9. Increased demand for raw materials used for art and craft material like palm leaves and papyrus
has led to destruction of swamp vegetation from Sezibwa swamp in Kayunga
10. Increased demand for fuel and energy used for domestic and industrial use leads to destruction of
swamp vegetation like palms and papyrus for example riverine forests from katonga swamp in
Masaka and Mpologoma swamp in Pallisa destroyed for charcoal burning and firewood
11. Destruction of wetlands to get rid of disease carrying vectors leads to drainage of water in streams
for example Kityerara wetlands in Mayuge to get rid of tsetse flies, Mulago-Makerere swamp and
Mengo swamps were cleared to get rid of disease carrying vectors
12. Destruction of wetlands to to get rid of hiding places for wrong doers for example Namanve
wetland in Wakiso
13. Corruption in the water and environmental protection and NEMA leading to giving away wetlands
to private individuals hence destruction of wetlands like Nabajjuzi wetland in masaka, Lubigi
swamp in Wakiso and Busega wetlands in kampala
14. Contradicting government policy for example the government licensed Kampala Capital City
Authority to dump waste Wakaliga and Kololo wetlands and allowed NWSC to operate in Lubigi
swamp. The ministry of Agriculture animal industries and fisheries has also encouraged fish
farming to take place in Lwera, Nabajjuzi and katonga wetlands in masaka
15. Poor deposition of industrial waste has led to destruction of swamp vegetation and death of aquatic
life in wetlands for example Mukwano industry in kampala releases industrial effluent to Nakivubo
wetland
16. Recreational activities lead to destruction of swamp vegetation and drainage of water in streams to
establish play grounds for example Kitante golf club in Kitante wetland, Nakivubo stadium in
Nakivubo wetland, Lugogo trade show in Lugogo wetland in Kampala
17. Trade and commerce where wetlands have been cleared to establish markets and shops for
example Kalerwe market has led to destruction of Nsooba swamp, Balikuddembe market led to the
destruction of Nakivubo
18. Afforestation has led to destruction of swamp for the planting of trees for example Lyamuliro
wetland in Kabale and Katuugo wetland in Nakasongola
19. Brick making has led to destruction of swamp vegetation to extract clay for the manufacture of
tiles and bricks for example in the Kajjansi swamp in Wakiso and Seeta wetland in Mukono

Effects of wetland reclamation and destruction in Uganda.

Positive effects (only applies to wetland reclamation)

1. Swamp reclamation has led to destruction of hiding places and breeding grounds for disease
carrying vectors for example Luzira-Mutungo wetland and Nsooba swamp in kampala
2. Reclamation of wetlands has created room for settlement and urbanization for example Port bell
and Luzira in Luzira swamp, Nsooba and Kalerwe in Nsooba wetland and Busega in Busega
wetland in kampala
3. The reclamation of wetland has created room for agriculture for example Kibimba swamp for the
growth of rice by Kibimba Tilda rice scheme in Bugiri, Manafwa swamp for the growth of rice by
Doho rice scheme in Butaleja, Mpologoma wetland in Pallisa for the growth of rice
4. It has encouraged the development of art and craft industry like palms and papyrus from Sezibwa
swamp in Kayunga, katonga swamp in Masaka, Busega swamp in kampala, Lubigi swamp in
Wakiso for the manufacture of mats and baskets
5. It has created space for establishment of industries for example Novelty Leather factory in
Nabajjuzi swamp in Masaka and crested cranes in Katengo swamp in Kyotera.
6. It has created space for the establishment of transport network especially roads for example the
construction of kampala masaka road in the Busega swamp in kampala and the construction of
Mukono-Kayunga road in the Sezibwa wetland in Kayunga
7. It has created space for the establishment of recreational activities for example Kitante golf club in
Kitante wetland, Nakivubo stadium in the Nakivubo wetland, Lugogo trade show in Lugogo
wetland
8. It has created space for the development of trade activities for example Kalerwe market in the
Nsooba swamp, Balikuddembe market in the Nakivubo wetland
9. It has created space for the deposition of waste products especially in urban centers for example
Mukwano industries in kampala releases industrial effluents to Nakivubo wetland, polythene bags
and other domestic wastes deposited in Wakaliga wetlands and Nsooba wetland in kampala
10. It has promoted mining and quarrying activities for example Kajjansi wetland in Wakiso and Seeta
wetland in Mukono for clay extraction for the manufacture of bricks

Negative effects of wetland destruction/reclamation

1. The destruction of wetlands has led to destruction of biodiversity due to destruction of vegetation
and habitat for aquatic animals like snakes, lung fish from Nabajjuzi swamp in Masaka, Murchison
bay wetland and Nsooba wetland in Kampala
2. It has reduced the wetlands capacity to purify the contaminated water from industrial wastes
leading to pollution of water bodies for example the reclamation of Luzira-Mutungo wetland and
Nakivubo wetland has led to pollution of Murchison bay wetland in Kampala
3. It has led to increased flooding in reclaimed land as a result of reduction in water storage capacity
of wetlands for example Nsooba settlement and Kalerwe due to destruction of Nsooba swamp in
Kampala
4. It has led to reduced rainfall formation leading to desertification for example in Tororo and
Butaleja due to destruction of Manafwa wetland, Kabale due to destruction of Kiruruma wetland,
Masaka due to destruction of katonga wetland
5. It has led to lowering of the water table resulting from reduction in rainfall and loss of surface
water for example in Tororo and Butaleja due to destruction of Manafwa wetlands, Kabale due to
destruction of Kiruruma wetland
6. It has led to siltation of stream and rivers for example the reclamation of Mutai swamp by Kakira
sugar works has led to siltation of river Kiko, the reclamation of Manafwa wetland by Doho rice
scheme has led to siltation of river Manafwa
7. It has led to increased spread of diseases due to flooding which provides breeding grounds for
vectors like mosquitoes spreading malaria at Bwaise in Bwaise wetland, Nsooba settlement in
Nsooba wetland,
8. It has reduced on area of dumping industrial and domestic wastes for example settlement in
Wakaliga swamp and Kololo wetlands that was given to KCCA to dump their wastes from
Kampala
9. It has accelerated soil erosion leading to soil exhaustion due to loss of swamp vegetation cover for
example in Tororo and Butaleja due to destruction of Manafwa wetland, Kabale due to destruction
of Kiruruma wetland, Masaka due to destruction of katonga wetland
10. It has led to loss of raw materials for art and craft, and construction industry for example palms
and papyrus from Sezibwa swamp in Kayunga, katonga swamp in Masaka, Busega swamp in
Kampala, Lubigi swamp in Wakiso

Steps being taken to conserve wetlands in Uganda.

1. Demarcating and gazetting of wetland areas to reduce encroachment on wetlands for settlement,
agriculture etc. for example katonga wetland and Nabajjuzi swamp in Masaka, Lubigi swamp in
Wakiso and Murchison bay wetland at Luzira
2. Setting strong laws concerning environmental conservation by ministry of water and
environmental protection and NEMA for the protection of wetlands such as katonga wetland and
Nabajjuzi swamp in Masaka, Lubigi swamp in Wakiso
3. Sensitization of the public about the importance of wetlands and problems resulting from wetland
destruction using local media like radios, newspapers, televisions to save wetlands such as katonga
wetland and Nabajjuzi swamp in Masaka, Lubigi swamp in Wakiso and Murchison bay wetland at
Luzira
4. Treatment and recycling of waste products before being discharge in wetlands, rivers and lakes for
example sewage by NWSC at Bugolobi and waste plastics are recycled before being discharged in
Luzira wetland on lake victoria and Busega wetland in Kampala
5. Establishment of support organizations to spearhead the protection of wetlands for example
NEMA to protect wetlands such as katonga wetland and Nabajjuzi swamp in Masaka, Lubigi
swamp in Wakiso and Murchison bay wetland at Luzira
6. Eviction of encroachers on the wetlands for example Lubigi swamp and Busega swamp in
Kampala, Abuket and Awoja swamp in Soroti
7. Creation of alternative sources of energy sources of energy instead of depending on charcoal and
from riverine forests for example the use of electricity and solar energy to save wetlands such as
katonga wetland and Nabajjuzi swamp in Masaka, Lubigi swamp in Wakiso and Murchison bay
wetland at Luzira
8. Discovery of alternative source of raw materials for the art and craft and constructing industry for
example use of straws for the manufacture of mats and bags to save papyrus and palms from
katonga wetland and Nabajjuzi swamp in Masaka and Lubigi swamp in Wakiso
9. Joining international bodies and treaties aimed at protecting environment and therefore wetlands
for example the Ramsar Convention of 1988 for the conservation of wetland habitats in Nabajjuzi
swamp in Masaka, lake Opeta wetland and Bisina wetland in Katakwi and Nakuwa wetland in
Kaliro
10. Introduction of upland rice to reduce rice growing in wetlands for example in Luwero, Nakaseke
and Kayunga to save wetlands such as Nabajjuzi swamp and katonga wetland in Masaka
11. Introduction of zero grazing in Kampala, Jinja and Luwero to reduce overgrazing in wetlands such
as Nabajjuzi swamp in Masaka and Lubigi swamp in Kampala
12. Encouraging population control through family planning to reduce encroachment on wetlands like
Busega swamp in Kampala and Sezibwa in Kayunga
13. Intensive research is being carried out by NEMA to ensure sustainable exploitation of wetlands
like katonga swamp in Masaka, Kiruruma swamp in Kabale and Nabugabo swamp in Masaka
REVISION QUESTIONS

1. Examine the importance o wetlands in Uganda.

 Introduce by defining wetlands, identify the types of wetlands and draw a sketch map of Uganda
showing wetlands.
 Explain the positive and negative importance of wetlands, giving an example of a wetland on
every point
2. Examine the causes and effects of wetland reclamation in Uganda.
 Introduce by defining wetland reclamation, identify the types of wetlands in Uganda and draw a
sketch map of Uganda showing types of wetlands.
 Explain the causes of wetland reclamation, giving an example of a wetland on every point
 Explain the positive and then negative effects of wetland reclamation, giving an example of a
wetland on every point
3. Explain the causes and effects of wetland destruction in Uganda.
 Introduce by giving the current status of wetlands in Uganda, identify the types of wetlands and
draw a sketch map of Uganda showing types of wetlands.
 Explain the causes of wetland destruction and only negative effects of wetland destruction,
giving an example of a wetland on every point.
4. (a) Explain the implications of wetland destruction in Uganda.
 Define wetland
 Identify the types of wetland in words and on a sketch map.
 Explain only the negative implications of wetland destruction in Uganda giving examples of
wetlands

(b) Explain the wetland conservation strategies in Uganda.

 Explain the measures being taken to conserve wetlands in Uganda.

 CHAPTER 12

POWER AND ENERGY SOURCES IN UGANDA.

Current status of power and energy sources in Uganda.

 Energy from biomass is dominant contributing about 92% of the energy used in Uganda
 Fossil fuel/petroleum accounts for 6% of the energy used in Uganda
 Hydroelectric power accounts for 1% of the energy used in Uganda.
 Other sources of energy accounts for 1 % of the energy used in Uganda
 Prepayment arrangements for hydroelectric power has been established in different parts of the
country to reduce on the energy thefts
 There is increased use of solar energy in most parts of the country because of high tariffs of
hydroelectric power
 Hydroelectric power production, distribution and marketing has been privatized
 There is increased production of hydroelectric power by construction of more dams
 Petroleum production is still in infancy stage
 There is increased use of power biogas in Uganda
 There is extension of power to rural areas under rural electrification programme
 Petroleum used in Uganda is mainly imported

Major power and energy sources in Uganda include;

 Hydroelectric power generated at Nalubaale power station and Kiira dam on Victoria Nile at Jinja,
Mubuku power I, Mubuku power II and Mubuku III station on river Mubuku in Kasese, Nyagak
power station on river Nyagak in Zombo
 Solar energy is widely used in hospitals, schools, organizations and individual people for example
in Mbarara, Arua, Jinja, Mbale, Koboko
 Biomass is made up of energy from animal and vegetation matter for example wood fuel and
charcoal from Mabira forest, Budongo forest, Mt. Elgon forest and Mt. Kei forest
 Biogas is generated from plants and animal wastes like cattle dung for example in Mbarara,
Kiruhura, Isingiro, Nakasongola, Kaabong, Moroto and Kotido
 Geothermal energy is generated in hot springs for example Sempaya hot spring in Bundibugyo,
Kitagata hot spring in Bushenyi and Kisizi hot spring in Rukungiri
 Thermal energy/petroleum used in Uganda is mainly imported in form of petrol, diesel and
kerosene and is used in many places in many places like Kampala, Jinja, and Mbale. Mining of
petroleum has started on the Albertine region for example in Buliisa and Hoima
 Wind energy is generated in areas with scanty vegetation cover for example Kaabong, Kotido,
Napak and Moroto

A SKETCH MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING POWER AND ENERGY SOURCES

Factors which have favoured the development of power and energy sources in Uganda.

 Presence of forests for generation of biomass from Mabira forest, Ssese island forest, Budongo
forest
 Presence of numerous rivers with water falls used for the construction of dams for generation of
hydroelectric power for example Nalubaale power station in Jinja on victoria Nile, Mubuku power
station in Kasese on river Mubuku and Nyagak power station in Zombo on river Nyagak
 The presence of hot springs for the generation of geothermal energy for example at Sempaya hot
springs in Bundibugyo and Kitagata hot spring in Bushenyi
 The presence of petroleum deposits in Buliisa and Hoima and imported petroleum for the
generation of petroleum energy in Kampala, Jinja and Mbale
 The location of Uganda astride the equator in the heat belt foe maximum solar energy in Kampala,
Jinja, Koboko, Arua
 The scanty vegetation for the occurrence of strong winds for generation of wind energy from
Kaabong, Kotido, Moroto
 The presence of abundant animal waste like cattle dung for the generation of biogas in Mbarara,
Kiruhura, Kaabong, Moroto
 Availability of adequate capital invested in buying inputs and construction of dams for generation
of hydroelectricity at Nalubaale power station and Kiira dam in Jinja and buying of solar panels for
the generation of solar energy in Masaka, Entebbe and Kasese
 Availability of skilled labour to work in the generation of power and energy for example in the
construction of dams for the generation of hydroelectricity at Nalubaale power station and Kiira
dam in Jinja
 Improved technology used in the generation of power and energy for example imported technology
like turbines used in the generation of hydroelectricity for example at Nyagak power station in
Zombo and Nalubaale power station in Jinja
 Supportive government policy in terms of soliciting for foreign assistance such from as World
Bank to tap energy resources for example Nalubaale station hydroelectric power in Jinja
 Availability of large market for energy resources for example biomass from Mabira forest and
Katuugo forest and hydroelectricity from Nalubaale power station used in urban centers like
Kampala, Jinja, Mukono
 Availability of well-developed transport network for delivery of power and energy sources to
market centers for example biomass from Mabira forest and petroleum from Kampala
 The relative political stability has encouraged investment in generation of energy resources like
hydroelectric power from Nalubaale power station and Kiira dam in Jinja
 Intensive research conducted by the Ministry of energy and mineral development concerning
sustainable and large scale generation of power and energy for example hydroelectricity generated
at Kiira dam and Nalubaale power station in Jinja

Contributions of power and energy sources to the development of Uganda.

Positive contributions

1. Power and energy has encouraged industrialization since it is used in running, lighting and
extraction of raw materials for example steel rolling mills in Jinja and roofings factory in Kampala
used hydroelectricity generated from Nalubaale power station and Kiira dam in Jinja
2. Power and energy has boosted tourism/education and research for students from higher institutions
of learning for example those carrying out electrical engineering carry out research on
hydroelectricity at Nalubaale power station in Jinja
3. Power and energy sector has encouraged economic diversification and reduced over dependence
on one sector especially agriculture through generation of income from solar energy in Masaka,
hydroelectricity from Nalubaale power station and Kiira dam in Jinja
4. Source of foreign exchange through exportation of power and energy to foreign countries for
example hydroelectricity from Nalubaale power station in Jinja is exported to Kenya
5. Source of employment opportunities in terms of engineers and transmitters of hydroelectricity
generated from Kiira dam and Nalubaale power station in Jinja like in Umeme which has enabled
people to earn income and improve their standards of living
6. The generation of power and energy has promoted urbanization with its benefits for example Jinja
where hydroelectricity is generated from Kiira dam and Nalubaale power station at Jinja and
Mubuku due to Mubuku power station in Kasese
7. Power and energy has promoted international cooperation between Uganda where it is exported
and where technology is imported for example hydroelectricity from Nalubaale power station at
Jinja exported to Kenya
8. Power and energy has promoted the development of transport and communication for example
imported petroleum in Kampala, Jinja and Mbarara in form of petrol and diesel is used by all kinds
of vehicles along Kampala-Jinja-Mbarara and Kampala-Gulu road
9. Source of government revenue through taxing people and companies in the generation of power
and energy for example Umeme for generation of hydroelectricity at Nalubaale power station and
Kiira dam at Jinja
10. It has encouraged the exploitation of natural resources for example mining of Mica in Nebbi and
lumbering using petroleum, limestone at Hima and Tororo using hydroelectricity from Nalubaale
power station and Kiira dam in Jinja
11. It has encouraged the development of construction sector since it is used to run machines for
example in Kampala and Jinja due to the presence of hydroelectricity from Kiira dam ad Nalubaale
power station at Jinja
12. It is a source of market for other sectors of the economy for example biomass in form of bagasse
from sugarcane at Kakira and biogas from cattle in Mbarara, Kotido

Negative effects

1. Power and energy sector has led to profit repatriation by foreign companies engaged in the sector
for example Umeme from south Africa for hydroelectricity from Nalubaale power station and
Kiira dam, Tullow oil and gas company from UK for petroleum in Hoima and Buliisa
2. Power and energy sector has resulted in to destruction of vegetation cover for example
deforestation resulting from exploitation of biomass from Mabira forest and Budongo forest
3. It has led to environmental pollution for example dangerous fumes released from vehicles using
petroleum from Kampala and Jinja
4. Power and energy is associated with accidents especially electric sock from hydro electricity
generated from Nalubaale power station and Kiira dam at Jinja
5. Power and energy sector has led to urban related problems like rural urban migration with its
associated problems in urban centers like Jinja due to hydro electricity generated from Kiira dam
and Nalubaale power station, Buliisa due to petroleum energy/oil
6. It has led to competition for labour and capital from other sectors of the economy leading to their
underdevelopment for example hydroelectricity generated from Kiira dam and Nalubaale power
station at Jinja and Nyagak power station in Zombo
7. It leads to regional imbalance in terms of development since areas like Kampala and Jinja with
hydroelectricity generated from Kiira dam are more developed than areas without hydroelectricity
8. It has led to economic dependence because of the loans obtained for constructing dams for
hydroelectricity generated at Nyagak power station in Zombo, Kiira dam and Nalubaale power
station at Jinja
9. The extraction of power and energy has led to displacement of many people leaving those
homeless for example the extraction of oil and natural gas in Hoima and Buliisa

Reasons for the low levels of development of power and energy sector in Uganda.

