University of Prince Mugrin

College of Computer and Cyber Sciences

Department of Computer Science
Program of Software Engineering

CS112 - Object Oriented Programming

Lecture 1

INTRO TO OOP
Prof. Mohamed Zayed 1
OUTLINE

 Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

 Brief history of OOP
 Procedural vs. OOP
 OOP Fundamental: Understanding Class & Object
 4 Principles of OOP
 Access Modifiers of Class Members

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INTRODUCTION TO OOP

 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is the term used to

describe a programming approach based on objects & classes.
 The OO paradigm allows us to organize software as a collection of
objects that consist of both data & behavior.
o This is in contrast to conventional functional programming practice that only
loosely connects data & behavior.
 An OO application uses a collection of objects, which communicate by
passing messages to request services.
 Objects are capable of passing messages, receiving messages, &
processing data.
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PASSING MESSAGES BETWEEN OBJECTS

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 INTRODUCTION TO OOP

 OOP allows decomposition of a problem into a number of entities called

objects & then builds data & behaviors around these objects.
 The software is divided into a number of small units called objects.
o The data & behaviors are built around these objects.
 The data of the objects can be accessed only by the behaviors associated with that object.
 The behaviors of one object can access the behaviors of another object.

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OUTLINE

 Introduction to OOP
 Brief history of OOP
 Procedural vs. OO programming
 OOP Fundamental: Understanding Class & Object
 4 Principles of OOP
 Access Modifiers of Class Members

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 BRIEF HISTORY OF OOP
 Simula 67 – the first OOP language; extension of ALGOL60
 Smalltalk – conceived by Alan Kay (Smalltalk-72, Smalltalk-80); dynamically typed;
Strongtalk (1993) – Smalltalk + type system
 mid 80’s – many languages added support for OO: Objective C, C++, Object Pascal,
Modula 3, Oberon, Objective CAML, CLOS.
 Eiffel – Bertrand Meyer (1988) – Pascal-like syntax, design-by-contract
 Other “exotic” OO languages: Sather, Trellis/Owl, Emerald, Beta (evolution of Simula), Self
 Java – James Gosling (1995); Java 1.5 (2004) – support for generic programming
 (Theoretical) extensions to Java: e.g. GJ (1998)
 Java 2 (1999) - multiple configurations for different platforms. 9
OUTLINE

 Introduction to OOP
 Brief history of OOP
 Procedural vs. OO programming
 OOP Fundamental: Understanding Class & Object
 4 Principles of OOP
 Access Modifiers of Class Members

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PROCEDURAL VS. OO PROGRAMMING

 OOP is the successor of procedural (structural) programming.

 Procedural programming describes programs as groups of reusable code units
(procedures) which define input & output parameters.
 Procedural programs consist of procedures, which invoke each other.
 In procedural languages (i.e. C), procedures are a sequence of imperative statements,
such as assignments, tests, loops & invocations of sub procedures.
 These procedures are functions, which map arguments to return statements.

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PROCEDURAL VS. OO PROGRAMMING

 The problem with procedural programming is that code reusability is hard &
limited.
 The difficulties with this type of programming is that software maintenance can be
difficult & time consuming.
 When changes are made to the main procedure (top), those changes can cascade to
the sub procedures of main, & the sub-sub procedures & so on, where the change may
impact all procedures in the pyramid.
 The aim of OOP is to try to increase the flexibility & maintainability of programs.
o Because programs created using an OO language are modular, they can be easier to develop,
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& simpler to understand after development.
PROCEDURAL
VS.
OO
PROGRAMMING

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OUTLINE

 Introduction to OOP
 Brief history of OOP
 Procedural vs. OO programming
 OOP Fundamental: Understanding Class & Object
 4 Principles of OOP
 Access Modifiers of Class Members

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OOP FUNDAMENTAL: UNDERSTANDING CLASS & OBJECT

 In OO terminology, a class is a template

for defining objects.
 Class defines:
o Object data (attributes/properties), &
o Object behaviors (methods/functions).

