soso Math 122 - Calculus for Biology IT Fall Semester, 2004 Newton's Method - Examples © 2000, All Rights Reserved, SDSU & Joseph M. Mahaffy San Diego State University -- This page last updated 14-Oct-01 Newton's Method - Examples Example 1: Newton's Method applied to a quartic equation 1. Consider the function fx) = 4+ 8x2 - x4, a. Find the derivative of f(x) and the second derivative, f"(x). b. Find the y-intercept. Determine any maxima or minima and all points of inflection for f(x). Give both the x and y values. ¢. Sketch the graph of f(x). Is this function odd or even or neither? 4. One of the x-intercepts is near x = 3. Use Newton's Method starting with xp = 3 and performing two iterations to get a good approximation to this x-intercept. Solution: a, The derivative can be found by the usual method, f'@) =0 48(2)x «4x3 = 16x - 4x3 SX) = 16 - 4(3)x? = 16 -12x7 b. At the y-intereept, x=0, so (0) = 4. At the maxima and minima, F'(X) = 0= 16x - 4x3 = Ax(4 - x2) = 4x(2 - x) (2 +) The maxima and minima are therefore at x = 0, +2 f\2)=4 + 82)? - 2)4=4 + 32-16 = 20 so the maxima are at (2,20) and (-2,20) and the minimum is at (0,4) Points of inflection can be found where S'(x) = 0= 16 -12x? = 4(4-3 x”), 80 4 2N5 and in this case, fix) = 4 + 8(4/3) - (4/3? = 116/9. 3 ceThis is an even function, because it is a mirror image across the y-axis. d. We begin at point x = 3, and then we can find SG) = 4+ 83)? - B)4=-5 We also find Sx) = 16(3) - 4(3)3 = -60 The first Newton iterate is therefore x1 = 3 -(-5)(-60) = 3 - 1/12 = 35/12 = 2.917 Using this value of x, we find flx}) and f (x) ABS/12) = 4 + 8(35/12)? - (35/12)4 = -.3125 and Sf'G5/12) = 16(35/12) - 4(35/12)° = -52.58 The second iterate is therefore y= 35/12 -(-.3125)/(-52.58) = 2.9107 To check our solution, if we substitute a = x into this equation, fla) = 4 + 8a - a* then we can use the quadratic equation to find , _ 3448 -4-D@) s0a=44.4.472 3h The solutions for x as the square root of a are therefore +2.9107. Example 2: Newton's Method applied to a cubic equation Consider the functionfx) =x -3x-3 a. Find all extrema and points of inflection, giving both the x and y values. b. Is this function odd, even or neither? Sketch a graph of this function. c. Use Newton's Method to approximate the value of the x-intercept. Start with x9 = 2 and perform two iterations. Solution: a. The derivative can be found by the usual method, in order to find the extrema 3x23 f°) SQ) = 6x =3(x2 = 1) = 30+ 1-1) ‘At the maxima and minima, f(x) = ‘The maxima and minima are therefore at x = AN) = (18 - 3(1) 3 =-5, and EL) = C18 - 3-1) -3 = so the maximum is at (-1,-1) and the minimum is at (1, -5) Points of inflection can be found where f"(x) = 6x2= 0, so x =0 and f(0) = b. This function is neither even nor odd. c. We begin at point xp = 2, and then we can find S2) = (2) -3Q) -3 We also find f'(2) = 327-3 =9 The first Newton iterate is thereforex =2-(-1)/(9) = 2 + 1/9 = 19/9 = 2.111 Now we find A919.) = (19/993 = 3(19/9) - 3 = .07545 We also find f'(19/9) = 3(19/9)?-3 = 10.3704 The second Newton iterate is therefore xy = 2.111 - (.07545/ 10.3704) = 2.1038 Example 3: Newton's Method applied to a cubic equation 3. Let fx) = 4 In(x) =x. a. Differentiate fand find any critical points. Determine the domain of fand sketch the graph. b. Use Newton's Method to approximate the value of the x-intercept. Start with x9 = | and perform two iterations to give the approximation of one zero. Then let xo = 8 and find x; to approximate the other zero. Solution: a. The derivative of fis S'@)=4ix-1 The only critical point is when 4ix-1=0, sox =4. It follows that there is a maximum at (4, 4 In(4) - 4) = (4, 1.5452). The domain is x > 0 b. The Newton's formula is given by x Aln(x,)—x, x, (4In(x, )—») =x,— ml = Xn Al xy 4-x, It follows that when xq = 1, 1.3333(41n(1.3333)—1.3333 a. 1838 {HIn(-5933) 1.8933) 1.3333 ALAS The actual intercept is x = 1.4296.The other intercept is found by starting at x9 = 8. The first Newton iterate is =8.6355 The actual intercept is x = 8.6132