1. Low levels of technological development leading to overdependence on imported technology

which is expensive for example extraction of oil and natural gas in Hoima and Buliisa and
hydroelectricity generated at Nyagak power station in Zombo, Kiira dam and Nalubaale power
station at Jinja
2. Limited skilled labour to tap the existing power and energy resources leading to dependence on
expatriate labour for example hydroelectricity generated at Nalubaale power station at Jinja and
Tullow oil and gas company for petroleum in Hoima
3. Limited research conducted concerning sustainable exploitation of power and energy resources for
example wood fuel from Mabira forest
4. Competition from other land uses for example forestry for environmental protection to generate
hydroelectricity at Bujagali power station
5. Depletion of forest resources like Namanve forest, Sango bay forest, Mt. Kadam forest which has
reduced on the extraction of wood fuel and charcoal
6. Limited capital to develop the energy sector for example hydroelectricity generated from Kiira
dam and Nalubaale power station at Jinja
7. Limited market for power and energy due to high prices of power for example for hydroelectricity
generated from Kiira dam and Nalubaale power station at Jinja
8. Insecurity in some parts of Uganda has led to low levels of investment necessary for the
development of power and energy especially hydroelectricity generated at Nyagak power station in
Zombo and biomass from mountain Rwenzori forests
9. Poorly developed transport network for example roads to distribute power and energy sources like
petroleum from Kampala to rural areas
10. Corruption and embezzlement of funds meant for the development of the power and energy sector
for example for hydroelectricity from Nalubaale power station
11. The scattered settlement pattern has hindered government policy of rural electrification in Kiboga,
Luwero and Nakasongola for hydroelectricity generated from Nalubaale power and Kiira dam at
Jinja
12. The high level of bureaucracy involved in the development of power and energy for example in the
construction of hydroelectric power station like Bujagali power station at Jinja and Nyagak power
station at Zombo
13. High population growth rate has led to increased competition for the limited power and energy like
wood fuel and charcoal from Mabira forest and hydroelectricity from Nalubaale power station at
Jinja
14. Fluctuation in power supply due to natural disasters like cloudy days affected solar energy in
Kampala, fluctuating water levels in lake victoria affects generation of hydroelectricity at
Nalubaale power station and Kiira dam at Jinja
15. Physical barriers for example steep slopes of mountains hinder the distribution of power and
energy in mountainous areas for example hydroelectricity from Nalubaale and Kiira dam at Jinja
16. Profit repatriation by the foreign owned enterprise like Umeme from south Africa has limited the
rate of profit plough back for hydroelectric power from Nalubaale power station and Kiira dam at
Jinja
17. High wastage and loss of power through illegal connections has led to losses for the generation of
hydroelectricity from Kiira dam and Nalubaale power station in Jinja
18. Limited capital to be invested in the generation of power and energy sources in Uganda for
example buying solar panels for solar energy in Koboko

Steps being taken to develop the energy sector in Uganda.

1. Setting up more hydroelectricity power stations in addition to the existing ones to increase power
supply for example Nalubaale power station in Jinja and Nyagak power station in Zombo
2. Construction of thermal plants to supplement hydroelectricity at Kiira dam and Nalubaale power
station at Jinja for example a 50 MW heavy fuel oil thermal plant at Namanve and the use of
standby generators at Kampala
3. Soliciting for funds to develop the energy sector for example HEP at Bujagali power station
funded by the African Development Bank and the government of japan
4. Liberalization and privatization of the economy by attracting foreign investors with capital and
skills in the energy development for example Sithe Global power, Japanese international
cooperation Agency for hydroelectricity at Bujagali power station , Tullow oil and gas company
for petroleum in Buliisa
5. Promoting the use of prepaid meters by Umeme to reduce power theft for hydroelectricity from
Kiira dam and Nalubaale power station at Jinja
6. Improvement in transport and communication network to distribute power and energy to rural
areas for example petroleum from Kampala to Masaka via Kampala-Masaka road
7. Intensive research is being carried out by the ministry of energy and mineral development
concerning sustainable energy development and conservation for example biomass from Mabira
forest and Budongo forest
8. Encouraging afforestation and re-afforestation programmes to replace the depleted forests and
therefore increase on the supply of biomass for example from Katuugo forest in Nakasongola and
Lendu forest in Nebbi
9. Encouraging power production from biomass residues for example bagasse from sugar mills at
Kakira sugar works and Kinyara sugar factory to save biomass from forests like Mabira
10. Encouraging the use of energy saving equipment for example UGA stove for saving charcoal from
Budongo forest and energy saving bulbs to save hydroelectricity from Nalubaale power station at
Jinja
11. Gazetting forests in to forest reserves so as to preserve them for the future generation for biomass
from Mabira forest and Budongo forest
12. Education and training of labour to acquire the necessary skills for generation and distribution of
hydroelectricity from Nalubaale power station and Kiira dam at Jinja
13. Establishing support institution like ministry of energy and mineral development to ensure
effective generation of power and energy from Nalubaale power station in Jinja and Nyagak power
station in Zombo
14. Adopting load shedding (power rationing) to effectively utilize the exploitation of hydroelectricity
from Nalubaale power station and Kiira dam in Jinja
15. Promoting rural electrification to ensure that the rural community can access hydroelectricity to
increase the size of market for HEP from Kiira dam and Nalubaale power station at Jinja
16. Fighting corruption and embezzlement of funds to reduce mismanagement of funds meant for
development of power and energy sources like hydroelectricity generated from Kiira dam and
Nalubaale power station at Jinja
17. Ensuring security in most parts of Uganda to encourage the distribution of energy and power
sources like hydroelectricity generated from Nalubaale power station and Kiira dam at Jinja
18. Fighting illegal connections by Umeme to reduce wastage of power and energy sources like
hydroelectricity generated from Kiira dam and Nalubaale power station at Jinja
19. Importation of modern technology in the country to facilitate the generation of power and energy
sources for example solar panels for solar energy in Kampala
20. Acquisition of loans from financial institutions to facilitate the buying of necessary equipment for
example solar panels and batteries for solar energy in Kampala.

REVISION QUESTIONS
1. E and explain the factors which have favoured the development of power and energy sources
in Uganda.
 Give the current status of power and energy sector in Uganda, identify the forms of power and
energy and draw a sketch map of Uganda showing energy sources.
 Explain the factors, giving an example of form of energy and where it is generated
2. Assess the contribution of power and energy sector to the development of Uganda.
 Give the current status of power and energy sector in Uganda, identify the forms of power and
energy and draw a sketch map of Uganda showing energy sources.
 Explain the positive and negative contribution, giving an example of form of energy and where it
is generated.
3. (a) Explain the problems facing the power and energy sector in Uganda.
 Give the current status of power and energy sector in Uganda, identify the forms of power and
energy and draw a sketch map of Uganda showing energy sources.
 Explain the problems, giving an example of form of energy and where it is generated
(b) Suggest measures taken to improve power and energy sector in Uganda.
 Use suggestive language using words like should, may, can etc. giving an example of form of
energy and where it is generated.
4. Assess the contribution of hydroelectric power to the development of Uganda.
 Give the current status of hydroelectricity in Uganda, identify the hydroelectric dams and draw a
sketch map of Uganda showing hydroelectric dams
 Explain the positive and negative contributions of hydroelectricity, giving an example of a dam
and the river on which it is found.

CHAPTER 15

FISHING IN UGANDA
Current status of the fishing industry in Uganda.

 Fishing contributes about 2.2% of GDP

 60% of fish caught is sold while fresh and only 40% is processed
 The biggest percentage of fish is from Lake Victoria followed by lake Kyoga
 The methods of catching fish are both traditional like spearing, baskets and modern like gill netting
 The methods of preservation of fish are both traditional like smoking and modern like freezing
 About 1.2 million people depend on the fishing sector
 Fish export is one of the major foreign exchange earner in Uganda
 Most fish processing companies are owned by foreigners
 Many lakes are being restocked with fish for example lake victoria
 Total fish catch has been declining over the years due to over fishing
 There is increased fish farming in different areas like Kajjansi, Mbale, Koboko. And restocking is
being done on some lakes like lake victoria
 The major fish species caught include Nile perch, Tilapia
 Many fish processing industries have been established to reduce post-harvest losses for example
Ngege fish factory at Luzira, greenfield at Katabi

Major fishing grounds in Uganda.

The major fishing grounds in Uganda include,

1. Lakes such as lake Victoria, lake Kyoga, lake Albert, lake George, lake Edward, lake Kwania, lake
Bisina
2. Rivers like victoria Nile, Albert Nile, river Kafu, river Kagera, river katonga, river Mayanja, river
Mpologoma, river Nkusi
3. The swamps/wetlands for example Lwampanga swamp, Bukungu swamp, Tumba swamp around
lake Kyoga, Nabugabo swamp, Sango swamp, Buyaga bay swamp around lake victoria
4. Fish ponds for example at Kajjansi, Kiboga, Mbale, Kabale, Mubende, Jinja, Pallisa, Iganga,
Rukungiri

Fish catch by water body (thousand tonnes), 2005 -2009

Water body 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Lake Victoria 253.3 215.9 223.1 219.5 221.3
Lake Albert 56.4 56.4 56.1 56.5 56.5
Lake Kyoga 68.4 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0
Lake Edward, George and Kazinga channel 9.6 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8
Other waters 24.1 21.1 21 20 20
Total 411.8 362.2 369.3 364.8 366.6

Source: 2010 statistical abstract. Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) pg.157.

Proportion of fish catch by water body, 2012

Water body Lake Victoria Lake Albert Lake Kyoga Others

Percentage fish catch 45.9 37.8 10.9 5.4
A SKETCH MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING FISHING GROUNDS

Major types of fish caught in Uganda.

The major types of fish caught in Uganda include:

Nile perch (Mputa), Tilapia (Ngege) silver fish (Mukene) Protopterus (Lung fish), Bargrus
(Semuntundu), Barbus (Kisinja) and Haplochromis (Nkejje), Mud fish (Male)

Major fishing methods in Uganda.

The major fishing methods include;

 Traditional methods like; basket methods, spearing, trapping, fish poisoning, hook/hand line.
 Modern methods include gill netting, seining, long lining, trawling

Methods of preservation of fish.

The major methods of preserving fish in Uganda include;

 Traditional methods like smoking, sun drying, salting. Etc.

 Modern methods like canning, deep freezing etc.

Factors which have favoured fishing in Uganda.

Physical factors.

1. The presence of various fishing grounds, which act as fish habitats encouraging the growth and
multiplication of fish in lake victoria, lake Kyoga, lake albert
2. The presence of variety of commercial fish species which are highly demanded in local and
international markets for example Nile perch and tilapia in Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga.
3. The presence of variety of fish plankton which is food for fish encouraging the growth and
maturing of fish in lake victoria, lake Kyoga, lake albert and victoria Nile
4. The presence of natural forests like Mabira forest which provide timber for the manufacture of
fishing boats used in Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga.
5. Nature of water bodies which is conducive for the growth of fish and fishing activities such as
(i) The presence of shallow waters in fishing grounds encouraging the growth of plankton on
which fish feeds for example in lake victoria, lake Kyoga, lake albert
(ii) The presence of indented shores on lakes with numerous inlets and bays which encourage
the construction of landing sites like Kasenyi on lake victoria and Lalle on lake Kyoga
6. The nature of relief of the areas for example basins to contain large volume of water, gentle slopes
for construction of supportive infrastructure like roads and the presence of numerous islands which
act as stop over places during strong water winds for example on lake victoria.

Human factors

7. Availability of adequate capital invested in buying fishing gears and boats used in lake victoria,
lake Kyoga, lake albert
8. Availability of ready market from local consumers and foreign markets in Kenya, Spain, Belgium
for fish in lake victoria, lake Kyoga, lake albert
9. A relatively stable political atmosphere around the major fishing grounds which encourages
investment in fishing in lake victoria, lake Kyoga
10. Availability of a well-developed transport network for fish to market centers for example Masese
Jinja road on Lake Victoria and Tumba Nakasongola road on Lake Kyoga.
11. Favourable government policy on fishing for example liberalization of the fishing industry leading
to increased fishing in lake victoria, lake Kyoga, lake albert
12. Introduction of fish farming to supplement fish from natural fishing grounds like lake victoria, lake
Kyoga, lake albert
13. Intensive research conducted by Fisheries Resource Institute (FIRRI) in Jinja for sustainable
exploitation of fisheries resources in lake victoria and lake Kyoga
14. Availability of skilled and semi-skilled labour in form of fishermen, fish processors, fish mongers
o exploit fish from lake victoria, lake Kyoga and lake albert
15. The introduction of modern methods of fishing and fish preservation for example use of
refrigerated trucks, fish canning for fish from lake victoria, lake Kyoga
16. Fish restocking especially on lake victoria and victoria Nile which has increased fish stock leading
to an increase in fish catch
17. Abundant power sources like HEP for processing of fish from lake victoria, lake Kyoga
18. Establishment of fish processing industries around fishing grounds to reduce post-harvest losses
and to add value before exportation for example Ngege fish factory at Luzira and greenfield
factory at Katabi around lake victoria.

CONTRINUTION OF FISHING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF UGANDA.

Positive contribution.
1. Source of food to the people in form of fish which is rich in proteins for example Tilapia and Nile
perch from lake victoria, lake Kyoga, and lake albert
2. Source of foreign exchange through exportation of fish and fish products to foreign countries like
Kenya, Rwanda for fish from lake victoria, lake Kyoga and lake albert
3. Source of internal government revenue through taxing people employed in the fishing industry for
example fishing companies like Ngege and Gomba around lake victoria and lake Kyoga
4. Source of employment opportunities where people are employed as fishermen and fish mongers
for fish from lake victoria, lake Kyoga
5. Fishing has led to urbanization with its associated advantages on landing sites like Kasenyi and
Masese on lake victoria, Lwampanga on lake Kyoga and Wanseko on lake albert
6. Fishing has promoted the development of transport infrastructure from landing sites to market
centers for example Butiaba-Masindi road on lake albert, Masese-Jinja road on lake victoria, Lalle-
Soroti road on lake Kyoga
7. Fishing has promoted industrialization since fish from lake victoria is used as raw material for the
manufacture of fertilizers and animal feeds foe example NUVITA factory in Jinja
8. Fishing has promoted international relationship between Uganda and countries where fish from
lake victoria, lake Kyoga are exported like Belgium, Kenya, Rwanda
9. Fishing in lake victoria, lake Kyoga has encouraged diversification of the economy which has
reduced overdependence on agriculture
10. Fishing has boosted research and education like zoology, environmental science using fishing
grounds like lake victoria, lake Kyoga, lake albert

Negative contributions

1. Fishing has led to industrial pollution from fish processing industries like Ngege fish factory at
Luzira on lake victoria which affects aquatic life and human life
2. Fishing has led to urban related problems like high rates of crime, shortage of accommodation at
Kasenyi on lake victoria and Lwampanga on lake Kyoga
3. Fishing has led to destruction of forests to acquire timber for the manufacture of boats and
firewood for smoking fish from lake victoria, lake Kyoga
4. Fishing has led to depletion of fisheries resources as a result of over fishing for example on lake
victoria, lake Kyoga
5. Fishing has led to profit repatriation by foreign fishing companies like Hwan sung on lake victoria,
lake Kyoga
6. Fishing has led to territorial conflicts between countries sharing fishing grounds with Uganda for
example Mijinjo island on lake victoria shared by Uganda and Kenya
7. Fishing has led to loss of lives of fishermen resulting from accidents that result from strong winds
and aquatic animals like crocodiles from lake victoria and lake Kyoga
8. Fishing has led to competition for labour with other sectors like agriculture hence affecting their
growth due to fishing in lake victoria, lake Kyoga, lake albert

Problems facing fishing in Uganda.