 Multiple objects, or instances of a class

can be created from a single class.
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 OOP FUNDAMENTAL: CLASS

 Class is a Template/Blueprint/Plans for defining objects.

 Class describes the characteristics of the object.

o They are referred to as data or field – private double price;

 Class describes the behaviors of the object.

o Its called methods – public int getUpdate(){return d;};

 Data & Methods can be visible only within the scope of the class which declared them &
their descendants (private / protected), or visible to all other classes (public) –
Access Modifier.
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OOP FUNDAMENTAL: OBJECT

 Objects are instances of classes, or the realization of the classes.

 Objects are units of abstraction.
 Object can communicate with other objects using messages.
o It can pass a message to another object, which results in the invocation of a method.
o Objects then perform the actions that are required to get a response from the system.
 Software objects are conceptually similar to real world objects.
 An object stores its state in fields/data, & it exposes its behaviors through its
methods.
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 E.g., Car toyota = new Car();
CLASS VS OBJECT

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CLASS VS OBJECT

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 OOP & JAVA
 Class Example  Object Example
public class Car { public class CarApp {
private String model; public static void main(String[] args) {
private double cc;
Car toyota = new Car();
public Car() { Car nissan = new Car();
[Link] = model;
[Link] = cc; [Link]();
} [Link]();
}
public void move() { }
[Link](“Vrom-vrom”)
}
}
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OUTLINE

 Introduction to OOP
 Brief history of OOP
 Procedural vs. OO programming
 OOP Fundamental: Understanding Class & Object
 4 Principles of OOP
 Access Modifiers of Class Members

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4 PRINCIPLES OF OOP

 For a programming language to be OO, it has to enable working with

classes & objects as well as the implementation & use of the
fundamental OO principles & concepts: Inheritance, Abstraction,
Encapsulation & Polymorphism.

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 4 PRINCIPLES OF OOP: INHERITANCE

 Inheritance is a way to reuse a written code, & use it

again & again.
 The class which is inherited is called the Base class &
the class which inherits is called the Derived class.
o They are also called parent/super & child/sub class.
 Derived class inherits a base class.
 The derived class can use all the methods which
are defined in base class, hence making code reusable.
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 4 PRINCIPLES OF OOP: ENCAPSULATION
 The action of enclosing something in, or as if in, a capsule.
 Hide unnecessary details in the classes & provide a clear & simple interface for working with
them.
 It describes the idea of bundling data & methods that work on that data within one unit.
o e.g., a class in Java.
 This concept is also often used to hide the internal
representation, or state, of an object from the outside.
o This is called Information Hiding.

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 4 PRINCIPLES OF OOP: ABSTRACTION
 “An abstraction denotes the essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from all other
kinds of objects & thus provide crisply defined conceptual boundaries, relative to the perspective
of the viewer” — G. Booch.
 Abstraction is the process of hiding all but the relevant information about a thing to
make things less complex and more efficient for the user.
o Shows only essential characteristics.

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 4 PRINCIPLES OF OOP: POLYMORPHISM

 Methods with same name but different arguments, performing different actions.
 Methods with same name, but functioning in different ways.
 Polymorphism means one name, many forms.
 There are 2 basic types of polymorphism:
o Overloading
o Overriding

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OUTLINE

 Introduction to OOP
 Brief history of OOP
 Procedural vs. OO programming
 OOP Fundamental: Understanding Class & Object
 4 Principles of OOP
 Access Modifiers of Class Members

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 ACCESS MODIFIERS OF CLASS MEMBERS

 Java provides a number of access modifiers to set access levels for classes, variables,
methods, & constructors.
 The 4 access levels are:-
 Visible to the package, the default – No modifiers are needed.
 Visible to the class only – private.
 Visible to the world – public.
 Visible to the package & all subclasses – protected.

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ACCESS MODIFIERS OF CLASS MEMBERS

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