Physical factors
1. Unfavourable weather changes for example prolonged drought leading to lowering of the water
levels in lake Wamala and lake Mburo
2. Rugged relief especially around rift valley lakes which hinder the construction of transport lines
from landing sites to market centers for example on lake albert with Butiaba escarpments
3. The presence of water hyacinth, which carries away fishing gears, hinders navigation especially
during rainy season affecting fishing on lake victoria, lake Kyoga
4. The presence of floating islands during rainy season which carry away and tear fishing gears on
lake victoria, lake Kyoga
5. The occurrence of strong water winds which lead to death of fishermen and tear fishing gear
affecting fishing on lake victoria, lake Kyoga
6. Existence of a small continental shelf which does not permit proper growth o plankton on which
fish feeds for example on lake albert, lake Edward and lake Bunyonyi
7. The presence of predators which feed on commercial fish species therefore reducing their number
for example Nile perch and crocodiles feed on Tilapia and mud fish from lake victoria, lake
Kyoga, lake albert
8. The presence of water falls and rapids long rivers hinder navigation on rivers and tear fishing gears
like nets for example Sezibwa falls on river Sezibwa, Sipi falls on river Sipi, Bujagali, Karuma and
Murchison falls on river Nile
9. The presence of rocks along river channels and in the lakes which causes accidents and tear fishing
gears like nets on lake victoria, victoria Nile
10. The presence of dangerous wild animals which destroy fishing gears an cause accidents to
fishermen for example crocodiles on lake victoria, lake Kyoga
11. The outbreak of diseases due to poor sanitation on various landing sites for example cholera which
affects the health of fishermen at Bukakata on lake victoria

Human factors

12. Underdeveloped methods of fishing for example the use of small boats and small sized nets which
are inefficient leading to low fish catch in lake victoria, lake Kyoga
13. Over fishing due to increased demand for fish and indiscriminate fishing leading to depletion of
fish species like tilapia, Nile perch from lake victoria
14. Limited capital to be invested in the fishing industry to buy fishing gears and pay labour for fishing
from lake victoria, lake Kyoga
15. Shortage of labour/competition for labour from other sectors of the economy like agriculture and
mining limiting fishing on lake victoria, lake Kyoga
16. Limited market for the fish caught due to poverty and competition from foreign countries like
Sweden, Norway limiting fishing on lake victoria, lake Kyoga
17. Poorly developed transport network to link fishing grounds to market centers for example Butiaba-
Masindi road on lake albert, Lwampanga-Nakasongola road on lake Kyoga
18. High rates of post-harvest losses/poor storage and preservation methods for fish for example
salting, sun drying and smoking on lake victoria, lake Kyoga, lake albert
19. Insecurity on some fishing grounds which threatens fishing activities to take place for example
wrong elements and pirates on lake victoria, lake Kyoga, lake albert
20. Smuggling of fish to neighboring countries which has hindered sustainable exploitation of the
fisheries resources in lake victoria, lake Kyoga
21. Reclamation of wetlands for settlement and agriculture reduces on the breeding grounds for fish
for example Murchison bay wetland, Sango bay wetland on lake victoria, Lwampanga wetlands on
lake Kyoga
22. Pollution from industries bordering lakes which leads to death of fish for example Nile breweries
in Jinja pollutes lake victoria and victoria Nile, Gomba fish factory in Jinja pollutes lake victoria.

Steps being taken to improve on fishing in Uganda.

1. Controlled fishing on water bodies through continuous patrol on water bodies to ensure sustainable
exploitation of fisheries resources from lake victoria, lake Kyoga
2. Encouraging the use of recommended sizes of nets to reduce indiscriminate fishing for example
the use of 4.5 and 5 inch nets on lake victoria and lake Kyoga
3. Some methods have been declared illegal due to their disastrous effects for example fish
poisoning, beach seining on lake victoria
4. Enforcement of law through Beach Management Unit (BMU) to reduce over exploitation of the
fisheries resources from lake victoria, lake Kyoga
5. Promotion of aquaculture/fish farming by encouraging the establishment of various fish ponds in
the country for example at Kajjansi, Mbale
6. Restocking of water bodies for example the establishment of Nile perch on lake victoria, lake
Kyoga
7. improving transport network to encourage the delivery of fish to market centers for example
Kasenyi-Kampala road on lake victoria, Tumba-Nakasongola-Kampala road on lake Kyoga
8. improving the methods of processing and preservation of fish for example fish canning at Ggaba,
Gomba and Ngege fish factories on lake victoria
9. upgrading fish landing sites to ensure improved fish handling for example at Masese , Ggaba and
Kasenyi on lake victoria, Lwampanga on lake Kyoga
10. training of man power through education to equip labor with the skills necessary for sustainable
exploitation of fisheries resources on lake victoria, lake Kyoga
11. availing capital for fisheries development through provision of credit facilities from banks and
other financial institutions that provide loans to fishermen from lake victoria, lake Kyoga
12. Removal of water weeds for example water hyacinth to promote transportation on water bodies
like lake victoria, lake Kyoga, lake albert
13. forming of cooperatives to ensure joint investment in fishing for example at Masese, Ggaba and
Kasenyi on lake victoria
14. controlling pollution of water through treating waste products before being discharged in fishing
grounds like lake victoria
15. controlling smuggling to encourage sustainable exploitation of fisheries resources from lake
victoria, lake Kyoga
16. promoting security round water bodies by using the national army the UPDF to encourage
investment in fishing in water bodies like lake victoria, lake Kyoga
17. sensitization of fishermen through Beach Management Unit regarding the best methods of
sustainable exploitation of fisheries resources from lake victoria, lake Kyoga, lake albert
18. widening of the market from local to international markets through regional integration like the
east African community in Kenya, Rwanda, COMESA for fish from lake victoria, lake albert, lake
Kyoga
19. fighting corruption in the fisheries department to ensure effective exploitation of fisheries
resources in lake victoria, lake Kyoga, lake albert
20. establishment of fisheries institutions mandated to manage the fisheries department for example
Fisheries Resource Research Institute (FIRRI) in Jinja, national environmental management
authority (NEMA) for fish from lake victoria, lake Kyoga
21. Encouraging regional initiative of conservation and sustainable use of water resources for example
the Lake Victoria environmental protection programme among countries sharing Lake Victoria.

REVISION QUESTIONS

1. (a) Account for the low levels of development of the fishing industry in Uganda.
 Give the current status of the fishing industry, identify the fishing grounds and draw a
sketch map of Uganda showing fishing grounds
 Explain the problems facing the fishing industry inn Uganda, giving an example of fishing
ground on every point.

(b) What measures are being taken o improve fishing in Uganda.

 Explain the measures being taken in present tense, giving an example of a fishing ground on
every point
2. Explain the factors favouring fishing in Uganda.
 Give the current status of the fishing industry, identify the fishing grounds and draw a sketch
map showing the fishing grounds
 Explain the factors favouring fishing in Uganda giving an example of a fishing ground on
every point
3. Assess the contributions of fishing to the development of Uganda.
 Give the current status of the fishing industry, identify the fishing grounds and draw a sketch
map showing the fishing grounds
 Explain the positive and negative contributions of fishing in Uganda.
4. Account for the variation in fish catch in the various water bodies in Uganda.
 Give the current status of the fishing sector in Uganda.
 Explain the factors for the variation in fish catch showing the idea of variation, giving an
example of a fishing ground on every point.

CHAPTER 16

MINING IN UGANDA.
Current status of the mining industry in Uganda.

 New minerals have been discovered like oil around lake Albert, Uranium, gold in Moroto
 Most mining is done by foreign companies for example oil by Tullow oil and gas company
 Mineral prospecting and exploration is still going on like oil around lake albert
 Some formerly closed mining centers are being opened for example tin mine in Kisoro, iron ore at
Muko in kabala
 Copper mining at Kilembe has been revived by Tibet Hima company
 Mining contributes about 0.5% of GDP
 Most miners use simple tools/technology for example Gold at Busia and salt on lake Katwe
 Most minerals are being exported before being processed for example Gold from Busia
 There is dependent on expatriate labour in the mining sector
 Some minerals are being extracted from waste materials like cobalt at Kasese
 Vermiculite and gold are the most valuable minerals mined in Uganda.
 Various industries have been established to process minerals for example Hima and Tororo cement
factories for limestone

Summary of mineral statistics by value (million shs), 2008-2012

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Production 87,349 98 126,190 177,655 207,819
Exports 89,247 27,622 36,486 65,247 69,896
Imports 102,436 27,119 40,843 17,361 31,557
Source: statistical abstract; UBOS Report 2013.

In Uganda the major minerals include,

 Gold in Busia, Bushenyi, Mubende, Kotido and Moroto

 Beryllium in Bushenyi, Rukungiri and Mubende
 Iron ore at Muko in Kabale and Kisoro
 Lead in Mbarara
 Tin in Ntungamo, Kisoro and Mbarara
 Limestone at Tororo and Hima.
 Clay at Kajjansi
 Sand at Kasenyi, Bukakata and Rakai
 Gypsum in Bundibugyo
 Wolfram at Mutolele in Kisoro
 Oil at Buseruka and Waraga in Buliisa
 Salt from lake Katwe in Kasese

A SKETCH MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING MAJOR MINING CENTERS

Methods of mining in Uganda.

 Open cast method. This involves excavation of the soil covering a mineral which is found near the
surface for example in the mining of sand at Bukakata and Bushenyi, Limestone at Hima and
Tororo
 Underground mining. This involves digging of tunnels (in case of adit) and shafts to obtain the
mineral which is found very deep under the ground for example it was used (in case of shaft
mining) for example mining copper and cobalt mining at Kilembe in Kasese.
 Placer or alluvial mining. This involves excavation of loose or alluvial deposits such as sand,
gravel, silt or clay, where the valuable mineral is separated from the alluvial deposits through a
system of screens for example mining of clay and sand at Kajjansi
 Solution method. This is mainly concerned with mining of soluble salts where salt solution is
crystallized in to salt for example salt from lake Katwe.
 Drilling. This involves boring until the mineral is reached and is obtained by pipes for example oil
mining in Buliisa district.

Factors which have favoured mining in Uganda.

1. The presence of large valuable mineral deposits which are highly demanded for their products
encouraging continuous exploitation of minerals like clay at Kajjansi, limestone at Hima and
Tororo, and oil in Buliisa.
2. The gently sloping landscape has encouraged the construction of supportive infrastructures
especially roads leading to mining of clay at Kajjansi, limestone at Hima and Tororo, oil in Buliisa,
Gold in Busia and Kotido.
3. Ideal climatic conditions for example the dry and hot conditions of Kasese encouraged evaporation
and crystallization of salt, encouraging salt mining on lake Katwe.
4. The presence of a hard basement rock which reduces the collapsing of open pits and tunnels hence
reducing accidents and favouring limestone mining at Hima and Tororo
5. Availability of adequate capital invested in paying labour and construction of supportive
infrastructure for clay at Kajjansi, limestone at Hima and Tororo, oil in Buliisa
6. The availability of a large market both at home and abroad for minerals such as clay at Kajjansi,
limestone at Hima and Tororo, oil in Buliisa, Gold in Busia and Kotido.
7. Supportive government policy like liberalization of the mining sector and construction of
supportive infrastructure has encouraged exploitation of clay at Kajjansi, limestone at Hima and
Tororo, oil in Buliisa, gold in Busia and Kotido
8. The relative political stability has encouraged long term investment in mining of clay at Kajjansi,
limestone at Hima and Tororo, oil in Buliisa, gold in Busia and Kotido
9. Intensive research conducted by the ministry of energy and mineral development has encouraged
sustainable and quality mining of clay at Kajjansi and limestone at Hima
10. Availability of skilled labour provided by both local and foreign labour to work in mining for
example as engineers, surveyors and researchers in mining of clay at Kajjansi, limestone at Hima
and Tororo, oil in Buliisa, gold in Busia and Kotido
11. Availability of improved transport network for the distribution of minerals to the market centers
for example Kampala-Jinja road, Kampala-Gulu road for clay at Kajjansi and limestone at Hima
and Tororo
12. Availability of improved technology especially imported which is efficient for example drillers for
oil at Buliisa, excavators for limestone mining at Tororo and Hima
13. The presence of reliable power and energy for example hydro-electric power, wood fuel and
petroleum used in running machines during mining of clay at Kajjansi and limestone at Hima and
Tororo
14. The availability of many mineral processing industries has increased demand for the minerals such
as clay at Kajjansi and limestone at Hima and Tororo

Contribution of mining to the development of Uganda.

Positive contributions

1. Source of employment opportunities where people are employed as geologists, engineers and
accountant in mining of clay at Kajjansi, limestone at Hima and Tororo
2. Mining has led to the development of industries since minerals act as raw materials for industries
foe example limestone at Tororo and Hima for the cement industry, clay at Kajjansi for the
manufacture of bricks and tiles by the Uganda clays at Kajjansi
3. Source of foreign exchange through exportation of minerals for example cobalt from Kasese
exported to Australia and japan, vermiculite from Manafwa exported to USA
4. Source of revenue to the government through imposing taxes on people employed and companies
engaged in mining activities like from clay at Kajjansi and limestone at Hima
5. Mining has led to the development of transport infrastructure especially roads connecting mining
centers to processing centers an market centers for example a road from limestone mines a Hima to
Hima cement factory, a road from Osukuru limestone mines to Tororo
6. Mining has led to the development of power and energy to facilitate the mining activities for
example copper mining at Kilembe led to the development of Mubuku power station in Kasese
7. Mining has led to urbanization with its benefits since mining centers attract a large population
copper mining at Kilembe led to the growth of Kilembe town, Tororo town due to limestone
mining at Tororo, Kajjansi due to clay mining at Kajjansi
8. Mining has led to creation of international relationship between Uganda and countries where
mining companies come from for example Tullow oil and gas company from UK for oil mining in
Buliisa
9. Mining has led to the development of research and education/tourism by for example Geology for
clay at Kajjansi, limestone at Hima and Tororo and oil in Buliisa
10. Mining has led to diversification of the economy and reduce over dependence on agriculture which
is highly affected natural factors through generation of alternative income from clay at Kajjansi,
limestone at Hima and Tororo, oil in Buliisa
11. Mining is a source of consumer goods for domestic purposes for example salt from lake Katwe in
Kasese for human and cattle, and sand at Kasenyi for construction of roads and buildings
12. Mining has led to the development of agriculture through provision of market for foodstuffs for
example workers in salt mining from lake Katwe in Kasese and limestone mining at Tororo and
Hima buy foodstuff in the neighborhood
13. Mining has boosted the utilization of natural resources especially the mineral resources which
stimulate economic growth for example oil in Buliisa
14. Mining has promoted technological development through importation of machines to be used in
mineral extraction for example derricks for oil mining in Buliisa
15. Mining has led to acquisition of skills through on job training hence increasing skilled labour for
example oil mining in Buliisa, gold mining in Kaabong and limestone mining in Tororo

Negative contributions

1. Mining has led to environmental pollution resulting from smoke, gases and dust and wastes
released to the atmosphere for example fumes from limestone mining at Tororo and Hima
2. Mining is associated with accidents especially during open cast mining for example iron ore at
Muko in Kabale, limestone mining at Tororo and Hima, stone quarrying at Matugga
3. Mining has led to the growth of ghost towns with their associated evils when mining ceases for
example Kilembe ghost town after copper mining ceased in Kilembe
4. Mining has led to exhaustion of mineral resources resulting from over exploitation for example
limestone mining at Hima and Tororo
5. Mining has led to profit repatriation by foreign mining companies for example Tullow oil and gas
company from UK carrying out oil mining at Buliisa
6. Mining has led to displacement of people to establish mines leaving them landless and homeless
for example oil mining at Buliisa
7. Mining has led to urban related problems in urban centers which have developed from mining for
example prostitution, unemployment at Tororo and Hima limestone mines, Katwe salt mine
8. Mining has led to destruction of vegetation to establish mining centers for example for example
clay at Kajjansi, limestone at Hima and Tororo
9. Mining has led to creation of pits which are habitat for disease carrying vectors for example clay
mining at Kajjansi, sand mining at Kasenyi have created pits which are breeding grounds for
mosquitoes
10. Mining has led to land degradation such as large scars and pits left behind after mining for
example quarrying stones at Matugga, sand mining at Kasenyi, clay mining at Kajjansi
11. Mining has led to withdrawal of labour from other sectors especially agriculture leading to
reduction in its productivity by getting better employment opportunities in mining clay at Kajjansi,
limestone at Tororo and Hima
12. Mining has led to increased government expenditure in providing supportive infrastructure like
roads for example oil mining in Buliisa
13. Mining has led to regional imbalance where mining centers have more developed infrastructure
leading to problems like rural urban migration for example oil mining in Buliisa
14. Mining has led to damaging of buildings through cracks created by blasting of rocks for example
limestone mining at Tororo
15. Mining has led to destruction of soil structure through blasting of rocks which reduce soil
productivity for example limestone mining at Tororo

Problems facing mining in Uganda.

1. Inadequate capital to be invested in purchasing machinery, surveying and paying labour has led to
low levels of mining of sand at Kasenyi and Bukakata, gold in Busia and Kotido
2. Some minerals appear in small quantities and are easily exhausted for example tin in Kikagati in
Isingiro, wolfram in kabala
3. Poor quality of minerals and thus minerals are of limited economic value for example gold in
Busia and Kotido and cobalt from Kasese
4. Inadequate market/price fluctuation due to low demand for mineral products in the local markets
has discouraged investment in copper at Kilembe and gold in Busia and Kotido
5. Low levels of technology in mining which involves use of inefficient tools like hoes, axes and
spades for gold mining in Busia and Moroto, salt mining at lake Katwe in Kasese
6. Limited skilled labour force to work as engineers, researchers and miners leading to dependence
on expatriate labour which is expensive in mining of oil in Buliisa
7. Insecurity/hostility in some parts of Uganda which scares away investors for example ADF in
western Uganda has cause a threat to oil mining in Buliisa and the hostile Karamojongs have
scared away investors in gold mining in Moroto and Kotido
8. Poorly developed transport network to connect mining centers to market centers and processing
plants limiting gold mining in Moroto and Kotido and tin in Kanungu
9. Low supply of power and energy for mining due to load shedding affecting exploitation of
minerals like wolfram in Kabale, limestone at Kapchorwa
10. Climatic changes especially heavy rainfall which hinders transportation of minerals to market
centers for example iron ore in kabala and affects salt mining on lake Katwe in Kasese and too
much heat discourages gold mining at Kaabong, Moroto
11. Competition from other sectors of the economy for labour for example agriculture and industrial
sector leading to reduction in labour force employed mining clay at Kajjansi, limestone at Hima
and Tororo, oil in Buliisa
12. Over exploitation of mineral resources leading to exhaustion for example wolfram in kabala, tin
from Kikagati in Isingiro, gypsum in Bundibugyo
13. The presence of hard overlying rock which makes it expensive to blast the rocks and therefore
making mining uneconomical for example stone quarrying at Matugga
14. Profit repatriation by foreign companies which discourages re-investment in the mining sector for
example Tullow oil and gas company from UK engaged in oil mining in Buliisa
15. Smuggling of minerals across borders leading to overexploitation of mineral resources and reduced
government revenue for example gold in Busia, Moroto and Kotido smuggled to Kenya, mica in
Nebbi smuggled to Congo.
16. Corruption and embezzlement of funds has led to mismanagement of funds meant for improving
on mining for example oil in Buliisa, copper in Kilembe mines
17. Some minerals are found in remote areas and thus not easily accessible for example Gypsum in
Bundibugyo, gold in Kotido and Moroto
18. Limited research/poor geological survey limiting the discovery of some minerals for clay at
Kajjansi, limestone at Hima and Tororo, oil in Buliisa, gold in Busia and Kotido
19. Absence of clear marketing policy of minerals where individual miners search for market and
negotiate prices of minerals leading to price fluctuation of minerals such as clay at Kajjansi,
limestone at Hima and Tororo, oil in Buliisa, gold in Busia and Kotido
20. Territorial conflicts in the mining areas has increased competition and created insecurity limiting
mining of copper at Kilembe, oil in Buliisa
21. Land conflicts with other land use types for example wildlife conservation at queen Elizabeth
national park versus limestone mining in Kasese, tea growing at Kyamuhunga versus gold mining
in Bushenyi
22. Break down of machinery and therefore leading to losses for example the breakdown of a salt
processing plant has hindered salt mining on lake Katwe in Kasese
23. Pests and diseases discourages mining in affected areas for example Ebola discouraging gypsum
mining in Bundibugyo
24. Land wrangles over ownership by government and private individuals foe example oil at Buliisa

Measures being taken to promote mining in Uganda.

1. The government is improving on transport network to facilitate the distribution of minerals to

market centers for example a road from Kasese to Kampala for limestone at Kasese, a road from
Jinja to Mbale for vermiculite in Manafwa
2. Providing capital in form of loans necessary for mining through financial institutions like Stanbic
bank and centenary bank for clay at Kajjansi, limestone at Hima and Tororo, oil in Buliisa, gold in
Busia
3. Liberalization of the mining sector to allow private individuals engage in mining without any
restriction for example in mining clay at Kajjansi and limestone at Hima and Tororo
4. Privatizing the formerly inefficient state owned mines to ensure quality mineral production for
example clay mining at Kajjansi, and copper mining at Kilembe
5. Improving technology to increase on efficiency and effectiveness in mining through importation of
technology from japan, USA and china to promote mining of clay at Kajjansi, limestone at Hima
and Tororo
6. Reduction in smuggling of minerals to neighboring countries by using strong check points by
Uganda Revenue Authority for example at Malaba and Busia to reduce smuggling of gold at Busia
and vermiculite in Manafwa to Kenya
7. Expanding the size of the size of the market through economic integration for example the East
African community and COMESA to increase market for minerals such as clay at Kajjansi,
limestone at Hima and Tororo, and oil in Buliisa
8. Promoting political stability in the mining areas by using the national army UPDF to encourage
investment in the mining of clay at Kajjansi and limestone at Hima and Tororo
9. Intensive research such as geological research, technological research, market research to improve
on mining of clay at Kajjansi, limestone mining at Hima and Tororo
10. Education and training through higher institutions of learning with students doing petroleum
engineering and geology to provide skilled labour employed in mining of clay at Kajjansi,
limestone at Hima and Tororo
11. Improving on power and energy to run machines used during mining of limestone at Hima and
Tororo, oil in Buliisa and Hoima and wolfram in kabala
12. Government involvement in mining to ensure sustainable exploitation of minerals for example in
exploration of oil at Buliisa where the government has been involved in training the required
manpower.
13. The government through the Uganda Investment authority is bidding for mining different minerals
to foreign investors with the necessary capital and technology for example oil mining at Buliisa
and copper at Kilembe
14. Setting up mineral processing industries to extend on the size of market for example cement
industries for limestone at Tororo and Hima, Uganda clays for clay at Kajjansi.

REVISION QUESTIONS

1. (a) Describe the state of mining sector in Uganda.

 Give the current status of the mining sector in Uganda, identify the mining centers and draw a
sketch map of Uganda showing mining centers

(b) Explain the challenges facing the mining sector in Uganda.

 Explain the challenges facing the mining sector giving an example of a mineral and place name on
every point
2. Assess the contribution of mining of mining to the development of Uganda.
 Give the current status of the mining sector in Uganda, identify the mining centers and draw a
sketch map of Uganda showing mining centers
 Explain the positive and negative contribution of mining to the development of Uganda, giving an
example of a mineral and place name on every point
3. (a) Draw a sketch map of Uganda showing the distribution of mineral resources
 Give the current status of the mining sector in Uganda, identify the mining centers and draw a
sketch map of Uganda showing mining centers

(b) Explain the measures being taken to improve on the mining industry in Uganda.
 Explain the measures in present tense, giving an example of a mineral and place name on every
point

CHAPTER 17
 INDUSTRIALISATION IN UGANDA.

Current status of the industrial sector in Uganda.

 Industries are mostly agro-based for example Nile breweries in Jinja using sorghum, UGACOF for
coffee, Kakira sugar works for sugarcanes
 Most industries are concentrated in the traditional urban centers like kampala, Jinja, Mbale
 More industries have been opened up
 Most of the large scale industries are owned by foreigners for example sugar cooperation of
Uganda limited (SCOUL) belonging to Mehta, Mt. Meru in Lira belonging to Indians
 The industrial sector is dominated by processing industries especially food processing industries
 There are few manufacturing industries like chemical and pharmaceutical, plastics and textiles
 Most industries are light industries for example Movit cosmetics in kampala
 Most of the industries operate on small scale for example smart curry powder in kampala
 Industries contribute about 18% of the GDP
 There is an increase in the number of local investors in the industrial sector
 There is an increase in the recycling of wastes for example plastics like basins and bottles and
metal scrap
 Most of the industries use imported technology

Cement imports, production, exports and net domestic supply of cement (“000 tonnes)

Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Production 1,193 1,162 1,347 1,666 1,780
Imports 310 566 503 501 449
Export 351 390 362 502 528
Net Domestic supply 1,152 1,338 1,488 1,665 1,701
Source: statistical abstract, UBOS report, 2013

The main industrial centers in Uganda.

 Kampala with steel rolling, plastics, food processing, foot wear, paper and publishing, foam
industries, breweries
 Jinja with foam industries, steel rolling mills, food processing and breweries
 Kasese with cement manufacturing, foam industries, steel processing, cobalt processing and
distilleries industries
 Tororo with cement manufacturing, food processing and steel mills
 Arua with food processing
 Mbarara with milk processing, beverages and steel rolling mills
 Mbale with soap factory, textiles and food processing
 Gulu with food processing
 Lira with cotton ginnery, oil manufacturing and soap industries
 Fort portal with tea processing and food processing

A SKETCH MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING INDUSTRIAL CENTERS

Factors influencing the distribution of industries in Uganda.

1. Nearness to raw materials.

 Industries which use bulky raw materials that lose weight after manufacturing are located near
the source of raw materials to reduce transportation costs for example Hima cement industries
in Kasese and Kakira sugar works in Jinja
 Industries which use perishable raw materials are also located near the source of raw materials
to reduce losses for example Gomba fish factory in Jinja on lake victoria, Kakira sugar works
in Jinja near Kakira sugarcane plantation
2. Availability of market.
 Perishable commodities are manufactured near markets to reduce wastages for example
industries like hot loaf bakery in kampala and tiptop bread industry in Jinja
 Industries producing bulky products are located near markets to reduce on transportation costs
for example Hwang sung furniture industry in kampala
 Industries which produce fragile commodities are located near markets to reduce losses for
example glass industries in kampala and Nile breweries at Njeru
3. Availability of transport. Industries are set up in areas where there are well developed transport
network for distribution of industrial products to market centers for example Mukwano industry in
kampala and Nile breweries at Njeru
4. Availability of labour. Most industries have been located in urban centers due to abundant supply
of cheap labour to work in the industries for example Mukwano industry in kampala and Nile
breweries in Njeru
5. Availability of water. Most industries that require abundant and regular supply of water are located
near the source of water for example Nile Breweries t Njeru near lake victoria
6. Availability of land. Industries are located where there is cheap and extensive land to allow future
expansion of industries for example Coca-Cola industry at Namanve and Kakira sugar works in
Jinja
7. Government policy towards the distribution of industries
 He government distributes industries throughout the country to promote regional balance in
terms of development for example the bullet manufacturing industry in Nakasongola and
the Coca-Cola industry in Mbarara
 The government allocates some areas for industrial development for example Kawempe
industrial center with Hariss International industry, Nakawa industrial center with spear
motors
8. Availability of power. Industries are located where there is regular supply of power to run the
machines for example Nile breweries at Njeru, Mukwano industry in Kampala due to hydroelectric
power generated at Nalubaale power station and Kiira dam
9. Political security and stability. Industries are set up in areas which are politically stable for
example Nile breweries at Njeru and Mukwano industries at Kampala
10. Industrial linkage/inertia. Some industries tend to be located where there are other industries in
order to make use of products from other industries as raw materials for example Tip Top bread
near Uganda grain millers in Jinja, sweet making industry near Kakira sugar works in Jinja
11. Owner’s choice in setting up industries. Most small scale industries are located in areas according
the choice of entrepreneurs for reasons of development of local community or nearness to
homesteads for example Smart curry powder in kampala, Movit cosmetics industry in kampala
12. Availability of adequate capital to purchase the necessary industrial inputs such as machinery has
led to existence of industries in Uganda such as Mukwano industry in kampala
13. Nature of relief. Industries are located in gently sloping landscape for easy construction of houses
and transport infrastructure for example BIDCO industries in Jinja
14. Availability of improved technology for improved quantity and quality production has led to
establishment of industries in Uganda for example Nile breweries at Njeru in Buikwe district
15. Availability of increased research through training institutions such as Uganda Industrial Institute
at Kyambogo for improved operation of Mukwano industry in kampala
16. Historical factors. Areas which were significant in the colonial era have many industries
established for example Kakira sugar factories in Jinja, Nile breweries at Njeru in Buikwe
17. Availability of auxiliary services such as banks and insurance. Industries have vices for example
been established in areas with such auxiliary services for example Mukwano industry in Kampala

Factors favouring industrial development in Uganda.

1. Availability of a variety of raw materials to be used in industries for example agricultural raw
materials like sugar canes for Kakira sugar works in Jinja, sorghum for Nile breweries at Njeru and
mineral raw materials for example limestone for Tororo cement industry at Tororo and clay for
Uganda clays factory at Kajjansi
2. The gently sloping landscape has encouraged the establishment of industries and construction of
supportive infrastructure like roads for example Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at
Luzira and Mukwano industry in kampala
3. Availability of extensive land to allow future expansion of industries like Nile breweries at Njeru,
Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industry in Kampala
4. Availability of adequate capital for paying labour and purchasing the necessary used in Nile
breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industries in kampala
5. Relative political stability has encouraged long term investment in industries such as Nile
breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industry in kampala
6. Supportive government policy for example privatization and liberalization of the industrial sector,
and construction of supportive infrastructure like roads has encouraged investment in industries
like Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industry in Kampala
7. Availability of abundant supply of power and energy in form of hydroelectric power and thermal
electricity used to run machines in industries like Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at
Luzira and Mukwano industries in Kampala
8. The presence of well-developed transport network for the distribution of industrial products to
market centers has promoted the growth of Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira
and Mukwano industries in Kampala
9. Availability of large domestic and foreign markets like south Sudan, Rwanda and Democratic
Republic of Congo for industrial products has encouraged investment in Nile breweries at Njeru,
Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industries in Kampala
10. Availability of advanced technology especially imported technology which is highly efficient in
industrial operations for example computerized systems and conveyor belts used in Nile breweries
at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industries in Kampala
11. Availability of abundant supply of skilled and semi-skilled labour force to work in industries in
operating machines, research in industries like Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira
and Mukwano industries in Kampala
12. The presence of abundant supply of water to cool the machines and used as raw materials in Nile
breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries in Luzira and Mukwano industries in kampala
13. Availability of auxiliary services like banking to provide capital to industrialists and insurance for
human and industries has encouraged investment in Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at
Luzira and Mukwano industries in kampala
14. The high levels of advertising of industrial products has encouraged awareness of the available
industrial products hence leading to increased market size for products from Nile breweries at
Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industries in kampala
15. Intensive research conducted by the Uganda Investment Authority (UIA) and industrialists
concerning improvement in quality and quantity of industrial products from Nile breweries at
Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industries in Kampala
16. The presence of both local and foreign entrepreneurs who are willing to invest in the industrial
sector has encouraged the growth of industries like Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at
Luzira and Mukwano industries in kampala
17. Industrial linkage where some industries have been established due to the presence of related
industries for example the establishment of Uganda grain millers led to the growth of Tip top bread
industry in Jinja and the establishment of Kakira sugarcane plantation led to the growth of Kakira
sugar works in Jinja

Contribution of industrial sector to the development of Uganda.

Positive contributions.
1. Source of employment opportunities where people are employed as researchers, engineers and
accountants in industries like Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano
industries in kampala
2. Source of foreign exchange through exportation of industrial products from Nile breweries at
Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industries in Kampala
3. Source of revenue to the government though imposing taxes on people employed and industries
like Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industry in kampala,
century bottling company at Namanve
4. Industrialization has led to the development of transport infrastructure especially roads connecting
industrial centers to market centers for example Nile breweries at Jinja, Uganda breweries at
Luzira and Mukwano industries in kampala
5. Industrialization has led to the development of power and energy to facilitate the industrial
activities for example HEP from Nalubaale power station and Kiira dam for industries like Nile
breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industries in kampala
6. Industrialization has led to urbanization with its benefits since industrial centers attract a large
population for example Njeru with Nile breweries, Luzira with Uganda breweries, Kibuli with
Mukwano industries
7. Industrialization has led to creation of international relationship between Uganda and countries
where industrial products are exported for example Kenya, south Sudan and Rwanda for products
from Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industries in kampala
8. Industrialization has led to the development of research and education/tourism by students from
higher institutions of learning has increased on foreign exchange for example Nile breweries at
Njeru, Mukwano industries in kampala and Uganda breweries at Luzira
9. Industrialization has led to the diversification of the economy and reduce over dependence on
agriculture through generation of alternative income from Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda
breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industries in Kampala
10. Industrialization is a source of consumer goods for domestic purposes for example beers from Nile
breweries at Njeru and Uganda breweries at Luzira, soap and other detergents from Mukwano
industries in kampala, soda at Namanve
11. Industrialization has led to the development of agriculture through provision of market for
agricultural products for example sorghum for Nile breweries in Jinja, sugarcanes for Kakira sugar
works
12. Industrialization has encouraged the exploitation of natural resources since natural resources act as
raw materials to industries for example limestone for Tororo cement industry, fish foe Gomba fish
factory in Jinja, forests for Nile plywood at Jinja and water for Uganda breweries at Luzira
13. Industries have contributed to capita accumulation as a result of inflow of funds and machinery
from other countries for example Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira, Mukwano
industries in kampala and century bottling company at Namanve
14. Industrialization has led to improved technology through research leading to increased productivity
in Uganda for example wheel barrows and hoes from GM tumpeco in kampala
Negative contributions

1. Industrialization has led to environmental pollution resulting from industrial fumes and wastes
released to the atmosphere for example Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and
Mukwano industry in kampala
2. Industrialization is associated with accidents resulting from operation of machines in industries
like Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industry in Kampala
3. Industrialization has led to exhaustion of natural resources to feed the industries for example fish
in lake victoria for Gomba fish factory in Jinja and limestone for Tororo cement industry at Tororo
and Hima cement industry in Kasese
4. Industrialization has led to profit repatriation by industries owned by foreigners for example Mt.
Meru oil industry in Lira and Kakira sugar works in Jinja and Lugazi sugar factory in Buikwe
5. Industrialization has led to displacement of people to establish industries leaving them landless and
homeless for example Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industry
in kampala
6. Industrialization has led to urban related problems in urban centers which have developed from
industrialization for example prostitution, unemployment etc. at Njeru with Nile breweries, Luzira
with Uganda breweries, Kibuli with Mukwano industry, Namanve with Coca-Cola industry
7. Industrialization has led to destruction of vegetation to establish industries for example Namanve
forests destroyed to establish Coca-Cola industry at Namanve and part of Mabira forest destroyed
to establish Lugazi sugar factory in Buikwe
8. Industrialization has led to destruction of landscape by creating pits and leveling the landscape for
example Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industry in kampala
9. Industrialization has led to withdrawal of labour from other sectors especially agriculture leading
to reduction in its productivity by getting better employment opportunities in Nile breweries at
Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industry in kampala
10. Industrialization has led to increased government expenditure to finance the growing industrial
sector in terms of providing the supportive infrastructure for example Nile breweries at Njeru,
Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industry in kampala
11. Industrialization has led to swamp reclamation to obtain raw materials used in industries for
example clay from Kajjansi swamp for Uganda clays Kajjansi and establish industries for example
Sembule steel rolling in Nalukolongo swamp

Problems facing the development of industrial sector in Uganda.

1. Inadequate capital to invest in purchasing machinery, surveying and paying labour has led to low
levels of industrial development for example Movit cosmetics in kampala and smart curry powder
in kampala
2. Inadequate market/price fluctuation for industrial products due to competition from other industrial
countries discourages investment in industries like Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at
Luzira and Mukwano industry in kampala
3. Low levels of technology used which are inefficient for example smart curry powder industry in
kampala, Movit cosmetics industry in kampala
4. Limited skilled labour force to work as engineers, researchers and accountants leading to
dependence on expatriate labour which is expensive for example in Nile breweries at Njeru,
Uganda breweries in Luzira and Mukwano industries in Kampala
5. Insecurity in some parts of the country which scares away both local and foreign investors for
example ADF in western Uganda has caused a threat investment in Nile breweries at Jinja, Uganda
breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industry in kampala
6. Poorly developed transport network to link industrial centers to market centers limits the
distribution of industrial products from Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries ta Luzira and
Mukwano industry in kampala
7. Low supply of power and energy for industrial operation due to load shedding and rationing
affecting operation of Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industry
in kampala
8. Competition from other sectors of the economy for labor for example agriculture and mining
sectors leading to reduction in labour force employed in industries like Nile breweries at Jinja,
Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industry in kampala
9. Profit repatriation by foreign owned industries which reduces the rate of re-investment in the
industrial sector for example Kakira sugar works in Jinja and Lugazi sugar corporation of Uganda
limited in Buikwe
10. Corruption and embezzlement of funds has led to mismanagement of funds meant for improving
on the industrial sector for Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano
industry in Kampala
11. Limited research conducted by small scale industries concerning improvement in the quantity and
quality of products for example smart curry powder in kampala and Movit cosmetics
12. Limited land especially in urban centers has limited the expansion of industries like Nile breweries
at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira, Mukwano industry in kampala
13. Unfavourable government policy in terms of high taxation and limited subsidization discourages
the operation of Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira, Mukwano industry in
kampala
14. Limited raw materials to be used in industries has led to importation of raw materials which is
expensive for example petroleum for Nice House of plastics in kampala

Measures being taken to promote industrial development in Uganda.

1. The government is improving on transport network to facilitate the distribution of industrial

products to market centers for example Kampala-Gulu road, Kampala-Jinja and Kampala-Mbarara
road for products from Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano
industry in Kampala
2. Providing capital necessary for industrial development in form of loans from financial institutions
like Stanbic bank and centenary bank for industries like Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries
at Luzira and Mukwano industry in kampala
3. Liberalization of the industrial sector to allow private individuals engage in industrial operations
without any restriction for example Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and
Mukwano industry in kampala
4. Privatizing the formerly inefficient state industries to ensure quality industrial operation for
example Uganda clays at Kajjansi, southern range Nyanza textile industries in Jinja and Tororo
cement industry
5. Improving technology to increase on efficiency in industrial production through importation of
technology from Japan, USA and China used in Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at
Luzira and Mukwano industry in Kampala
6. Expanding the size of the market through economic integration for example the East African
Community and COMESA to increase demand for products from Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda
breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industry in Kampala
7. Promoting political stability in many parts of the country by using the national army UPDF to
encourage investment in industries like Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and
Mukwano industry in Kampala
8. Conducting intensive research such as market research and technological research carried out by
the government and individual industrialists to improve operations of industries like Nile breweries
at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industry in Kampala
9. Education and training through higher institutions of learning like Makerere university with
students doing engineering to provide skilled labour employed in industries like Nile breweries at
Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industry in Kampala
10. Improving on power and energy like hydroelectric power at Nalubaale power station used to run
machines in industries like Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano
industry in kampala
11. Importation of basic raw materials for industries such as petroleum from Kenya for nice house of
plastics at Bugolobi and Mukwano industry in kampala
12. Protecting local industries from foreign competition by using trade barriers like tariffs so as to
increase the size of the domestic markets like Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira
and Mukwano industry in Kampala
13. Establishment of industrial centers/parks in urban centers to encourage expansion of industries for
example Nakawa industrial center with spare motors vehicle assembly, Nalukolongo with Sembule
steel rolling mills, Kawempe industrial center with Hariss international industry.
14. Ensuring quality industrial production by the Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS) to
reduce consumption of harmful products for industries like Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda
breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industries in kampala
15. Forming organizations responsible for spear heading the development of industries for example
Uganda Manufacturers’ Association (UMA) and Uganda investment Authority (UIA) promote
industries like Nile breweries at Njeru and Mukwano industry in kampala
16. Organizing trade shows by the Uganda Manufacturers’ Association for example annual trade
shows at Lugogo show ground to expand the size of the market for industrial products from Nile
breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industry in kampala
17. Recycling of waste products and scraps to act as raw materials for industries like metal scrap for
steel and tube industry in kampala
18. Rehabilitation of industries by repairing worn out machines to ensure efficiency in production for
example Nile breweries at Njeru, Uganda breweries at Luzira and Mukwano industry in kampala.

REVISION QUESTIONS
1. To what extent has power and energy contributed to the development of industries in
Uganda?
 Give the current status of the industrial sector in Uganda, identify the industrial centers with the
types of industries, draw a sketch map of Uganda showing industrial centers and indicate the type
of industries
 Explain the role of power and energy in development of industries giving an example of a name of
industry and place name on every point
 Give other factors favouring industrial development in Uganda giving an example of industry and
place where it is found
2. Account for the distribution of manufacturing industries in Uganda.
 Give the current status of the industrial sector in Uganda, identify the industrial centers with the
name of industries, draw a sketch map of Uganda showing industrial centers and indicate the type
of industries
 Explain the factors for the distribution of industries, giving an example of name of industry and
place name of an industry and place name on every point
 CHAPTER 18

URBANISATION IN UGANDA.

Urbanization refers to the gradual development of gazetted cities, municipalities and town councils
occupied by over 2000 people per square kilometer.

Or

Urbanization is the process where a large number of people become permanently concentrated in
relatively small areas forming cities or town.

Or

Urbanization is the process whereby an increasing proportion of the country’s population lives in
towns/cities

Or

Urbanization is the process whereby rural areas develop in to towns.

An urban area is an area gazetted by the act of parliament characterized by high human population
density and vast human built features in comparison to the areas surrounding it.

Categories of urban centers in Uganda include

 Cities like Kampala city

 Municipality/municipal councils like Jinja, Mbarara, Mbale, Soroti and Gulu
 Town councils like Sironko, Bududa, Wakiso, Kitgum, Kotido, Kyenjojo and Kisoro
 Town boards/trading centers like Buwama, Musita, Bukolooto and Namwendwa

A SKECH MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING URBAN CENTERS

Factors which have favoured urbanization in Uganda.

1. Favourable climatic conditions in terms of heavy rainfall and cool temperatures attract people for
settlement in Kampala city, Jinja city
2. The presence of a hard basement rock for the construction of strong buildings for example in
Kampala city
3. Historical factors in terms early settlements for example Kampala city which was an administrative
center for the colonial government
4. The availability of a rich hinterland to provide raw materials for industries and large market
potential for products from urban centers for example Kampala city surrounded by Wakiso
5. Availability of productive soil to provide food for the urban population for example Kampala
6. The presence of large tract of land for the expansion of urban centers for example in Kampala city
and Jinja municipality and Mbale municipality
7. The presence of large quantity of water for domestic and industrial use for example in Kampala
city and Jinja municipality around lake victoria
8. Low incidence of pests and diseases providing a health environment for settlement for example in
Kampala city
9. The presence of numerous industries which attract a large urban population for example in
Kampala city
10. The presence of large deposits of a variety of minerals attracting a large population for example
Kasese municipality and Tororo municipality with limestone
11. Availability of efficient and well developed transport network for accessibility for example
Kampala city and Jinja municipality with roads like Kampala-Jinja road
12. Favourable government policy of establishing of urban centers for example allowing private
investors to build towns like Kampala city, Jinja city
13. High levels of technology for urban development for example in construction of strong buildings
in Kampala city, Arua city
14. Availability of adequate capital for the construction of urban centers for example in Kampala city,
Mbarara city
15. Availability of variety of power and energy sources which attract a large population for example
hydroelectricity and solar energy in Kampala City
16. Availability of skilled and non-skilled labour to work in the development of the urban centers for
example Kampala city, Jinja city
17. Political security has attracted many people to settle for example in Kampala city, Jinja city, Mbale
city
18. Availability of a large market potential attract many people to carry out investment for example
Kampala city, Jinja city and Mbarara city

Contribution of urbanization to the development of Uganda.

Positive contribution

1. It has led to increased employment opportunities in both formal and informal sectors leading to
improved standards of living for example in Kampala city, Arua city
2. It has led to the growth of industries due to increased market potential for example Kampala city
with Mukwano industry and Jinja city with steel rolling mills
3. It has led to better living conditions such as improved housing facilities with clean water and
electricity in Kampala city, Jinja city and Arua city.
4. It has led to improved sanitation due to well-planned settlements other forms of land use for
example in Kampala city, Arua city
5. It has resulted in well-developed green belts such as peri-urban tree plantations in Mbale city,
Kampala city, Arua city.
6. It has resulted in provision of market for rural produce because of the large population for example
in Kampala city, Jinja city and Arua city
7. It has facilitated provision of administrative like Uganda Parliamentary building and commercial
functions like Nakesero market in Kampala city, Jinja central market in Jinja city, Arua central
market in Arua city
8. It has resulted in to improved security and stability because of various security organs in urban
centers like police in Kampala city, Arua city
9. It has led to effective utilization of the would be idle resources such as forests like swamps for fish
farming for example in Kajjansi town council and Nkona in Mbale city
10. Source of revenue to the government due to increased productive activities from which taxes are
charged for example in Kampala city, Arua city
11. It has promoted tourism due to the presence of tourist attractions like Uganda Wildlife Education
center and Kasubi tombs in Kampala city
12. It has promoted international relationships due to sharing of information with other cities for
example through visitors in Kampala city, Jinja city, Mbarara city
13. It has promoted innovativeness and creativity for survival for example at Katwe in Kampala city
14. It has helped to reduce pressure on land in the rural areas through rural urban migration for
example Kampala city, Jinja city
15. It has promoted infrastructural development such as hospitals, schools, roads and recreational
centers in Kampala city, Arua city

Negative impacts.

1. It has led to overcrowding/congestion due to large number of people in urban areas like Kampala
city, Jinja city
2. It has led to pollution of air, land and noise pollution from vehicles and industries in Kampala city,
Jinja city
3. It has led to destruction of vegetation cover with a view of establishing settlements and industries
for example Namanve forest at Namanve in Mukono municipality
4. It has led to encroachment on the wetlands and other marginal lands because of the need for the
land for settlement for example Bwaise and Nsooba swamp in Kampala city
5. It has led to high rate of crime for example prostitution at Kabalagala in Kampala city, Naboa road
in Mbale city
6. It has led to unemployment due to increased number of people compared to the rate of job creation
for example in Kampala city, Jinja city
7. It has led to decline in agricultural production due to rural urban migration from Luwero and
Masindi to Kampala city, Jinja city
8. It has led to change in social structure for example males and females leaving their families
searching for employment in urban areas like Kampala city, Arua city
9. It has led to erosion of culture because of copying western style of life like way of dressing and
marriage ceremonies in Kampala city, Jinja city
10. It has led to increased spread of diseases due to poor disposal of wastes and congestion for
example in Kampala city, Jinja city
11. It has led to high cost of living due to increased demand for the commodities in urban centers like
Kampala city, Jinja city
12. It has led to displacement of people to establish roads and planned housing in Kampala city, Jinja
city
13. It has led to growth of slums with the associated problems like poor sanitation for example
Katanga, Kisenyi and Katwe in Kampala city

Problems facing urban centers in Uganda.

1. Shortage of accommodation leading to growth of slums for example Katanga, Kisenyi and Katwe
in Kampala city
2. High rates of crime like robbery and child sacrifice due to unemployment for example in Kampala
city, Jinja city
3. Shortage of food due to low levels of income leading to hunger and starvation for example in
Kampala city, Jinja city
4. Pollution of air, water and noise pollution resulting from vehicles and industries which affect
people’s health for example in Kampala city, Jinja city
5. Flooding especially in lowland areas like those reclaimed from swamps leading to destruction of
property and loss of lives for example at Bwaise, Mpererwe and Nsooba in Kampala
6. Increased street children and associated problems like theft and drug abuse for example in
Kampala city, Jinja city
7. Traffic congestion due to increased use of vehicles leading to delays for example in Kampala city,
Arua city
8. Outbreak of diseases like cholera due to poor sanitation which claim lives for example in Kampala
city, Arua city, Jinja city
9. High cost of living in terms of food, transport and communication hence affecting the standards of
living for example in Kampala city, Jinja city
10. Limited land for expansion due to physical barriers like hills and swamps due to high cost of
construction of buildings for example in Kampala city, Jinja city
11. Accidents from vehicles and occupational hazards leading to loss of life for example in Kampala
city, Arua city

Measures being taken to solve problems facing urban centers in Uganda.

1. Ensuring proper house planning to reduce on growth of slums for example Katanga, Kisenyi and
Katwe in Kampala city
2. Enforcing security organs like police to fight high rates of crime like robbery and child sacrifices
in Kampala city
3. Encouraging proper disposal of industrial wastes to reduce pollution in Kampala city, Jinja city
4. Constructing channels like Nakivubo channel and Nsooba channel in Kampala city to reduce
flooding especially in lowland areas like those reclaimed from swamps for example at Bwaise,
Mpererwe
5. Constructing bypass roads like the northern bypass and Entebbe-Kampala express highway in
Kampala to reduce on traffic congestion for example in Kampala city and Jinja city
6. Ensuring joint efforts to clean towns to control outbreak of diseases like cholera resulting from
poor sanitation for example in Kampala city, Jinja city
7. Deploying traffic police to reduce accidents from vehicles for example in Kampala city
8. Operations to fight street children for example KCCA officials by rounding them up and keeping
them in custody in Kampala city
9. Putting in place supportive institutions to spearhead the development of urban centers for example
Kampala Capital City Authority in Kampala city
10. Education and training of labour skills necessary for developing urban centers for example those
doing Bachelor’s degree in urban planning for towns like Kampala city, Jinja city

KAMPALA CITY

Current status of Kampala

 Kampala is the capital city of Uganda

 It is the largest urban center with the population of about 1.8 million people
 Kampala is the major industrial area in Uganda
 Kampala is the major administrative center in Uganda with parliament

Administrative division of Kampala

Kampala is divided in to five administrative divisions i.e. Kawempe division, Lubaga division,
Makindye division, central division and Nakawa division

Factors that have favoured the growth of Kampala.

1. Favourable climatic conditions in terms of heavy rainfall and cool temperatures attract people for
settlement for example in Nakawa, Kawempe, Makindye
2. The presence of flat topped hills have encouraged settlement due to easy construction of houses
for example Kololo, Makindye, Kibuli, Makerere and Namirembe
3. The presence of a hard basement rock for the construction of strong buildings for example in
Nakawa, Makindye
4. Historical factors in terms of early settlements for example Europeans and missionaries at Kololo,
old Kampala, Mengo and Namirembe which where administrative centers for the colonial
governments
5. The availability of a rich hinterland to provide raw materials for industries and large market
potential for products from Nakasero market and Kalerwe market for example Wakiso and
Mukono
6. Availability of productive soil to provide food for the population attracted many people to settle
for example in Kawempe and Bwaise
7. The presence of large tracts of land for the expansion of urban centers for example in Kawempe,
Makindye and Nakawa
8. The presence of large quantity of water for domestic and domestic and industrial use for example
Ggaba and Luzira around lake victoria
9. Low incidence of pests and diseases providing a health environment for settlement for example in
Nakawa, Lubaga
10. The presence of numerous industries which attract a large urban population for example
Mukwano industry in Kibuli, Uganda breweries in Luzira and Nice house of plastics in Bugolobi
11. Availability of efficient and well developed transport network for accessibility for example
Nakawa with Kampala-Jinja road, Makindye with Kampala - Entebbe road, Kawempe with
Kampala -Gulu road
12. Favourable government policy on establishment of urban centers for example allowing private
investors to build towns like Kololo, Muyenga and Kawempe
13. High level of technology for urban development for example in construction of strong buildings
in central division, Makindye and Lubaga
14. Availability of a variety of power and energy sources which attract a large population for example
hydroelectric power in Kawempe, Lubaga, Nakawa
15. Availability of adequate capital for the construction of houses in Kampala for example in
Nakawa, central division, Kawempe
16. Availability of skilled and non-skilled labour to work in the development like constructing houses
in Kampala for example in Nakawa, Kawempe
17. Political stability has attracted many people of settle for example in Nakawa, Makindye and
Lubaga
18. Availability o a large market potential attract many people to carry out investment for example in
Nakawa, Makindye, Kawempe and central division

Functions of Kampala

1. It is an administrative center with many headquarters of divisions like Makindye, central division,
Nakawa and Kawempe, Kampala capital city Authority, Uganda’s parliamentary building
2. It is a residential center with improved accommodation facilities for diplomats, government civil
servants, and ministers for example at Kololo and Muyenga
3. It is a commercial center with many businesses and shopping centers for example Nakasero
market, Wandegeya market
4. It is an industrial center with many industries hence providing employment opportunities for
example Mukwano industry at Kibuli and nice house of plastics in Bugolobi
5. It is a transport and communication center with all forms of transport for example roads like
Kampala - Jinja road, air strips like Kololo air strip, water transport for example port bell-Mwanza
route on lake victoria
6. It is a recreational center with many centers of entertainment for example theatre LA Bonita and
national theatre
7. It is a tourist center with many tourist attractions like Kasubi tombs and Uganda museum at Kololo
8. It is a cultural center with the headquarters of Buganda kingdom at Mengo
9. It is a religious center with many of churches and mosques like Lubaga for he Catholics ,
Namirembe cathedral for the Anglicans and Kibuli mosque for the Muslims
10. It is an educational center with many institutions like Makerere university at Makerere, Kyambogo
university at Kyambogo and Kampala university at Ggaba
11. It is a banking and financial center with many banks like centenary bank at Bwaise and Stanbic
bank at Wandegeya

REVISION QUESTION.

1. (a) Account for the increased urbanization in Uganda.

 Define urbanization, state the types of urban centers, draw a sketch map of Uganda
showing types of urban centers
 Explain the factors for the development of urban centers giving an example of an urban
center on every point

(b) Examine the impacts of urbanization on the environment.

 Explain the positive and negative impacts, giving an example of an urban center on every
point.
 CHAPTER 19

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN UGANDA

Wildlife refers to Fauna (animals) and Flora (plants), which have been gazetted in a given area together with
the natural landscape/scenery they occupy.

Current status of wildlife conservation in Uganda.

 Wildlife is the major tourist attraction in Uganda

 Wildlife conservation is mainly carried out in semi-arid areas of Uganda where rainfall amounts are less
than 750mm per annum
 There is deterioration in wildlife population due to poaching and hostile environment
 There are efforts to protect rare species of animals for example white Rhinos at Ziwa ranch in Nakasongola.
 National parks have been increased from 4 to 10 since 1980 to date.
 The government has established Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) to monitor wildlife conservation in
Uganda.

Wildlife conservation areas in Uganda include:

 National parks like Murchison falls national park, Queen Elizabeth national park, Kidepo valley national
park, Mt. Elgon national park, Mt. Rwenzori national park
 Wildlife reserves like Pian-Upe, Matheniko, Bokora corridor, and Bagungu and Karuma wildlife reserve.
 Wildlife sanctuaries like Kei, Otze, Ngamba island, Entebbe birds sanctuary
 Community wildlife areas like Amudat, Iriri, Karenga, Kaiso-Tonya, East Madi and north Karamoja.
 Wildlife ranches like Ziwa ranch in Nakasongola

A SKETCH MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AREAS

Factors favouring wildlife conservation in Uganda.

Physical factors.

1. Favourable climatic conditions such as semi – arid and tropical climate with low rainfall amounts
responsible for the growth of savanna vegetation which provides conducive eco-system for the survival of
numerous species of wildlife like elephants, antelopes and warthogs in Queen Elizabeth National park.
2. The presence of semi-desert vegetation which provides conducive eco-system for the survival of numerous
species of wildlife like elephants, antelopes and warthogs in Queen Elizabeth National park.
3. Soils of low productivity which has hindered crop cultivation creating extensive areas for wildlife
conservation for example in Kidepo valley national park and Pian-Upe wildlife reserve in the Karamoja
areas.
4. Poorly drained areas with limited surface water limiting crop cultivation creating extensive areas for
wildlife conservation for example in Kidepo valley national park and Pian-Upe wildlife reserve in the
Karamoja area.
5. The presence of a rich ecological system for the growth and survival of wildlife for example various animal
species like antelopes and zebra on which lions feed encouraging their growth and maturity for example in
Lake Mburo national park.
Human factors.
6. Increased demand for wildlife for tourism has increased the need to protect areas as national parks such as
Queen Elizabeth national park, wildlife reserve like Bokora corridor in Karamoja.
7. Availability of adequate capital invested in wildlife conservation in paying labour and setting up supportive
infrastructure to support protected areas like Queen Elizabeth national park and Kidepo valley national
park.
8. Availability of skilled labour force employed in wildlife conservation for example game wardens in
Murchison falls national park and Lake Mburo national park.
9. Intensive research conducted by Uganda wildlife Authority (UWA) concerning protection and conservation
of wildlife leading to continued existence of protected areas like Queen Elizabeth national park and Mt.
Rwenzori national park.
10. Improved security for growth and survival of wildlife species in protected areas like Queen Elizabeth
national park and Mt. Rwenzori national park
11. Supportive government policy of setting Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) and National forestry
Authority and gazetting areas as national parks like Murchison falls national park and Mt. Rwenzori
national park.
12. Improved transport and communication for effective monitoring of wildlife conservation areas and
movement of tourists to protected areas like Queen Elizabeth national park.

Contribution of wildlife conservation to the development of Uganda.

1. It has led to the development of tourism and research hence a source of foreign exchange for example
Queen Elizabeth national park, Pian-Upe wildlife reserve and Karuma wildlife reserve.
2. It has led to development of research and education by students from higher institutions of learning for
example those doing tourist related courses do their study in Queen Elizabeth national park.
3. Source of employment opportunities where people are employed as researchers, game wardens and guides
and veterinary personnel in Queen Elizabeth national park
4. Source of foreign exchange through foreign tourists from USA, china and Britain vising conservation areas
like Queen Elizabeth national park
5. Source of internal revenue to the government through imposing taxes on people employed in the
conservation areas such as Queen Elizabeth national park
6. It helps in protecting important water catchment areas especially in mountainous areas for example in Mt.
Rwenzori national park and mountain Elgon national park.
7. It provides plants used for curative/medicinal purposes for example in Queen Elizabeth national park and
mountain Rwenzori national park.
8. It provides food through controlled hunting for example in Queen Elizabeth national parks and Pian-Upe
wildlife reserve
9. Wildlife conservation has led to the development of transport infrastructure especially roads connecting
conservation areas such as Queen Elizabeth national park, Mt. Elgon national park and Mt. Rwenzori
national park.
10. It has led to urbanization with its benefits since conservation areas attract a large population for example
Mweya and Kikorongo in queen Elizabeth national park
11. It has led to creation of international relationship between Uganda and countries sharing conservation areas
for example with Democratic Republic of Congo with Virungas national park linked to Semiliki national
and Mt. Rwenzori national park.
12. Conservation areas protect landscape from degradation, erosion and mass wasting due to protection of plant
life especially in mountainous areas for example Mt. Rwenzori national park and mountain Elgon national
park.
13. It has led to the diversification of the economy and reduce over dependence on agriculture which is highly
affected by natural factors through generation of alternative income from conservation areas like Queen
Elizabeth national park
14. It has led to the development of agriculture through provision of market for agricultural products for
example at Mweya safari lodge in Queen Elizabeth national park
15. Wildlife conservation has encouraged the utilization of land that would be idle that is less productive in
terms of agriculture for example the dry areas of Kaabong occupied by Kidepo valley national park, Kasese
occupied by Queen Elizabeth national park.
16. It has led to the development of photography and videography since conservation areas provide magnificent
scenery such as Queen Elizabeth national park.
17. Conservation areas with thick forest vegetation help to modify the local climate through formation of
rainfall for example Bwindi impenetrable national park and Mt. Elgon national park

Negative contributions

1. Conservation of wildlife involves the protection of wild animals which are dangerous to humans for
example leopards, snakes and lions in Queen Elizabeth national park, Mt. Rwenzori national park
2. The conserved wild animals normally invade farmlands in the neighborhood and destroy the cops hence
discouraging agriculture for example elephants in Queen Elizabeth national park and mountain Rwenzori
national park
3. It has led to destruction of vegetation resulting from overgrazing by wild animals for example elephants in
Murchison fall national park
4. It has led to the pollution of the environment which is harmful to human life for example hippopotamuses in
Queen Elizabeth national park pollute the water of Kazinga channel and lake Edward with their dung
5. It has led to withdrawal of labour from other sectors like agriculture affecting their growth by engaging in
wildlife conservation areas such as Queen Elizabeth national park and Mt. Rwenzori national park
6. Some conservation areas are breeding grounds for vectors like tsetse flies for example Murchison falls
national park and mountain Rwenzori national park
7. The conservation areas provide hideout for antigovernment forces and other wrong doers who destabilize
peace for example ADF in mountain Rwenzori national park
8. It has led to urban related problems like prostitution, high crime rates and others in urban centers which
have emerged from wildlife conservation for example at Mweya and Katwe in Queen Elizabeth national
park
9. It has led to displacement of many people near conservation areas through eviction of encroachers such as
Queen Elizabeth national park
10. Wildlife conservation has led to completion for land with other land use types like agriculture and
settlement for example Murchison falls national park and Queen Elizabeth national park
11. It has led to profit repatriation by foreign owned companies engaged in wildlife conservation for example in
operation of lodges in Queen Elizabeth national park
12. It has led to regional imbalance where conservation areas are more developed than the adjacent areas with
improved infrastructure for example queen Elizabeth national park.
13. It has led to loss of government revenue through provision of infrastructure like roads, conducting research
for conservation areas like Queen Elizabeth national park

Wildlife as the basis for the tourist industry in Uganda.

1. Tourists wants to see wildlife in the natural settings or habitats leading to the development of tourist
activities like bird watching in Queen Elizabeth national park and gorilla tracking in Bwindi impenetrable
national park
2. Tourists are interested in going for game sports like hunting and sport fishing thus encouraging them to go
to Kazinga channel in Queen Elizabeth national park
3. Tourists who are interested in research on ecological system use wildlife at Queen Elizabeth national and
Murchison falls national park for their research for example at Institute of ecology at Katwe
4. Some tourists are interested in photography and videography for example including feeding habits of
wildlife like lions and crocodiles in Queen Elizabeth national park and Murchison falls national park
5. Wildlife provides giving camping sites for example in mountain Rwenzori national park and Mt. Elgon
national park for the tourists who love adventure
6. Wildlife provides special dishes in form of mushroom, antelopes among others that attract tourists to
Mgahinga national park and Bwindi impenetrable national park
7. Wildlife like animals and birds from Queen Elizabeth national park and Murchison falls national park
provide a basis for advertising different brands like the Uganda cranes, and beers among others
8. Some business oriented tourists want to engage in buying and selling of products from wildlife for example
Ivory from elephants in Murchison falls national park and queen Elizabeth national park
9. Wildlife helps in maintaining the ecological balance which encourages the various tourist activities in
Queen Elizabeth national park and Murchison falls national park.

REVISION QUESTIONS

1. Examine the importance of wildlife conservation in Uganda.

 Define wildlife conservation, identify wildlife conservation areas and draw a sketch map of Uganda
showing wildlife conservation areas
 Give the positive and negative importance, giving an example of a conservation area on every point
2. Explain the problems facing wildlife conservation in Uganda.
 Define wildlife conservation, identify wildlife conservation areas and draw a sketch map of Uganda
showing wildlife conservation areas
 Explain the physical and human problems, giving an example of a conservation area on every point
3. Assess the contribution of national parks to the development of Uganda.
 Define national park, identify the national parks in Uganda and draw a sketch map of Uganda showing
national parks
 Explain the positive and negative contribution of national parks, giving an example of a national park
on every point.
 CHAPTER 20

TOURISM IN UGANDA.

Current status of the tourist industry in Uganda.

 Uganda receives over one million tourists per year from various countries
 The government has established the Uganda Tourist Board (UTB) and Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA)
to develop the tourist sector
 Most tourist come from western Europe, USA, Asia and African countries
 Tourism is one of the major foreign exchange earner s for Uganda.
 Tourism employs a sizable number of Uganda’s population about 7.4% of the total population
 Wildlife is the major tourist attraction in Uganda
 National parks have been increased from 4 to 10 since 1980 to date
 The tourist industry is one of the fastest growing sector in Uganda
 The tourist sector contributes about 3.2 % to Uganda’s GDP
 Various our and travel companies have been established to ease movement of tourists to various
destinations for example Uganda safaris, Topi tours among others

Major tourist attractions in Uganda.

The major tourist attractions in Uganda include

 Wildlife in national parks like Queen Elizabeth national park

 Relief features like mountain Rwenzori and Mt. Elgon and the western arm of the rift valley in western
Uganda.
 Drainage features like lake victoria and lake Albert
 The various climatic conditions like equatorial climate along the equator in Masaka and Entebbe
 Historical sites like Kasubi tombs in Kampala, Nyero rock painting in Kumi and Fort Patiko in Gulu
 Recent developments for example oil mines on lake albert for example in Buliisa
 Accommodation facilities such as Hilton hotel in Kampala
 The equator at Kayebwe, Kikorongo and equator island in Kampala
 Religious centers for example Namirembe cathedral for Anglicans, Rubaga cathedral for Catholics and
Namugongo martyrs shrines for all the Christians
 Culture and tradition for example dressing like Kanzu among the Baganda
 Recreation activities for example Kitante golf club, Mandela national stadium in Kampala.
A SKETCH MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING TOURIST ATTRACTION

Factors which have favoured the development of the tourist industry in Uganda.

Physical factors

1. The presence of varied relief features such as mountain Rwenzori with its snowcapped peak Margherita
which encourages tourist activities like mountain climbing, the rift valley with associated features like
Butiaba escarpment
2. The presence of varied wildlife in national parks like Queen Elizabeth national park an Murchison falls
national park, wildlife reserves like Ajai in Arua and Karuma in Kiryadongo have encouraged tourist
activities like game drive, bird watching and photography
3. The presence of varied climatic conditions for example the equatorial climate in areas near the equator such
as Entebbe, Ssese island and Masaka has encouraged tourist activities like sun bathing at Jinja, Entebbe and
Ggaba beach around Lake Victoria
4. The presence of varied drainage features for example lake Victoria the largest in Africa with beautiful
beaches like Nabugabo and Ggaba beach which encourage activities like sport fishing and sun bathing
5. The presence of the equator crossing points signifying that Uganda experiences tropical climate like at
Kayabwe along Kampala-Masaka road, the equator island at Entebbe and Kikorongo in Kasese

Human factors

6. The presence of many impressive historical sites, which attract tourists for research and education such as
Kasubi tombs in Kampala, Fort Stanley in Kalangala, fort Patiko in Gulu, Nyero rock painting in Kumi
7. The presence of various cultural practices which attract tourists for leisure such as Larakaraka and Dinging
dance among the Acholi of Gulu, Ntogoro dance among the Banyoro of Hoima and the Karamojong way of
dressing in Kaabong
8. The availability of improved transport network for tourists to access various tourist attractions for example
Kampala-Masaka-Mbarara road tourist tourists visiting lake Mburo national park, Kampala to Jinja to the
source of the Nile
9. Supportive government policy for example constructing the supportive infrastructure like roads connecting
to tourist attractions, liberalization of the tourist industry and establishing the Uganda Wildlife Authority
has encouraged the development of tourist attractions like queen Elizabeth national park
10. The relative political stability has encouraged investment in the tourist industry and attract tourists to visit
tourist centers like Queen Elizabeth national park and lake Victoria
11. Introduction of tourist courses in the higher institution of learning like Makerere University has produced
skilled labour in form of game wardens and tour guides in tourist centers like Queen Elizabeth national park
12. Improved advertising being conducted by the Uganda tourist Board (UTB) has created awareness about the
available tourist attractions in Uganda such as Queen Elizabeth national park, lake victoria, Mabira forest
and Mt. Rwenzori
13. Availability of improved accommodation facilities for the foreign tourists for example Mweya Safari lodge
in Queen Elizabeth national park , Serena Hotel in Kampala
14. Hospitality of the people of Uganda encouraging interaction between the local people and foreigners
visiting Queen Elizabeth national park, lake victoria, Mabira forest and Mt. Rwenzori
15. Improvement in research concerning protection of wildlife which act as tourist attractions in national parks
such as Queen Elizabeth national park and Murchison falls national park
16. Promotion of community tourism where tourists come to experience the way of life of certain communities
for example the Batwa on the fringes of Bwindi impenetrable national park in Kanungu district.
17. Emergence of tour and travel agencies like Uganda safaris, the far Uganda tours and travel, magic safaris.
To aid in organizing for accommodation and transportation of tourists to various tourist attractions such as
Queen Elizabeth national park, lake victoria
18. Improved health services has enable foreign tourists to visit various tourist centers such as Queen Elizabeth
national park , lake victoria, Mabira forest
19. Hosting of international conferences has created friendship between Uganda and foreign countries involved
for example CHOGM meeting of 2007 which has increased tourists visiting Queen Elizabeth national park
20. Availability of adequate capital provided by the government and microfinance institutions to be invested in
the development of tourism like in Queen Elizabeth national park
21. The preservation of rare species of animals has attracted tourists for example gorillas in Bwindi
impenetrable national park and rhinos in Ziwa ranch in Nakasongola
22. Recent development for oil discovery in the Albertine region has attracted tourists to visit oil field in Hoima
and Buliisa

Contribution of the tourist sector to the development of Uganda.

Positive contributions.

1. Source of employment opportunities where people are employed as researchers, game wardens and guides
and receptionists in Queen Elizabeth national park, Mt. Rwenzori national park
2. Source of foreign exchange through foreign tourists from USA, china and Britain visiting Queen Elizabeth
national park, lake Victoria, Mabira forest and Mt. Rwenzori
3. Source of revenue to the government through imposing taxes on people employed in the tourist attractions
such as Queen Elizabeth
4. Tourism has led to urbanization with its benefits since tourist centers attract a large population for example
Jinja with the source of the Nile and Bujagali falls, Kasese near Mt. Rwenzori
5. Tourism has led to the development of transport infrastructure especially roads connecting tourist
attractions such as Queen Elizabeth national park
6. Tourism has led to creation of international relationship between Uganda and countries where foreign
tourists come from like US, China and Britain to visit tourist attractions such as Queen Elizabeth national
park, lake victoria
7. Tourism has led to the development of research and education by students from higher institutions of
learning for example those doing tourist related courses do their study in queen Elizabeth national park, lake
victoria
8. Tourism has led to diversification of the economy and reduce dependence on agriculture which is highly
affected by nature through generation of alternative income from tourist attractions like Queen Elizabeth
national park, Kidepo valley national park
9. Tourism has led to the development of agriculture through provision of market for agricultural products for
example in Hotels such as Sheraton hotel in Kampala for tourists visiting Queen Elizabeth National park,
lake victoria
10. Tourism has encouraged the utilization of the would be idle land that is less productive in terms of
agriculture for example the dry areas of Kaabong occupied by Kidepo valley national park and Kasese
occupied by Queen Elizabeth national park.
11. Tourism has encouraged cultural exchange through enriching the African traditional culture with the foreign
culture from foreign tourists from china, USA and Britain visiting tourist attractions such as Queen
Elizabeth national park
12. It has led to the development of photography and videography since tourist attractions such as Queen
Elizabeth national park form impressive feature
13. It has encouraged wildlife conservation and therefore the conservation of biodiversity through ecotourism in
Queen Elizabeth national park, lake victoria
14. It has led to the development of art and craft industry from the local crafts such as baskets, traditional
clothes sold at Mweya in Queen Elizabeth national park, at Paraa safari lodge in Murchison fall national
park
15. It has helped in conserving Uganda’s cultural heritage by turning the various aspects of culture in to
valuable sources of income for example Kasubi tombs in Kampala
16. It has encouraged environmental conservation through gazetting of national parks which help to reduce soil
erosion like Mt. Elgon national park and Mgahinga national park

Negative contributions.

1. Tourism has led to conservation of wildlife which involves the protection of wild animals which are
dangerous to humans for example leopards, snakes and lions in Queen Elizabeth national park, Mabira
forest and Mt. Rwenzori forest
2. Tourism has led to land conflicts with other land use types like agriculture and settlement for example lake
Mburo national park competes with livestock rearing by the Bahima of Kiruhura
3. Tourism has led to profit repatriation by foreign investors in tourism for example those owning hotels like
Fang Fang hotel in Kampala from china, imperial hotel in Kampala for the Indians, Nile resort hotel in Jinja
for the Indians
4. It has led to the erosion of African traditional culture through infiltration of foreign culture from USA,
china, Britain for example way of dressing, homosexuality in tourist centers like queen Elizabeth national
park, Mt. Rwenzori
5. Tourism has led to high cost of local commodities leading to inflation due to increased demand for
commodities like foodstuffs and local crafts near tourist attraction like Queen Elizabeth national park
6. It has led to destruction of vegetation resulting from over grazing by wild animals for example elephants in
Murchison falls national park
7. It has led to environmental pollution in form of air, water and land affecting the quality life of the
community for example hippopotamuses in Kazinga channel and Edward pollute water with dung
8. It has led to withdrawal of labor from other sectors like agriculture affecting their growth by engaging in
tourist attractions such as queen Elizabeth national park, lake victoria
9. Tourism is associated with high cost of operation and maintenance which leads o losses due to seasonality
of tourism in areas like Queen Elizabeth national park, lake victoria
10. It has caused insecurity in Uganda since some wrong elements visit Uganda as tourists for example in
tourist centers like Queen Elizabeth national park
11. It has led to urban related problems like prostitution, high crime rates and others in urban centers which
have emerged from tourism for example at Mweya and Katwe in queen Elizabeth national park
12. Tourism has led to smuggling of wild animals like monkeys and some parts of animals like ivory from
elephants in Queen Elizabeth national park and Murchison falls national park
13. Tourism has led to spread of diseases from protected wild animals like Anthrax among elephants and
hippopotamuses in Queen Elizabeth national park
14. It has led to displacement of many people to conserve tourist attractions such as Queen Elizabeth national
park, Mabira forest and Mt. Rwenzori

Problems facing tourism in Uganda.

1. Insecurity in some parts of Uganda has threatened foreign tourists from visiting tourist attractions such as
Queen Elizabeth national park, lake victoria
2. Poorly developed transport network has hindered the movement of tourists to tourist attractions such as
queen Elizabeth national park
3. Competition with other land use types like agriculture and settlement due to population increase in Uganda
for example the Basongora pastoralists encroach on Queen Elizabeth national park, the Bahima pastoralists
encroach on lake Mburo national park
4. Competition with other African countries with the same tourist attractions and better tourist facilities for
example Kenya and Tanzania which tends to reduce the number of tourist visiting Queen Elizabeth national
park, lake victoria
5. Periodic migration of wild animals brought by unfavourable conditions leading to limited fauna population
in the areas where they are expected limiting tourist activities like game drive for example in Kidepo valley
national park
6. Fire outbreaks leading to destruction of vegetation and loss of fauna limiting tourist activities like animal
viewing in Kidepo valley national park
7. Global economic slump/credit crunch which has limited foreign tourists from developed countries like USA
visiting national parks like Queen Elizabeth national park and Kidepo valley national park
8. Pollution of the environment especially air pollution from industries leading to increased temperatures
which has led to glacial retreat from Mt. Rwenzori and water pollution leading to the death of aquatic wild
animals for example along Kazinga channel in Queen Elizabeth national park
9. Limited skilled labour to work in the tourist sector which has led to reliance on imported labour which is
expensive affecting the growth of tourist centers like Queen Elizabeth national park
10. Poaching of wild animals by hunters for meat, skins and hides and ivory leading to reduction in wildlife for
example among the Basongora in Queen Elizabeth national park, the Bahima in lake Mburo national park
11. The pests and diseases like Ebola in western Uganda discourages tourists from visiting Queen Elizabeth
national park
12. Limited capital to pay labour and set up the necessary infrastructure like roads and lodges in tourist centers
like queen Elizabeth national park
13. Limited domestic tourism due to poverty and ignorance among the Ugandans has reduced on the number of
tourists visiting Queen Elizabeth national park
14. Language barrier due to limited international languages spoken in Uganda limits the number of foreign
tourists visiting queen Elizabeth national park
15. Seasonality of tourism since most tourists visit Uganda during winter season in their countries leading to
high costs of operation of hotels during unfavourable seasons in tourist centers like queen Elizabeth national
park
16. Low levels of advertisement has limited awareness of the availability of tourist attractions such as queen
Elizabeth national park
17. Hostile climatic conditions especially prolonged drought which affects the growth of wild life which is a
basis of the tourist industry in Queen Elizabeth national park, Murchison falls national park
18. Limited research conducted concerning improvement in the tourist sector has limited the development of
tourist attractions like queen Elizabeth national park
19. Poorly developed accommodation facilities which does not meet international standards has limited the
number of foreign tourists visiting queen Elizabeth national park, Mabira forest and Mt. Rwenzori

Measures being taken to promote tourism in Uganda.

1. The government of Uganda through the UPDF is promoting peace and stability to fight rebel activities like
ADF in Bundibugyo and therefore attract tourists to Queen Elizabeth national park. Mt. Rwenzori, Mabira
forest
2. Improvement in infrastructure especially roads connecting to tourist centers for example Kampala-Jinja to
Mabira forest, Kampala-Masaka-Mbarara-Kasese road to lake Mburo national park and queen Elizabeth
national park
3. Education and training of labour through higher institutions of learning like Makerere university with
students doing tourist courses which has helped labour to acquire the necessary skills to work in tourist
centers like queen Elizabeth national park
4. Research is being carried out by the Uganda tourist Board (UTB) and Uganda wildlife Authority (UWA)
regarding wildlife conservation and improvement in tourist centers like Queen Elizabeth national park , lake
victoria, Mt. Rwenzori
5. Liberalization and privatization of the tourist sector by attracting both local and foreign investors to invest
in the tourist sector for example in construction of hotels like Serena hotel in Kampala, Nile resort hotel in
Jinja, Paraa lodge in Murchison falls national park
6. Settlement and resettlement of people to reduce encroachment of protected areas for example the
Basongora from Queen Elizabeth national park resettled in Mubuku prison farm and Mahokya
7. Sensitization and education of the population about the value of tourism and protection of wildlife and other
tourist attractions like Queen Elizabeth national park, lake victoria, Mt. Elgon national park
8. Attracting local tourists to join the tourist industry through giving subsidies in the tourist related activities
for tourists attractions like Queen Elizabeth national park, lake victoria, Mt. Rwenzori
9. Improvement in accommodation facilities that try to meet international standards for example Serena hotel
in Kampala, Nile resort hotel in Jinja, Paraa lodge in Murchison falls national park, Mweya safari lodge in
Queen Elizabeth national park
10. Diversification of tourist potential instead of only depending on wildlife for example the Equator point,
source of the Nile in Jinja
11. The government is reducing on the entry requirement for the foreign tourists in to Uganda and there is
freedom of movement in to the country to visit tourist attractions like Queen Elizabeth national park, lake
victoria, Mt. Rwenzori
12. The Uganda wildlife Authority is protecting the rare species of animals and birds to reduce their extinction
for example the rhinos is Ziwa ranch in Nakasongola, lions at Entebbe wildlife education center
13. Setting up institutions necessary to spearhead tourism for example the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA)
and the Uganda Tourism Board (UTB) to encourage development of tourist centers like Queen Elizabeth
national park, Kidepo valley national park
14. Encouraging the teaching of foreign languages like French, Chinese German in schools to overcome the
problems of language barrier in tourist areas like Queen Elizabeth national park and Mt. Rwenzori national
park
15. Eradication of poaching and controlled game cropping through setting up a well-equipped anti-poaching
squad in all national parks and wildlife reserves like Queen Elizabeth national park and Murchison falls
national park
16. The Uganda tourism board is increasing on the level of advertisement using local and international media
like CNN to increase awareness of the available tourist attractions like queen Elizabeth national park, Mt.
Rwenzori and lake victoria

REVISION QUESTIONS

1. To what extent have physical factors influenced the development of the tourist industry in Uganda?
 Introduce by giving the current status of the tourist industry in Uganda, identify the tourist attractions
in Uganda and draw a sketch map of Uganda showing tourist attractions.
 Explain the physical factors and then bring out the other factors giving an example of tourist
attractions on each point.
2. To what extent have human factors favoured the development of the tourist industry in Uganda?
 Introduce by giving the current status of the tourist industry in Uganda, identify the tourist attractions in
Uganda and draw a sketch map of Uganda showing tourist attraction.
 Explain the human factors and then explain the physical factors giving an example of a tourist attraction
on each point.
3. Explain the importance of the tourist industry in Uganda.
 Introduce by giving the current status of the tourist industry in Uganda, identify the tourist attractions in
Uganda and draw a sketch map of Uganda showing tourist attraction.
 Explain the positive and negative contributions, giving an example of a tourist attraction on each point.
4. “Uganda, the holiday paradise comprises many tourist attraction”. Examine the validity of the
statement.
 Introduce by giving the current status of the tourist industry in Uganda, identify the tourist attractions in
Uganda and a sketch map of Uganda showing tourist attractions.
 Explain the various tourist attractions, giving an example of a tourist attraction on every point.
 CHAPTER 21

TRADE AND COMMERCE IN UGANDA

Trade refers to the exchange (buying and selling) of goods and services.

Commerce is the exchange (buying and selling) of goods and services along with auxiliaries to trade
(aids to trade) like banking, insurance, transportation, warehousing etc.

Basic concepts/terms used in trade and commerce.

1. Internal trade: this refers to the buying and selling of goods and services within the country
2. Regional trade: this is the buying and selling of goods and services within an economic region
like COMESA.
3. International (foreign trade): this is the buying and selling of goods and services between or
among different countries.
4. Import trade: this refers to buying/purchase of commodities from other countries. In Uganda the
imports are mainly manufactured goods
5. Export trade: this refers to selling of commodities to other countries. In Uganda agricultural
products dominate the exports
6. Visible trade: this refers to trade (buying and selling) of tangible items/goods such as sugar,
cement, fuel, machinery, tea etc.
7. Invisible trade: this refers to trade in services such as insurance, banking services, tourism,
education, entertainment
8. Foreign exchange: this refers to the money earned (in terms of foreign currency) from export
trade, and this is used to settle debts or to import other goods
9. Terms of trade: this refers to the relative price of imports in terms of exports and is defined as the
ratio of exports prices to import prices
10. Balance of trade/trade balance: this refers to the difference between the value of a country’s
visible exports and visible imports. i.e. (exports – imports)
11. Balance of payment. This is the difference between receipts/earnings from exports and the
payments/expenditure on imports of a country
12. Re-export: this is the export of imported goods especially after processing. For example imported
crude oil at Mombasa is processed and then exported to countries like Uganda.

IMPORT AND EXPORT TRADE OF UGANDA.

Uganda Exports

Uganda mostly exports agricultural products which contribute about 80% of her total exports. These
exports include; coffee which is the leading export in the market, fish and fish products, maize,
tobacco, tea, hides and skins, cocoa, beans, other livestock/dairy, simsim, flowers, beans, and cotton,
gold

The country is also making progress on the exportation of value added and manufactured products
such as base metal products, cement, edible fats and oils, sugar, plastics, soap, personal care products
and cosmetics
Uganda’s main export partners are Kenya, south Sudan, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of Congo,
Italy, Netherlands, Germany, south Africa and regional markets like COMESA

Uganda imports

Uganda mostly imports oil/petroleum (24% of total imports), and manufactured goods like capital
equipment, vehicles, medical supplies, and cereals.

Uganda’s main import partners include; Germany, France, United States, South Africa, India, China,
Kenya, The United Arabs Emirates (UAE), japan

TRADE WITH EAST AFRICA

The trade between Uganda and East African countries is still small and this is mainly due to the
production of almost similar goods.

Uganda and Kenya

Uganda imports beverages, cement, insecticides, oil, paper, salt, textiles, edible oil, foot ware,
cigarettes, wheat, chemicals, and sisal products from Kenya, Uganda exports electricity, fish, maize
and beans to Kenya

Uganda and Tanzania

Uganda imports sisal products, metal goods, electrical, cigarettes, and beverages from Tanzania.
Uganda exports electricity, beans, and foot wear to Tanzania

Characteristics of Uganda’s trade

 Exports are mainly agricultural/primary products such as coffee, cotton, tea, tobacco etc. (these are
majorly the traditional exports)
 Exports are mainly semi-processed goods or unprocessed goods
 The non -traditional exports are slowly increasing such as simsim, maize, eggs, vanilla, flowers
etc.
 Few services are exported such as tourism, medical services, and education services
 There is limited variety of export commodities
 Imports are mainly manufactured goods and petroleum
 There is high volume of imports
 Imports are mainly highly priced/ expensive commodities
 The value of imports exceeds exports, hence unfavourable balance of trade/trade balance.
 The major trade partners are USA, EU and Asia

Factors favouring trade in Uganda.

1. Availability of ready market for the products traded both within Uganda and abroad leading to
continuous trade for example coffee from masaka exported to USA, tea from Nakigalala tea estate
exported to Kenya and flowers from Fiduga flower farm in Mpigi exported to the Netherlands.
2. Availability of adequate capital invested in buying different commodities and paying labour
employed in buying and selling of coffee from masaka exported to USA
3. Availability of skilled labour employed in buying, selling and transportation of clothes from Dubai
sold in Kampala
4. Intensive research leading to improved quality of output traded such as coffee from masaka
exported to USA
5. Improved security leading to investment in trade activities like buying and selling of clothes in
kampala
6. Supportive government policy in form of reduced tariffs and construction of transport lines
supporting the selling of petroleum products like Diesel in kampala
7. Improved transport network for example air transport from Entebbe international airport to export
flowers from Wagagai flower farm in Wakiso to the Netherlands
8. Availability of improved technology employed in trading such as online ordering for commodities
and machines in trading such as Computers in kampala
9. Abundant supply of trade items motivating traders to engage in business for example fish and fish
products from Lake Victoria exported to the European markets and China
10. Availability of auxiliary services like insurance, banking, warehousing which facilitates the
smooth flow of trade for example electronics like phones in kampala imported from Dubai
11. Availability of varied foreign currencies provided by various forex bureaus for importation of
various products like electronics such as computers and phones sold in kampala imported from
Dubai

Contribution of trade to the development of Uganda

Positive contribution

1. Source of foreign exchange through exportation of products to foreign countries for example tea
from Kasaku tea estate in Buikwe exported to Kenya, Russia and USA, flowers from Fiduga
flower farm in Mpigi exported to the Netherlands
2. Source of government internal revenue through taxing traders and trade related activities for
example traders of textiles and electronics in kampala
3. Source of employment opportunities in form of traders and transporters of products enabling them
to earn income and improve on their standards of living for example in the selling of phones in
kampala
4. Trade has encouraged diversification of the economy which has reduced overdependence on
agriculture for example the trading of items like electronics in Kampala
5. It has led to the development of transport infrastructure such as roads, railway lines to simplify
trade activities in items like fruits in Nakasero market in kampala
6. It has promoted research and tourism which is a source of foreign exchange for example flowers in
Fiduga flower farm in Mpigi
7. It ked to improved international relationship between Uganda and trade partners for example USA
where coffee from Masaka is exported, the Netherlands where flowers from Fiduga flower farm is
exported, Dubai where electronics in kampala are bought
8. It has encouraged industrialization through providing market for various industrial products for
example cement from Tororo cement factory in Tororo district, iron sheets from roofings limited at
Lubowa, chairs from Nice house of plastics in kampala
9. It has led to urbanization where trading activities have attracted many people in the areas leading
to growth of towns for example the electronics at Nakasero in kampala
10. Trade has encouraged full utilization of natural resources to meet the increased demand for
example fisheries resources in lake Victoria for fish products exported to china, limestone for
cement from Tororo cement industry in Tororo exported to south Sudan
11. It has encouraged provision of a variety of commodities in Uganda through importation of those
commodities which are not locally produced for example electronics like phones and computers
from china sold in kampala

Negative contribution of trade in Uganda.

1. It has encouraged profit repatriation by foreign owned businesses leading to low rates of re-
investment for example chines companies exporting fish products from lake victoria to china
2. It has encouraged smuggling of products across borders leading to low revenue generated for
example sugar, beer and bread sold in Busia smuggled from Kenya
3. It has led to over exploitation of natural resources to maximize profits for example trees from
Mabira forest for charcoal trading in Buikwe, and fish from lake victoria for Kasenyi fish market
4. Export trade has led to shortage of goods in the domestic markets due to higher profits realized
from exports for example flowers from Fiduga flower farm in Mpigi exported to the Netherlands
5. Import trade has led to the decline in market for the locally produced goods due to competition
between locally produced goods and imported goods for example clothes and shoes sold in
kampala from china over competes those produced in Uganda
6. Trade has led to the urbanization with related problems such as high rates of crimes, prostitution,
and unemployment for example among traders engaged in the selling of foodstuff in Kalerwe
foodstuff market
7. Trade has led to deforestation and swamp destruction due to increased demand for land to set up
businesses for example Nsooba swamp destroyed for setting up Kalerwe abattoir and Kalerwe
foodstuff market
8. Trade has led to air and water pollution due to dumping of waste products for affecting people’s
life for example waste foodstuffs in Nakasero and Kalerwe markets in Kampala
9. It has led to withdrawal of labour from other sectors affecting their growth for example agriculture
affected by traders selling electronics in kampala
10. It has led to increased government expenditure on provision of social infrastructure to facilitate
trade for example the construction of Kampala-Masaka road to facilitate the movement of cattle
from Mbarara and Bananas in Masaka to market centers in kampala

Problems facing trade with Uganda.

1. Limited market due to competition among traders handling similar commodities leading price
fluctuation for example traders selling clothes in and phones in kampala, Mbale and Jinja
2. Limited capital to be invested in buying commodities and meeting operational expenses leading to
small scale operation for example traders handling foodstuff at Nakasero in kampala
3. Limited skills possessed by some traders leading to wanton losses for example traders handling
foodstuff and clothes in kampala, Jinja and Mukono
4. Limited research conducted by traders limiting expansion of the businesses for example traders
handling fish at Kasenyi fish landing on lake victoria.
5. Insecurity in some areas limiting investment in large scale businesses for example dealing in
coffee in Kayunga and Mukono
6. Limited land limiting expansion of businesses like electronics in and foodstuff in Nakasero market
in kampala
7. Unfavourable government policy government policy such as high bureaucracy in acquiring trading
licenses, and high tax rates leading to low profit margins for example for traders handling
stationery like books at Nasser road in kampala
8. Limited power and energy supply to preserve perishable commodities leading to losses for
example milk in Mbarara, flowers at Fiduga flower farm in Mpigi, and fish at Kasenyi fish landing
site
9. Poorly developed transport network limiting accessibility to market centers and leading to high
transportation costs for example traders handling coffee in Bundibugyo, and bananas in masaka
10. Trade restrictions in form of high tariffs leading to high costs incurred for example the importation
of cars and electronics sold in kampala from Dubai
11. Low prices of Uganda’s exports especially agricultural products leading to low profit margin for
example coffee from Masaka and Buikwe exported to USA, tea from Kasaku tea estate exported to
Kenya
12. Smuggling of commodities by some traders leading to competition with legally imported goods in
terms of prices which discourages legal traders for example sugar, beers and mattresses sold at
Busia smuggled from Kenya
13. Limited foreign exchange limiting importation of goods such as electronics, clothes and machines
sold in kampala imported from Dubai
14. The development of import substitution industries which has reduced market for imported
commodities for example plastic cups, plates and chairs from nice house of plastics in kampala
compete with plastics formerly imported in Kenya

Measures being taken to improve trade in Uganda.

1. Conducting market research to expand the size of foreign market for example by Uganda Coffee
Development Authority for coffee in Masaka exported to USA
2. Provision of capital through in form of loans to traders from financial institutions like banks and
microfinance institutions for example traders of coffee in Masaka and Mbarara, and traders of milk
in Mbarara
3. Education and training traders the necessary skills for conducting successful businesses in higher
institutions of learning for example traders dealing with cattle in Mbarara, flowers from Fiduga
flower farm in Mpigi exported to Netherlands
4. Expanding the size of the market abroad through regional integration for example COMESA and
East African Community (EAC) for coffee from Masaka, tea from Kasaku tea estate in Buikwe,
and fish from lake victoria
5. Establishment for institutions to help and reorganize trade in Uganda for example kampala city
traders Association (KACITA) for example traders handling clothes and electronics in kampala
6. Liberalization of trader activities through removing unnecessary trade control measures to allow
traders freely participate in trade activities for example traders of banana and coffee in masaka,
milk and beef in Mbarara and cement from Tororo cement industry in Tororo
7. Improving transport and communication network through rehabilitation and construction of roads
for example kampala-Jinja road, kampala-masaka road to facilitate movement of goods like beers
from Nile breweries at Njeru, cattle from Mbarara and coffee from Buikwe
8. Improving of power and energy through construction of more dams at Bujagali power station in
Jinja to preserve perishable commodities and reduce post-harvest like beef and milk in Kampala
9. Setting up processing industries to add value to the products to fetch high prices for example
coffee processing industries like Kyagulanyi coffee processing industry for coffee in Mityana and
Mubende
10. Setting up anti-smuggling units at the borders to reduce smuggling of goods and associated
problems for example at Busia border for goods like mattresses, beers, bread, and sugar from
Kenya
11. Setting up the Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS) to improve the quality of
commodities bought and traded for example edible oil, and detergents from Mukwano industry in
kampala

REVISION QUESTIONS

1. Explain the problems facing traders in Uganda.

 Define trade
 Identify the major items and where they are traded in Uganda
 Draw a sketch map of Uganda showing traded items
 Explain the problems facing traders, giving an example of the trade item and where it is produced.

CHAPTER 22

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN UGANDA

Environmental degradation refers to the decline in productive value of the available renewable and non-
renewable resources in man’s surroundings. It involves deterioration in productive value of the components of
the environment like hydrosphere (water), lithosphere (soils), atmosphere (air) and biosphere (plants and
animals).

Forms of environmental degradation in Uganda.

 Soil exhaustion in Mukono, Kayunga and Luwero

 Overfishing in lake victoria, lake Kyoga and lake Wamala
 Environmental pollution in Kampala, Jinja, Mukono and Buikwe
 Deforestation in Mabira forest, south Busoga forest and Bugala island forest
 Wetland destruction for example Busega swamp and Lubigi swamp in kampala
 Soil erosion in Kabale, Kisoro, Kaabong, Kotido and Moroto

A SKECH MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING DEGRADED AREAS

Causes of environmental degradation in Uganda

Physical factors

1. Relief whereby the steep slopes in the highland areas have accelerated soil erosion and landslides for
example on mountain Elgon in Mbale, Bududa and Bulambuli
2. The influence of dry and hot prevailing winds has led to limited growth of natural vegetation leading to bare
grounds which has accelerated soil erosion in Kotido, Kaabong, Moroto and Kiruhura
3. The influence of earthquakes has led to creation of cracks and depression on the earth’s crust leading to
land soil erosion for example in Bundibugyo
4. The occurrence of natural disasters like floods and landslides resulting from elnino has led to destruction of
vegetation, soil erosion for example in Kasese and Mbale
5. The influence of wild animals that tend to overgraze leading to destruction of vegetation and soil erosion for
example hippos and elephants in queen Elizabeth national park in Kasese and Murchison falls national park
6. Pests and diseases destroy vegetation for example locusts in Masindi, army worms in Mukono and Buikwe
7. Occurrence of natural fires that lead to wide scale destruction of swamp vegetation for example the katonga
swamp
8. The invasion of water weed especially water hyacinth in water bodies like lake victoria and lake Kyoga
suffocate aquatic life like fish leading to their death

Human factors

9. Agricultural activities like monoculture on plantation farm has led to deforestation and soil exhaustion at
Kakira sugarcane plantation in Jinja and Kasaku tea estate in Buikwe and nomadic pastoralism in Kaabong
10. Lumbering activities to acquire wood and timber has led to deforestation in Mabira forest, Budongo forest
and Bugoma forest
11. Mining activities have led to deforestation and pollution of the environment for example at Hima and
Tororo limestone mines, clay at Kajjansi and sand at Kasenyi
12. Swamp reclamation for agricultural purposes and settlement has led to destruction of swamp vegetation for
example Busega swamp and Nsooba swamp in Kampala
13. Industrialization has led to deforestation and pollution of the environment for example the century bottling
company at Namanve led to the destruction of Namanve forest and Hima and Tororo cement industries
have led to air pollution
14. Construction of transport network especially roads have led to deforestation for example the establishment
of Kampala – Jinja road led to the destruction of part of Mabira forest
15. Bush burning by hunters and pastoralists has led to destruction of vegetation leading to soil erosion in
Moroto, Kotido and Lyantonde
16. Indiscriminate fishing in lakes, rivers and swamps has led to over fishing like tilapia, Nile perch in lake
victoria, lake Kyoga and lake albert
17. Political instability has led to deforestation to get rid of hiding places for rebels for example Opit forest in
Gulu, mountain Rwenzori forest in Bundibugyo
18. Sinking or drilling boreholes has led to lowering of the water table leading to dry conditions hence
destruction of vegetation in Luwero, Nakaseke and Nakasongola
19. Urbanization and settlement has led to destruction of vegetation, destruction of landscape and swamp
reclamation for example in kampala, Jinja and Mbarara
20. Poor garbage disposal especially in urban areas has led to environmental pollution which affects human
health for example in kampala, Jinja and Mbarara
21. Application of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides in agriculture has led to death of soil animals
leading to soil exhaustion for example at Kakira sugarcane plantation in Jinja and Kasaku tea estate in
Buikwe

Effects of environmental degradation in Uganda

1. It has resulted in to low rainfall formation due to destruction of vegetation and loss of surface water for
example in Kotido, Kaabong, Moroto and Kiruhura
2. It has accelerated landslides and soil erosion in highland areas due to destruction of forests for example in
Bududa, Mbale and Bulambuli as a result of destruction of mountain Elgon forests
3. It has led to flooding of the areas due to siltation of rivers for example river Nyamwamba in Kasese which
has led to destruction of property and loss of lives
4. It has led to destruction of habitats for wild animals leading to loss of biodiversity and disappearance of
some species of animals like white rhinos for example in Kabale, Kisoro and Luwero
5. It has led to lowering of the water table due to reduced rainfall formation for example in Kabale, Kisoro,
Kiruhura and Lyantonde
6. I has led to loss of timber for firewood and furniture making resulting from destruction of forests for
example in Pallisa, Kumi, Kabale and Kisoro
7. It has led to increased temperatures due to increased destruction of vegetation of forests which lead to
increased greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide in Kumi, Soroti, Kabale and Kisoro
8. It has created health hazards like high blood pressure and heart attack due to increased environmental
pollution from industrial and vehicle fumes in kampala, Jinja and Mbale
9. It has led to siltation of rivers and lakes hence affecting fishing as a result of destruction of wetlands that
would filter silt for example Murchison bay wetland on lake victoria and Sezibwa wetland
10. It has led to blocking of transport network by landslides fir example Rubanda – Kisoro road in Kabale and
floods have led to destruction of roads for example Kasese – Kilembe road in Kasese
11. It has led to increased government expenditure to cater for people affected by landslides in Bududa and
Bulambuli and floods in Kasese
12. It has led to loss of water catchment areas due to destruction of vegetation leading to during streams and
rivers for example river Sezibwa from Mabira forest
13. It has led to loss of fertile soil due to soil erosion thus affecting the growth of crops which lead to famine
for example in Kabale and Kisoro
14. It has led to destruction of landscape through creation of gullies and pits as a result of soil erosion and
landslides for example in Bududa and Bulambuli on Mt. Elgon and Kabale

Measures being taken to combat environmental degradation in Uganda

1. Afforestation and re-afforestation are being encouraged by the National Forestry Authority (NFA) soil
erosion and modify the climate for example Katuugo forests in Nakasongola, Lendu forest in Nebbi and
Kateera forest in Kiboga
2. Development of alternative sources of power and energy other than wood fuel to reduce on deforestation in
forests like Mabira forest for example use of Hydroelectricity generated at Nalubaale power station
3. Improving farming methods like terracing and contour ploughing in highland areas in Kabale and Kisoro to
control soil erosion and landslides
4. Environmental education and sensitization of the public about the causes and effects of environmental
degradation or example deforestation in Mabira forest, mountain Elgon forests and Mt. Rwenzori forests
5. Recycling of waste products to reduce poor disposal of waste and pollution in Kampala and Jinja for
example plastics by Omega plastics in kampala
6. Setting up support institutions in environmental protection to control deforestation in Mabira for example
National Environmental management Authority (NEMA), national forestry authority (NFA)
7. Gazetting forest like Mabira forest and wetlands like Murchison bay and Nabajjuzi wetlands to reduce
encroachment and reduce deforestation and swamp reclamation
8. Allocating specific areas as industrial parks or centers to reduce pollution of the community for example
Nalukolongo industrial center, Nakawa industrial center and Kawempe industrial center in kampala
9. Filling of pits and depressions after mining to reduce land degradation for example copper mines, Kajjansi
clays and Lweza clays
10. Evicting encroachers on wetlands and forests to reduce their destruction for example from Lubigi wetlands,
Kibale forest, Mabira forest and Budongo forest
11. Encroaching the use of recommended fish nets to reduce over fishing and destruction of fisheries resources
for example 5 inch gill net for catch fish in lake victoria and avoid the use of illegal fishing nets like beach
seining (Kokota) on lake victoria and lake Kyoga
12. Sewage is being treated by the National Water and Sewerage Corperation (NWSC) at Bugolobi before
being released in to water bodies like Murchison bay wetland and lake victoria to reduce water pollution
13. Encouraging population control by use of contraceptives and other family planning methods to reduce over
cultivation and soil exhaustion in Pallisa, Mbale and deforestation of forests like Mabira forest
14. Resettling people from densely populated areas to sparsely populated areas to reduce destruction of forests
and swamps and soil exhaustion for example from Bududa and Bulambuli to Kiryadongo, from Kabale to
Kyenjojo and Kabarole
15. Involvement of international community in environmental protection for example European Union with
projects like saw Log Production Grand Scheme (SLPGS) for tree planting at Katuugo forest, and Ramsar
convention of 1988 for protecting wetlands like Murchison bay swamp and Nabajjuzi swamp
16. Promoting peace and stability in most parts of Uganda by using the national army UPDF, to reduce death in
humans and animals and reduce deforestation in forests like mountain Rwenzori forests
17. Regional cooperation to protect resources shared by countries for example lake victoria Environmental
Management Programme for protection of water resources in lake victoria and the Nile basin initiative for
countries in the Nile basin to reduce over fishing and water pollution
18. Enacting laws to protect the environment for example through NEMA, it is illegal to settle in wetlands to
reduce destruction of wetlands like Nabajjuzi, Murchison bay wetland
19. Application of fertilizers and manure to increase soil fertility for example at Kakira sugarcane plantation in
Jinja and Lugazi sugarcane plantation in Buikwe.

LANDSLIDES IN Uganda

Landslides refer to the rapid downslope movement of weathered rock materials and soil under the influence of
gravity.

Areas in Uganda affected by landslides include Bulucheke in Mbale, Bududa and Bulambuli on the slopes of
mountain Elgon, Kisoro and Kabale in the Kigezi highlands, Kasese and Bundibugyo on the slopes of mountain
Rwenzori

Causes of landslides in Uganda

Physical factors

1. Climatic conditions for example prolonged/torrential rainfall increases the weight and provides lubrication
to rock materials hence increasing downslope movement in form of mud flows and earth flows for example
in Mbale, Bududa and Bulambuli
2. The nature of slope/relief for example the steep slopes accelerate the downslope movement of rock
materials in form of rock slide and rock fall for example in Bududa, Bulambuli and Bundibugyo
3. The nature of rock material whereby permeable saturated rocks overlying impermeable rock layers is being
lubricated by water accelerating the downslope movement of rocks in form of rock slumping for example in
Bududa, Bulambuli and Bundibugyo
4. The nature of soils whereby heavy wet clay soil encourages downslope movement of rock materials in form
of mudslide for example in Bududa, Bulambuli and Bundibugyo
5. Tectonic forces for example earthquakes cause vibrations, triggering off landslides in form of rock falls for
example in Bundibugyo on the slope of mountain Rwenzori
6. Living organisms for example the burrowing effects of rodents and trampling effects of animals like
elephants accelerate downslope movement of weathered rocks in form of rock slumping for example in
Bududa, Bulambuli and Bundibugyo
7. Limited vegetation cover accelerate downhill movement of weathered rock material in form of mud flows
for example in Bududa, Bulambuli and Bundibugyo

Human factors

8. Mining and quarrying cause vibrations, steepen and expose slopes triggering off landslides in form of rock
slide for example in Bududa, Bulambuli and Bundibugyo
9. Deforestation along slopes exposes rock materials hence accelerating landslides in form of rock slides in
Bududa, Bulambuli and Bundibugyo
10. Over cultivation on steep slopes accelerates downslope movement of weathered rock materials in form of
mud flows for example in Bududa, Bulambuli and Bundibugyo
11. Overgrazing on steep slopes leads to destruction which accelerates downslope movement of weathered rock
materials in form of rock slide for example in Bududa, Bulambuli and Bundibugyo
12. Construction of houses and roads along steep slopes accelerates downslope movement of weathered rock
materials in form of earth flows for example in Bududa, Bulambuli and Bundibugyo
13. Moving of heavy vehicles like trailers, buses cause vibration along road cuttings accelerates downslope
movement of weathered rock materials, rock falls for example in Bududa, Bulambuli and Bundibugyo for
example Kabale – Kisoro road, fort portal – Bundibugyo road

REVISION QUESTIONS

1. (a) Examine the causes and effects of environmental degradation in Uganda

 Introduce by defining environmental degradation, identify the forms of environmental degradation in
Uganda, and draw a sketch map of Uganda showing the forms of environmental degradation in various
areas
 Explain the causes and effects of environmental degradation giving an example of form of environmental
degradation and place name on every point

(b) What measures are being taken to combat environmental degradation in Uganda?

 Explain the measures in present tense giving an example of form of environmental degradation and place
name on every point. Avoid using suggestive phrases like should, can and may
2. To what extent have physical factors led to environmental degradation in Uganda?
 Introduce by defining environmental degradation, identify the forms of environmental degradation and draw
a sketch map of Uganda showing forms of environmental degradation and place names
 Explain the physical factors and then give the human factors that have led to environmental degradation
giving an example of form of environmental degradation and place name on every point
3. To what extent have human activities led to environmental degradation in Uganda.
 Identify by defining environmental degradation, identify the forms of environmental degradation and draw
a sketch map of Uganda showing forms of environmental degradation with place names
 Explain the human factors then give the physical factors that have led to environmental degradation giving
an example of form of environmental degradation and place name on every point
4. Explain the causes and effects of landslides in Uganda
 Introduce by defining landslides, identify the areas affected by landslides and draw a sketch map of Uganda
showing areas affected by landslides
 Explain the causes and effect of landslides giving an example of place name on every point

References

 Macmillan Uganda secondary school Atlas 2013

 Susan Mayhew, Oxford Dictionary of Geography
 R.B. Bunnett, General Geography in Diagrams, Fifty-six reprint 2011
 Napoleon K. Washyobwii and Michael Ogagul, KCSE Revision Geography, Third Edition 2007
 Paul K Kibuuka and Hannah W. Karanja, TEST IT FIX IT, KCSE Revission Geography, 2006.
 State of the environment NEMA REPORT
 Statistical abstract UBOS REPORTS